Wikipedia

Quiet Revolution

"Silent Revolution" redirects here. For other uses, seeSilent Revolution (disambiguation).
For other uses, seeQuiet Revolution (disambiguation).

TheQuiet Revolution(French:Révolution tranquille) was a period of socio-political and socio-cultural transformation in French Canada, particularly inQuebec,following the1960 Quebec general election.This period was marked by thesecularizationof the government, the establishment of a state-administeredwelfare stateknown as theétat-providence,a shift in political alignment towardfederalistandsovereigntist(orseparatist) factions (each faction influenced byQuebec nationalism), and the eventual election of a pro-sovereignty provincial government in the1976 election.While the Quiet Revolution is often associated with the efforts of theLiberal Party of Quebec's government led byJean Lesage(elected in 1960) and, to some extent,Robert Bourassa(elected in 1970 afterDaniel Johnsonof theUnion Nationalein 1966), its profound impact has influenced the policies of most provincial governments since the early 1960s.

A primary change was an effort by the provincial government to assume greater control over healthcare and education, both of which had previously been under the purview of theCatholic Church.To achieve this, the government established ministries ofHealthandEducation,expanded the public service, made substantial investments in the public education system, and permitted theunionizationof the civil service. Additionally, measures were taken to enhance Quebecois control overthe province's economy,including thenationalizationof electricity production and distribution, the creation of theCanada/Québec Pension Plan,and the establishment ofHydro-Québecin an effort to nationalize Quebec's electric utilities. Furthermore, during this period, French Canadians in Quebec adopted the termQuébécoisto distinguish themselves from both the rest of Canada and France, solidifying their identity as a reformed province.

The Quiet Revolution ushered in a period of significant economic and social development not only in Quebec but also in French Canada and Canada as a whole. This transformation coincided with similar developments occurring in theWestern worldin general. It brought about notable changes to the physical organization and social structures of Montreal, Quebec's principal city. The impact of the Quiet Revolution extended beyond Quebec's borders, influencing contemporaryCanadian politics.Concurrent with the rise ofQuebecois nationalismduring this era,[1]French Canadians made substantial strides in shaping the structure and direction of the federal government and national policies.

Origins

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The hill leading toPlace d'Armesin Montreal, an important historic site of French Canada
"Maîtres chez nous"('Masters in Our Own Home') was the electoral slogan of the Liberal Party during the 1962 election.

The 1950s tenure of Quebec PremierMaurice Duplessisepitomized the conservative ideal of a religiously and culturally pure Québec, and became known among liberals as theGrande Noirceur('Great Darkness'), although theRichard Riotof 1955 may have signaled growing submerged forces.[2][3]Soon after Duplessis' death, the June1960 provincial electioninstalled theLiberalprovincial government ofJean Lesage,and the Quiet Revolution began.

Prior to the 1960s, the government of Québec was controlled by the conservative Duplessis, leader of theUnion Nationaleparty. Not all the Catholic Church supported Duplessis – some Catholic unions and members of the clergy criticized him, including Montreal ArchbishopJoseph Charbonneau– but the bulk of the small-town and rural clergy supported him.[4]Some quoted theUnion NationalesloganLe ciel est bleu, l'enfer est rouge('The sky (Heaven) is blue, Hell is red') as a reference to the colors of theUnion Nationale(blue) and the Liberals (red), the latter accused often of being pro-communist.[5]Radio-Canada,the newspaperLe Devoirand political journalCité Librewereintellectualforums for critics of the Duplessis Government.[4]

Prior to the Quiet Revolution, the province's natural resources were developed mainly by foreign investors,[citation needed]such as the US-basedIron Ore Company of Canada.In the spring of 1949, a group of 5,000 asbestos minerswent on strikefor three months against a foreign corporation. They were supported byJoseph Charbonneau(Bishop of Montreal), the Québécois nationalist newspaperLe Devoir,and a small group of intellectuals.[6]Until the second half of the 20th century, the majority of Francophone Québec workers lived below the poverty line,[citation needed]and Francophones did not join the executive ranks of the businesses of their own province.[citation needed]Political activist and singerFélix Leclercwrote: "Our people are the waterboys of their own country".

