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RTVE

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TheCorporación de Radio y Televisión Española, Sociedad Anónima, S. M. E.[4](Spanish:[koɾpoɾaˈθjondeˈraðjojteleβiˈsjonespaˈɲola];lit. transl. Spanish Radio and Television Corporation plc) known asRadiotelevisión Española(acronymRTVE,branded in logo inall lowercase), is the state-owned public corporation that assumed in 2007 the indirect management of theSpanishpublic radio and television service known as Ente Público Radiotelevisión Española.

Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española, Sociedad Anónima, S. M. E.
Radiotelevisión Española
Company typeSociedad Anónima,State media
IndustryMass media
GenrePublic service broadcasting
Founded11 October 1973;51 years ago(1973-10-11)(as Centralised Public Service)
1 January 2007;17 years ago(2007-01-01)(as Corporation)
HeadquartersPrado del Rey,
Pozuelo de Alarcón
,
Spain
Key people
Concepción Cascajosa(Acting Chair)
ServicesTelevision,radio,internet
RevenueIncrease€1.193 billion[1](2022)
Increase€17.2 million[2](2022)
OwnerSEPI(100%)
Number of employees
6,657 (2022)[3]
Divisions
Websitertve.es

It provides multi-station television (Televisión Española) and radio services (Radio Nacional de España), as well as online and streaming services (RTVE Play). Since the entry into force of theLey de Financiación de RTVEin 2009, RTVE is primarily funded by a combination of subsidies from theGeneral State Budgetand a fee levied on the private agents'gross revenue(3.0% for private free-to-air channels, a 1.5% for private subscription channels and a 0.9% for telecom companies).

RTVE is a full member of theEuropean Broadcasting Union(EBU). The corporation's central headquarters,Prado del Rey,are located inPozuelo de Alarcón.[5]

History

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Precedents

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Spanish state-wide public broadcasting services have undergone numerousrestructuringsand reorganisations throughout its history, and haveassumed several identities.Their history may be traced back to the first radio broadcasts ofRadio Nacional de España(RNE) fromSalamanca,developed as a propaganda tool for theRebel factionduring theSpanish Civil War.RNE was founded on 19 January 1937 and was subservient to the State Delegation for Press and Propaganda led byVicente Gay Forner.[6]

Throughout theFrancoist dictatorship,the national radio service depended successively on theFET y de las JONS'sVice-Secretariat for Popular Education(VSEP), on theMinistry of National Education[es](since 1945) and on theMinistry of Information and Tourism,since the creation of the latter in 1951.[7]In July 1945, in the wake of the transfer of responsibilities over Press and Propaganda to the Ministry of National Education, radio broadcasting became a standalone directorate general: theDirección General de Radiodifusión('Directorate General for Radio Broadcasting').[8]

After some time on trial, the firstTelevisión Española(TVE) signal was broadcast on 28 October 1956 from the Paseo de la Habana in Madrid, reaching the roughly 600 television receivers existing in the city at the time.[9]On 11 October 1973, the two networks for respectively radio and television broadcasting, RNE and TVE, were consolidated into theServicio Público Centralizado Radiotelevisión Española('RTVE Centralised Public Service'). Up until the 1980s, with the creation of regional broadcastersETBandTV3,TVE held the monopoly on television broadcasting in the country.[10]

Further consolidations followed in 1977, at which time RTVE became anorganismo autónomo[es].In 1979, TVE and RNE were joined byRadiocadena Española[es](RCE), an old radio service that, unlike RNE, could broadcast commercials. Under the purview of the 1980Statute of the Radio and Television[es],the public broadcasting services were configured as a legal public entity (ente público) with its own jurisdiction,[11]theEnte Público Radiotelevisión Española[es]. The former cinemanewsreelsserviceNO-DOwas merged into RTVE to be dismantled in 1981. Since then, the NO-DO archives are property of RTVE and its conservation is in their hands andFilmoteca Española's. In 1989, RCE was dismantled and its radio service was merged into RNE.

RTVE Corporation

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TVE's central news services are located at the foot ofTorrespaña.The tower was inaugurated in 1982 and belonged to TVE until 1989.

In accordance with the Law of State Radio and Television of 5 June 2006,[12]and in the face of an enormous deficit, the RTVE Public Body and the companies TVE, S.A. and RNE, S.A. were dissolved, and on 1 January 2007, Corporación RTVE came into existence.[13]RTVE was thus constituted as a fully autonomoussociedad mercantil estatal,assuming the corporate form of asociedad anónimafully participated by the State.[14]For the first time, the chair of the public broadcasting services was appointed by theCortes Generales(the legislative) rather than by theGovernment of Spain(the executive), as it had been previously the case with the directors-general of theente públicoand theservicio público de radiodifusión.[15]

As part of the 2007 restructuring, a controversial plan was implemented to reduce the workforce by 4,855 through attrition andretirement incentives.