In many ways, Duplessis's death in 1959, quickly followed by the sudden death of his successorPaul Sauvé,triggered the Quiet Revolution. TheLiberal Party,led byJean Lesageand campaigning under the slogansIl faut que ça change( "Things have to change" ) andMaîtres chez nous( "Masters of our own house", a phrase coined byLe DevoireditorAndré Laurendeau), was voted into power within a year of Duplessis's death.

On March 28, 1969, a significant street demonstration took place in Montreal, known asOpération McGill français.The primary objective of this protest was to advocate forMcGill Universityto become a French-speaking educational institution.

It is generally accepted that the revolution ended before theOctober Crisisof 1970, but Québec society has continued to change dramatically since then, notably with the rise of the sovereignty movement, evidenced by the election of the sovereigntistParti Québécois(first in 1976 byRené Lévesque),[7]the formation of a sovereigntist political party representing Québec on the federal level, theBloc Québécois(founded in 1991 byLucien Bouchard),[7]as well as the 1980 and 1995 sovereignty referendums.[8][9]Some scholars argue that the rise of the Québec sovereignty movement during the 1970s is also part of this period.[7]

Secularization and education

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TheCanadian Constitution of 1867made education the responsibility of the province. Québec set up a Ministry of Public Instruction in 1868 but abolished it in 1875 under pressure from the Catholic Church. The clergy believed it would be able to provide appropriate teaching to young people and that the province should not interfere. By the early 1960s, there were more than 1,500 school boards, each responsible for its own programs, textbooks and the recognition of diplomas according to its own criteria.

In addition, until the Quiet Revolution, higher education was accessible to only a minority of French Canadians because of the generally low level of formal education and the expense involved.[10]Moreover, secondary schools had placed a lot more emphasis on theliberal artsandsoft sciencesthan thehard sciences.[11]

Université du Québec à Montréal

FollowingWorld War II,while most of the United States and Canada was enjoying a long period of prosperity and modernization, economic growth was slower in Québec.[citation needed]The level of formal schooling among French-Canadians was quite low: only 13% finished grade 11, as opposed to 36% of English Canadians. One of the most scathing attacks on the educational system was levelled by BrotherJean-Paul Desbiens,writing under the pseudonym ofFrèreUntel.The publication of his bookLes insolences du Frère Untel(1960) quickly sold over 100,000 copies and has come to be recognized as having important impact on the beginning of the Quiet Revolution.[citation needed]

Alphonse-Marie Parentpresided over a commission established in 1961 to study the education system and bring forth recommendations, which eventually led to the adoption of several reforms, the most important of which was secularization of the education system. In 1964 aMinistry of Educationwas established withPaul Gérin-Lajoieappointed the first Minister of Education since 1875.[12]Although schools maintained their Catholic or Protestant character, in practice they became secular institutions. Reforms included raising the age for compulsory schooling from 14 to 16; providing free schooling until the 11th grade; reorganizing school boards; standardizing school curricula; and replacingclassical colleges,first withCEGEPs(publicly funded pre‑university colleges) in 1965, then theUniversité du Québecnetwork in 1969. The reforms were an effort to improve access to higher education, geographically and financially.[10]Additionally, more emphasis was placed on the hard sciences, and there was now work for the Québécois who had previously needed to leave the province in order to find jobs in their preferred fields.[11]For example, the opening ofHydro-Québecmeant that skilled engineers needed to be hired.[13]

Also during this period the Ministry of Social Affairs was created, which in June 1985 became theMinistry of Health and Social Services,responsible for the administration of health and social services in the province.

The Quiet Revolution combined declericalization with the radicalized implementation ofVatican II.There was a dramatic change in the role ofnuns,which previously had attracted 2–3% of Québec's young women. Many left the convent while very few young women entered. The Provincial government took over the nuns' traditional role as provider of many of Québec's educational and social services. Often ex-nuns continued the same roles in civilian dress; and for the first time men started entering the teaching profession.[14]

Also during the time of the Quiet Revolution, Quebec experienced a large drop in thetotal fertility rate(known as TFR: the lifetime average number of live births per woman of child-bearing age) falling from 3.8 in 1960 to 1.9 in 1970.[15]According to a study commissioned in 2007 by the Québec Ministry of Families, Seniors and Status of Women on possible ways to address problems related to a by then even lower TFR (1.6) "Starting in 1960, Québec experienced a drop in fertility that was so sharp and rapid, it was almost unparalleled in the developed countries."[16]

The 2003 article "Where Have All the Children Gone?", published in the academic journalCanadian Studies in Populationby Professor Catherine Krull of Queen's University and Professor Frank Trovato of theUniversity of Alberta,points out the decline in influence of the Roman Catholic Church over the lives of French-Canadians as one of the causes of the great reduction in the TFR during the Quiet Revolution.[17]According to Professor Claude Belanger of Montreal'sMarianopolis College,the loss of influence of the Roman Catholic Church and subsequent abandonment of long adhered to Church teachings concerning procreation was a key factor in Quebec going from having the highest provincial birth rate in 1960 to the lowest in 1970.[18]

Economic reforms

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Hydro-Québec'sJean-Lesage generating station,formerly known as Manic-2, built between 1961 and 1965.

Seeking a mandate for its most daring reform, the nationalization of the province's electric companies underHydro-Québec,the Liberal Party called for a newelection in 1962.The Liberal party was returned to power with an increased majority in theLegislative Assembly of Québecand within six months,René Lévesque,Minister of Natural Resources, enacted his plans forHydro-Québec.TheHydro-Québecproject grew to become an important symbol in Québec. It demonstrated the strength and initiative of the Québec government and was a symbol of the ingenuity of Québécois in their capability to complete such an ambitious project.[19]The originalHydro-Québecproject ushered in an era of "megaprojects" that would continue until 1984, seeing Québéc's hydroelectric network grow and become a strong pillar of the province.[20]Today,Hydro-Québecremains a crucial element to the Québec economy, with annual revenues of $12.7 billion Canadian dollars, $1.1 billion going directly into the province's coffers.[21]

Hydro-Québecheadquarters in Montréal

More public institutions were created to follow through with the desire to increase the province's economic autonomy. The public companies SIDBEC (iron and steel), SOQUEM (mining), REXFOR (forestry) and SOQUIP (petroleum) were created to exploit the province's natural resources. This was a massive shift away from the Duplessis era in which Québec's abundant natural resources were hardly utilized. Duplessis' policy was to sell off untransformed natural resources at bargain prices in order to create more employment in Québec's regions. This strategy, however, proved weak as Québec's natural resources were exploited for little profit.[22]The shift in mentality of the Quiet Revolution allowed Québec to gain further financial autonomy by accessing this area of the economy which, as is evidenced byHydro-Québec,is extremely profitable.[21]TheSociété générale de financement(General financing corporation) was created in 1962 to encourage Québécois to invest in their economic future and to increase the profitability of small companies. In 1963, in conjunction with theCanada Pension Planthe government of Canada authorized the province to create its ownRégie des Rentes du Québec(RRQ,'Québec Pension Plan'); universal contributions came into effect in 1966. TheCaisse de dépôt et placement du Québec(CDPQ,'Québec Deposit and Investment Fund') was created in 1965 to manage the considerable revenues generated by the RRQ and to provide the capital necessary for various projects in the public and private sectors.

A new labour code (Code du Travail) was adopted in 1964. It made unionizing much easier and gave public employees the right to strike. It was during the same year that theCode Civil('Civil Code') was modified to recognize the legal equality of spouses. In case of divorce, the rules for administering theDivorce Actwere retained using Québéc's oldcommunity propertymatrimonial regimeuntil 1980, when new legislation brought an automatic equal division of certain basic family assets between spouses.