In 2012 political tensions associated with the austerity policies enacted by the ruling right-leaningPeople's Party(PP) resulted in departures of personnel, which were interpreted by interviewed journalists as an effort to purge critical political comment from RTVE's content. In 2012 the PP began staffing RTVE with party veterans.[16]Considerable controversy was caused whenAna Pastorwas fired.[16]

On 11 June 2013, RTVE was one of the few known European broadcasters to condemn and criticize the closure of Greece's state broadcasterERT.

In December 2018, RTVE launched a web with Filmoteca Española, which is available via Internet with more than 4000 videos of Spanish films and documentaries.[17]

Amid the inability to reach a parliamentary agreement for the renovation of the administration board of RTVE,Rosa María Mateowas appointed as Provisional Sole Administrator in July 2018.[18]In February 2021, the renovation was unblocked andJosé Manuel Pérez Tornerowas shortlisted as the future chairman of the corporation.[19]Thus, the new board was constituted on 26 March 2021.[20]

In October 2021, the corporation's decision to deny a travel of a group of RTVE journalists to Tindouf to attend an event organised by thePolisario Frontand thus be presumably able to interviewBrahim Ghalistirred controversy and led to the renunciation of both TVE and RNE heads of the international informative services.[21]

Corporate identity

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  • From 1977 to 1991
  • From 1991 to 2008
  • Since 2008

Services

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Television

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Main article:Televisión Española
TVE

RTVE's television service comes under its Televisión Española (TVE) division. Although almost all the programming of its channels is in Spanish and is the same for all of Spain, TVE has territorial centers in everyautonomous communityand produces and broadcasts some local programming inregional variationsin each of them in the correspondingco-official languagesuch as the broadcast ofCatalan-languagesegments forCataloniaproduced in itsproduction center[es]inSant Cugat del Vallès.

The domestic offer provided by TVE through thedigital terrestrial televisioncomprises two generalist channels (La 1andLa 2) and three thematic channels:Teledeporte(sports programming),24 Horas(news), andClan(children's programming). All available only inhigh-definitionin1080i,except for La 1 that is also available inultra-high-definitionin4K resolution.

Regardinginternational broadcasting,TVE providesTVE Internacional,24 Horas Internacional,Star HD[es],[22]and Clan Internacional.[23]

Radio

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Main article:Radio Nacional de España

RTVE's radio stations come under its Radio Nacional de España (RNE) division. RNE has also territorial centers in every autonomous community and produces and broadcasts some local programming in regional variations in each of them.

The domestic offer provided by RNE includes the following radio stations:Radio Nacional(generalist radio station),Radio Clásica(classical music),Radio 3(cultural and alternative programming aimed at young people),Ràdio 4(Catalan-language station broadcast in Catalonia and Andorra), andRadio 5(24-hour radio news station).

Radio Exterior(REE) is the RNE's international broadcasting service on short wave, with an audience of eighty million listeners (surpassed only by theBBCandVatican Radio).[citation needed]This station is also transmitted via DAB for Spain and by satellite. Besides Spanish, REE also transmits programming inFrench,Arabic,Ladino,Portuguese,RussianandEnglish.[24]

Internet

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RTVE's online portal is located at 'rtve.es'. The website is managed by RTVE's Interactive Media department (Interactivos RTVE[es]). It hosts the corporation'sover-the-top media service,RTVE Play,which replaced the old 'RTVE a la carta' in June 2021, adding additional features.[25][26]RTVE streams content in the Americas on the 'RTVE Play+' pay subscription service.[27]

Besides the catalogue from the RTVE Archive,[28]it allows users to listen and watch live feeds of the network's radio and television stations, as well as original programming fromPlayz,a hub of streaming content aimed towards a young audience. The RTVE.es portal also features blogs and news stories.

Other

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RTVE is also responsible for theRTVE Instituto[es]and theRTVE Symphony Orchestra and Choir.RTVE (as RNE) was admitted to full active membership of theEuropean Broadcasting Unionin 1955. TVE joined the Eurovision Network in 1960. The corporation has contributed to the production of more than 300 films, many of which have received awards at internationalfilm festivalsaround the world. From 1979 to 1987, a second radio network known as Radiocadena Española was also a part of RTVE.[29]RCE stations, unlike RNE, showed advertising. RCE was merged into RNE between 1987 and 1989.[30]NO-DOwas also merged into RTVE in 1980. Since NO-DO's closure in 1982, RTVE and Filmoteca Española are responsible for maintaining NO-DO's archives.[31]