Nationalism

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The societal and economic innovations of the Quiet Revolution, which empowered Québec society, emboldened certain nationalists to push for political independence.[23] While visiting Montreal forExpo 67,GeneralCharles de GaulleproclaimedVive le Québec libre!ina speechat Montreal City Hall, which gave theQuébec independence movementfurther public credibility. In 1968, thesovereigntistParti Québécoiswas created, withRené Lévesqueas its leader. A small faction of Marxist sovereignists began terrorist actions as theFront de libération du Québec,the zenith of their activities being the 1970October Crisis,during which British diplomatJames Crossas well as Labour MinisterPierre Laportewere both kidnapped by FLQ cells, with Laporte eventually being killed.[23]

TheParti Québécoistwice led the Québécois people through unsuccessful referendums, the first in1980on the question of political sovereignty with economic association to Canada (also known assovereignty association),[8]and the second in1995on full sovereignty.[9]

In 1977, during their first term in office, theParti Québécoisenacted theCharter of the French Language,known more commonly asBill 101,whose goal is to protect the French language by making it the language of business in Québec, as well as restricting the use of English on signs. The bill also restricted the eligibility for elementary and high school students to attend school in English, allowing this only for children of parents who had studied in English in Québec. Children may also be eligible for English education if their parents or grandparents received a certain amount of English education outside of the province (ex. another Canadian province). Once a child has been permitted to attend an English primary or high school, the remaining children in that family are also granted access.[7]This bill still stands today, although many reforms have been made in an attempt to make it less harsh.

Historiography

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Several historians have studied the Quiet Revolution, presenting somewhat different interpretations of the same basic facts. For example, Cuccioletta and Lubin raised the question of whether it was an unexpected revolution or an inevitable evolution of society.[24]Behielsasked, how important are economic factors such as outside control of Québec's finance and industry? Was the motivating force one of liberalism or one of nationalism?[25]Gauvreau raised the issues of religious factors, and of the changes going on inside the Catholic Church.[26]Seljak felt that the Catholic Church could have responded with a more vocal opposition.[27]

A revolution or a natural course of action?

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Modern Québec historians have brought some nuance to the importance of the Quiet Revolution. Though the improvements made to Québec society during this era make it seem like an extremely innovative period, it has been posited that these changes follow a logical revolutionary movement occurring throughout the Western world in the 1960s. Québec historianJacques Rouillard[fr]took thisrevisioniststance in arguing that the Quiet Revolution may have accelerated the natural evolution of Quebec's francophone society rather than having turned it on its head.[28]

Several arguments support this view. From an economic perspective, Quebec's manufacturing sector had seen important growth since theIndustrial Revolution.Buoyed by significant manufacturing demand duringWorld War IandWorld War II,the Québec economy was already expanding before the events of the Quiet Revolution.[29]

Rouillard also argues that traditional portrayals of the Quiet Revolution falsely depict it as the rise ofLiberalism in Québec.He notes the popularity enjoyed by federal Liberal Prime MinisterSir Wilfrid Laurieras well as the Premiership ofAdélard Godboutas examples of Québec Liberalism prior to the events of the Quiet Revolution. TheGodboutadministration was extremely innovative. Its achievements include nationalizing the electricity distribution network of the city of Montreal, granting universal suffrage, instituting mandatory schooling until the age of 14 and establishing various social programs in Québec.[30]

The perception of the Quiet Revolution as a great upheaval in Québec society persists, but the revisionist argument that describes this period as a natural continuation of innovations already occurring in Québec cannot be omitted from any discussion on the merits of the Quiet Revolution.[28]The historiography of the period has been notably explored by Ronald Rudin, who describes the legacy of theLesageyears in the depiction of what preceded them.[31]Though criticized as apologists forDuplessis,Robert Rumilly and Conrad Black did add complexity to the narrative of neo-nationalists by contesting the concept of aGrande Noirceur,the idea that Duplessis's tenure in office was one of reactionary policies and politics.[32][33]Dale Thomson, for his part, noted thatJean Lesage,far from seeking to dismantle the traditional order, negotiated a transition with (and sought to accommodate) Québéc's Catholic Church.[34]Several scholars have lately sought to mediate the neo-nationalist and revisionist schools by looking at grassroots Catholic activism and the Church's involvement in policy-making.[35][36]

Federal politics

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Politics at the federal level were also in flux. In 1957, the federal government passed theHospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act.This was, effectively, the beginning of a pan-Canadian system ofpublicly funded health care.[37][38]In 1961, Prime Minister Diefenbaker instituted theNational Hospital Insurance Plan,the first public health insurance plan adhered to by all the provinces. In 1966, the National Medicare program was created.[37]

Federal politics were further influenced by the election ofPierre Elliot Trudeauin 1968.[39]The rise to power of arguably Canada's most influential Prime Minister was unique in Canadian politics. The charisma and charm he displayed throughout his whirlwind campaign swept up much of the country in what would be referred to asTrudeaumania.[40]Before the end of the 1960s, Trudeau would pass theOfficial Languages Act(1969), which aimed to ensure that all federal government services were available in both of Canada's official languages.[41]By the end of the 1960s, Trudeau had also passed legislationdecriminalizing homosexualityand certain types ofabortion.[42][43]

Municipal politics

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Montreal municipal politics were also going through an important upheaval.Jean Drapeaubecame Montreal mayor on October 24, 1960.[44]Within the first few years of his tenure, Drapeau oversaw a series of infrastructure projects, including the expansion of Dorval airport (nowMontréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport), the opening of theChamplain bridgeand the renaissance ofOld Montreal.[45]He also oversaw the construction and inauguration ofPlace des Arts.[46]Drapeau was also instrumental in the construction of theMontreal metrosystem,[47]which was inaugurated on October 14, 1966.[48]Under Drapeau, Montreal was awarded the 1967 International and Universal Exposition (Expo 67), whose construction he oversaw.[49]He was also one of the key politicians responsible forNational Leagueof baseball granting Montreal a franchise, the now-defunctMontreal Expos.[50]Another of Drapeau's major projects was obtaining and holding the1976 Summer Olympics.[51]