Management

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Main article:Chair of RTVE

Pursuant to the 2006 Law of State Radio and Television,[12]management of the national public service is entrusted toCorporación RTVE.[32]The Board (Consejo de Administración) of the RTVE is the main body of RTVE, and appoints the executive officers of RTVE and its companies, approves its organisation, and approves most major activities.[33][34]The Board is composed of twelve members; eight members are chosen byCongressand four by theSenate,each by two-thirds majority and each for a non-renewable mandate of six years, and two members appointed by Congress must be proposed by the two main trade unions at RTVE.[33]

TheChairhas operational control of day-to-day operations, in order to execute the decisions and guidance of the Board.[34][32]The Chair is appointed by, and may be dismissed by, Congress.[32]Before the 2006 Act, this position was filled by the role of the Director General, which had ade factototal control of RTVE.[35]In practice, the Director General had been chosen by the Government for their political profile.[36]

Corporación RTVE is described as a "state mercantile society" (sociedad mercantil estatal) with special autonomy and independence from the government and the general state administration, and it performs its functions through Televisión Española (TVE) and Radio Nacional de España (RNE).

Most staff are civil servants.[32]The News Council is an internal supervisory body composed of RTVE journalists with the aim of safeguarding RTVE's independence.[32]

The current RTVE board constituted on 26 March 2021 is chaired byJosé Manuel Pérez Tornero,also featuringElena Sánchez Caballero,José Manuel Martín Medem[es],Carmen Sastre,Jenaro Castro[es],Juan José Baños[es],Roberto Lakidain,Ramón Colom[es],Consuelo Aparicio andConcepción Cascajosaas board members.[20]Upon the renunciation of Pérez Tornero in September 2022, Elena Sánchez Caballero was elected by the board as the acting chair of the RTVE corporation.[37]

Funding

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Since the entry into force of theLey de Financiación de RTVEin 2009, RTVE is primarily funded by a combination of subsidies from theGeneral State Budgetand a fee levied on the private agents'gross revenue(3.0% for private free-to-air channels, a 1.5% for private subscription channels and a 0.9% for telecom companies).[38]

As of 2021, a preliminary draft for theLey General de Comunicación Audiovisualreportedly foresees the extension of the 1.5% fee on gross revenues to international streaming platforms offering services in Spain (such asNetflix,HBO,Disney+,Amazon Prime VideoorYouTube) and the drop of the 0.9% fee for telecom companies. However, the latter will continue contributing in terms of the fee levied for the occupation of the spectrum.[39]RTVE will also be able to monetize limited forms of advertising, such assponsorshipsand advertising in its international channels.[39]