Important figures

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Dickinson, John; Young, Brian (2003).A Short History of Quebec.Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p.372.
  2. ^"Media — Rocket Richard: The Legend, The Legacy".Civilization.ca. Archived fromthe originalon May 14, 2008.RetrievedDecember 15,2010.
  3. ^Farber, Michael (November 29, 1999)."Loud Start To The Quiet Revolution: March 17, 1955: The Riot Over Rocket Richard".Sports Illustrated.Retrieved2020-07-13.
  4. ^abBehiels, Michael (1985).Prelude to Quebec's Quiet Revolution.McGill.ISBN9780773560956.
  5. ^Bernier Arcand, Philippe (2018)."Bleu, histoire d'une couleur politique".Histoire Québec(in French).23(4):15–17.ISSN1201-4710.
  6. ^Canada, Quebec, and the Uses of Nationalism.Toronto: McLelland & Stewart Inc. 1986.ISBN9780771022616.
  7. ^abcdDickinson, John; Young, Brian (2003).A Short History of Quebec.Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p.324.
  8. ^abDickinson, John; Young, Brian (2003).A Short History of Quebec.Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p.327.
  9. ^abDickinson, John; Young, Brian (2003).A Short History of Quebec.Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p.354.
  10. ^abMathieu Pigeon."Education in Québec, before and after the Parent reform".McCord Museum.RetrievedOctober 11,2010.
  11. ^abCanada, face of a nation.Bolotta, Angelo, 1951–, Gerrard, Dennis, 1944–, Shortt, Denise.Scarborough, Ontario:Gage Educational Pub. 2000.ISBN0771581521.OCLC43276936.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: others (link)
  12. ^Young Trudeau: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada, 1919-1944.Douglas Gibson Books.2006. p.46.ISBN9780771067495.
  13. ^Pigeon, Matthieu (2008)."The Quiet Revolution".McCord Museum.Retrieved21 January2019.
  14. ^Micheline D'Allaire (1986). "Les Religieuses du Quebec dans le Courant de la Laïcisation".Cultures du Canada Français.3:38–45.
  15. ^Bernier, Jean; Roy, Laurent (2007).Family Policy, Social Trends and Fertility in Québec: Experimenting with the Nordic Model?.Quebec Ministry of Families, Seniors and Status of Women. p. 11.
  16. ^Bernier, Jean; Roy, Laurent (2007).Family Policy, Social Trends and Fertility in Québec: Experimenting with the Nordic Model?.The Quebec Ministry of Families, Seniors and Status of Women. p. 5.
  17. ^Krull, Catherine; Trovato, Frank (2003).Where Have All the Children Gone?.Canadian Studies in Population. pp.197–198.[better source needed]
  18. ^Bélanger, Claude (2000)."The Roman Catholic Church and Quebec".Readings in Quebec History.Marianopolis College.Retrieved1 April2020.
  19. ^Dickinson, John; Young, Brian (2003).A Short History of Quebec.Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp.319,350.
  20. ^Dickinson, John; Young, Brian (2003).A Short History of Quebec.Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p.351.
  21. ^abHydro-Québec Annual Report 2008(PDF).Hydro-Québec. 2009.ISBN978-2-550-55046-4.ISSN0702-6706.RetrievedSeptember 26,2009.
  22. ^Bergeron, Leandre (1971).The History of Quebec.Toronto: NC Press.
  23. ^abDickinson, John; Young, Brian (2003).A Short History of Quebec.Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p.321.
  24. ^Donald Cuccioletta and Martin Lubin. "The Quebec quiet revolution: a noisy evolution."Quebec Studies(2003) 36#1 pp: 125-138.
  25. ^Michael D. Behiels (1985).Prelude to Quebec's Quiet Revolution: Liberalism vs Neo-Nationalism, 1945–60.McGill–Queen's University Press.
  26. ^Catholic Origins of Quebec's Quiet Revolution, 1931-1970.McGill-Queen's Press. 2005-11-14.ISBN9780773528741.
  27. ^David Seljak (1996)."Why the quiet revolution was 'Quiet': the Catholic church's reaction to the secularization of nationalism in Quebec after 1960"(PDF).Historical Studies.62(1):109–124.
  28. ^abJacques Rouillard (Winter 1998)."La révolution tranquille, rupture ou tournant?".Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d’études canadiennes. Archived fromthe originalon May 14, 2008.RetrievedSeptember 22,2010.
  29. ^Jacques Rouillard (Winter 1998)."La révolution tranquille, rupture ou tournant? Section 1".32:4.Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d’études canadiennes. Archived fromthe originalon May 14, 2008.RetrievedSeptember 22,2010.
  30. ^Jacques Rouillard (Winter 1998)."La révolution tranquille, rupture ou tournant? Section 2".Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d’études canadiennes.Archived fromthe originalon November 12, 2010.RetrievedSeptember 22,2010.
  31. ^Rudin, Ronald (March 1992). "Revisionism and the Search for a Normal Society: A Critique of Recent Quebec Historical Writing".Canadian Historical Review.73(1):30–61.doi:10.3138/chr-073-01-02.S2CID144929356.
  32. ^Rumilly, Robert (1978).Maurice Duplessis et son temps, Tome II.Montreal: Fides.
  33. ^Black, Conrad (1977).Duplessis.Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.ISBN9780771015304.
  34. ^Thomson, Dale (1984).Jean Lesage and the Quiet Revolution.Toronto: Macmillan.
  35. ^Gauvreau, Michael (2005).The Catholic Origins of Quebec's Quiet Revolution, 1931–1970.Montreal/Kingsto n: McGill-Queen's University Press.
  36. ^Lacroix, Patrick (May 2014). "Immigration, Minority Rights, and Catholic Policy-Making in Post-War Canada".Histoire Sociale/Social History.47(93):183–203.doi:10.1353/his.2014.0016.S2CID141037057.
  37. ^abSilversides, Ann (2007).Conversations with Champions of Medicare.Ottawa: Canadian Federation of Nurses Unions. p. 4.
  38. ^J. Gilbert Turner (May 15, 1958)."The Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act: Its Impact on Hospital Administration".Can Med Assoc J.78(10). Canadian Medical Association Journal:768–70.PMC1829926.PMID13523526.
  39. ^Robertson, Gordon (2007).Memoirs of a Very Civil Servant: Mackenzie King to Pierre Trudeau.Ottawa: University of Toronto Press. p. 253.
  40. ^Robertson, Gordon (2007).Memoirs of a Very Civil Servant: Mackenzie King to Pierre Trudeau.Ottawa: University of Toronto Press. p. 254.
  41. ^Robertson, Gordon (2007).Memoirs of a Very Civil Servant: Mackenzie King to Pierre Trudeau.Ottawa: University of Toronto Press. pp.259–261.
  42. ^"Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos".CBC Digital Archives.December 21, 1967.RetrievedSeptember 22,2010.
  43. ^English, John (2016)."Trudeau, Pierre Elliott".In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.).Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Vol. XXII (1991–2000) (online ed.).University of Toronto Press.
  44. ^Gignac, Benoît (2009).Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville.Montréal: La Presse. p. 105.
  45. ^Gignac, Benoit (2009).Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville.Montréal: La Presse. p. 108.
  46. ^Gignac, Benoit (2009).Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville.Montréal: La Presse. p. 111.
  47. ^Gignac, Benoit (2009).Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville.Montréal: La Presse. p. 122.
  48. ^Gignac, Benoit (2009).Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville.Montréal: La Presse. p. 127.
  49. ^Gignac, Benoit (2009).Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville.Montréal: La Presse. pp.133–137.
  50. ^Gignac, Benoit (2009).Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville.Montréal: La Presse. p. 157.
  51. ^Gignac, Benoit (2009).Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville.Montréal: La Presse. p. 172.

Further reading

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  • Behiels, Michael D.Prelude to Quebec's Quiet Revolution: Liberalism vs Neo-Nationalism, 1945–60(1985).
  • Behiels, Michael D. ed.Quebec Since 1945: Selected Readings(Copp Clark Pitman, 1987).
  • Bélanger, Claude (1998)."Jean Lesage and the Quiet Revolution (1960–1966)".Readings in Quebec History.Marianopolis College.
  • Bélanger, Claude (1999)."The Quiet Revolution".Events, Issues and Concepts of Quebec History.Marianopolis College.
  • Cuccioletta, Donald, and Martin Lubin. "The Quebec quiet revolution: a noisy evolution."Quebec Studies,vol. 36, 2003, p. 125+.online
  • Gauvreau, Michael.The Catholic Origins of Quebec's Quiet Revolution, 1931–1970(2008).
  • LeMay. Joseph. "Impact of the Quiet Revolution: the business environment of smaller cities and regions of Quebec 1960-2000."Quebec Studies,vol. 34, 2002, pp. 19–30.online
  • Linteau, Paul-Andre, Rene Durocher, and Jean-Claude Robert,Quebec Since 1930(1991)excerpt
  • Pelletier, Réal, ed.Une Certaine Révolution tranquille: 22 juin [19]60–[19]75.Montréal: La Presse, 1975. 337 pp., ill. chiefly with b&w port. photos. Without ISBN.
  • Polese, Mario. "Quebec's Entrepreneurial Revolution and the Reinvention of Montreal: Why and How It Happened."AEI Paper & Studies(American Enterprise Institute, 2020)online
  • Polese, Mario. "Montreal's Economy Since 1930," inMontreal: The History of a North American City,ed. D. Fougeres and R. Macleod (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2018), 164–205;
  • Schwartz, Stephanie Tara. 2017. “Occupation and 20 Ans après: Representing Jewish Dissent in Montreal, 1967-1977”.Canadian Jewish Studies Études Juives Canadiennes25 (1).https://doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.40014.
  • Sloan, Thomas.Québec: The Not-so-Quiet Revolution(1965).OCLC1413353.
  • Tanguay. A. Brian. "Caught in the blind spot: organized labour in revisionist explanations of the Quiet Revolution."Quebec Studies,vol. 34, 2002, pp.online
  • "Quiet revolution".The Canadian Encyclopedia.RetrievedOctober 16,2019.
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