References

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  1. ^Arranz, Rubén (31 May 2023)."RTVE's debt increases by 37 million in three months and is already close to 300".Vozpópuli(in Spanish).Retrieved23 July2023.
  2. ^"RTVE closes the 2022 financial year with a profit of 17.2 million euros".RTVE(in Spanish). 31 March 2023.Retrieved23 July2023.
  3. ^"Los contratos temporales en RTVE subieron casi cinco puntos un mes después de aprobarse la ley de interinos".El Español(in Spanish). 17 February 2022.
  4. ^"Corporación RTVE".Rtve.es(in Spanish). Archived fromthe originalon 8 September 2013.Retrieved16 August2013.
  5. ^"TVE prepara un lanzamiento por todo lo alto de la nueva temporada para dar imagen de cambio de ciclo".El Confidencial Digital.25 August 2021.
  6. ^Díez, Emeterio (2008)."La censura radiofónica en la España nacional (1936-1939)"(PDF).Zer(24): 110.ISSN1137-1102.
  7. ^Gómez García, Salvador; Martín Quevedo, Juan (2012)."Del Yugo a la Cruz. Radio Nacional de España: una radio en transición (1945–1951)".Área Abierta.12(3). Madrid:Ediciones Complutense:3.doi:10.5209/rev_ARAB.2012.v33.40556.
  8. ^Cal, Rosa (1999)."Apuntes sobre la actividad de la Dirección General de Propaganda del Franquismo (1945–1951)".Historia y Comunicación Social(4). Madrid:Ediciones Complutense:15.ISSN1137-0734.
  9. ^Jabonero, Daniel (30 October 2016)."Así fue la primera emisión de TVE hace 60 años (ante 600 televisores)".Bluper.El Español.
  10. ^García-González, Aurora (2020)."Montero Díaz, Julio (dir.), Una televisión con dos cadenas: la programación en España (1956–1990), Cátedra, Madrid, 2018, 874 páginas".Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico.26(2). Madrid:Ediciones Complutense:867.doi:10.5209/esmp.68672.S2CID219114419.
  11. ^"Ley 4/1980, de 10 de enero, de Estatuto de la Radio y la Televisión".Boletín Oficial del Estado(in Spanish). Radio and Television Statute. 10 January 1980.Retrieved13 June2019– via Noticias Jurídicas.
  12. ^abR., Juan Carlos(6 June 2006).Rodríguez Zapatero, José Luis(ed.)."Ley 17/2006, de 5 de junio, de la radio y la televisión de titularidad estatal"(PDF).Boletín Oficial del Estado(in Spanish) (134): 20. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 12 December 2015.Retrieved13 June2019– via RTVE.
  13. ^"El mayor grupo audiovisual español".RTVE(in Spanish). 1 January 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 24 July 2014.Retrieved13 June2019.
  14. ^Ruiz de Apodaca Espinosa 2009,p. 12.
  15. ^Chinchilla Marín, Carmen (2007)."La reforma de la radio y la televisión públicas de titularidad estatal: la ley 17/2006, de 5 de junio".Revista de Administración Pública(174). Madrid:Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales:309.ISSN0034-7639.
  16. ^abBurgen, Stephen (5 August 2012)."Spanish government accused of purging critics from national radio and TV: Journalists who have questioned the party's austerity policy have lost jobs at RTVE".The Guardian.Barcelona:Guardian News & Media Limited.Retrieved6 August2012.
  17. ^"RTVE y Filmoteca Española lanzan en internet el mayor fondo histórico audiovisual de España".Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española(in Spanish). 20 December 2018.Retrieved3 January2019.
  18. ^"Rosa María Mateo toma posesión como administradora única temporal de RTVE".20minutos.es.30 July 2018.
  19. ^Escudero, Belén (25 February 2021)."José Manuel Pérez Tornero, el creador de la televisión educativa en España".El Periódico de Catalunya.
  20. ^ab"Tornero entra fuerte en RTVE".El Comercio.26 March 2021.
  21. ^Rus, D. (12 October 2021)."Dimiten los jefes de Internacional de RTVE tras la negativa de la Corporación a viajar a Tinduf".abcplay.ABC.
  22. ^Jabonero, Daniel (4 September 2015)."TVE, dispuesta a colonizar América con el nuevo canal Star HD".Bluper.El Español.
  23. ^"RTVE lanza su nuevo canal infantil Clan Internacional para llevar los" valores "de los dibujos españoles a América".Europa Press.4 July 2017.
  24. ^Llorense, Carles; Luzón, Virginia; Grau, Helena P. (2012). Dragomir, Marius; Thompson, Mark (eds.)."Los Medios Digitales: España. Un informe de Open Society Foundations"(PDF)(in Spanish).Open Society Foundations.p. 36.
  25. ^"RTVE lanza en pruebas RTVE Play, su nueva plataforma con nuevas funcionalidades".Bluper.El Español.23 June 2021.
  26. ^"RTVE lanza en pruebas 'RTVE Play', su nueva plataforma que sustituye y mejorará la 'A la carta'".Vertele!.eldiario.es.22 June 2021.
  27. ^Delgado, Gabriela (7 October 2021)."RTVE Play Plus, ¿cómo es la nueva plataforma de streaming española que quiere abrirse paso en América?".El Comercio.
  28. ^"RTVE comienza la revolución de su servicio A La Carta con la app RTVE Play".Panorama Audiovisual.23 June 2021.
  29. ^"Radiocadena Española y No-Do se integran en RTVE".Elpais.com(in Spanish).Prisa.5 December 1978.Retrieved16 August2013.
  30. ^Contreras, José Miguel (21 July 1988)."Aprobada la fusión de Radio Nacional de España y Radiocadena Española".Elpais.com(in Spanish). Madrid:Prisa.Retrieved16 August2013.
  31. ^"Ley 4/1980, de 10 de enero, de Estatuto de la Radio y la Televisión".Boletín Oficial del Estado(in Spanish). 12 January 1980.Retrieved16 August2013– via Noticias Jurídicas.
  32. ^abcdePerez 2009,p. 67.
  33. ^abPerez 2009,p. 66.
  34. ^ab"Statement on RTVE website about the creation ofCorporación TVE".Corporación RTVE(in Spanish). Archived fromthe originalon 9 September 2012.Retrieved13 June2019.
  35. ^Perez 2009,pp. 67–68.
  36. ^Perez 2009,p. 68.
  37. ^"Elena Sánchez, nueva presidenta interina del Consejo de Administración de RTVE".Europa Press.27 September 2022.
  38. ^"Subvenciones, cadenas privadas o Netflix: Así se financia realmente RTVE, euro a euro".Cadena COPE.3 July 2021.
  39. ^ab"El Gobierno obligará a Netflix, HBO y Amazon a contribuir a la financiación de RTVE con el 1,5% de sus ingresos".Cinco Días.29 June 2021.

Bibliography

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