Wikipedia

Rafic Hariri

Rafic Bahaa El Deen al-Hariri[a](Arabic:رفيق بهاء الدين الحريري,romanized:Rafīq Bahāʾ ad-Dīn al-Ḥarīrī;1 November 1944 – 14 February 2005) was a Lebanese businessman and politician who served asprime minister of Lebanonfrom 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 to 2004.

Rafic Hariri
رفيق بهاء الدين الحريري
Hariri in 2004
Prime Minister of Lebanon
In office
26 October 2000 – 26 October 2004
PresidentÉmile Lahoud
DeputyIssam Fares
Preceded bySelim Hoss
Succeeded byOmar Karami
In office
31 October 1992 – 4 December 1998
PresidentElias Hrawi
Émile Lahoud
Preceded byRachid Solh
Succeeded bySelim Hoss
Ministerial portfolios
1992-1998Finance
Personal details
Born(1944-11-01)1 November 1944
Sidon,Lebanon
Died14 February 2005(2005-02-14)(aged 60)
Beirut,Lebanon
Manner of deathAssassination
Political party
Spouses
Nidal Bustani
​
​
(m.1965;div.1974)​
​
(m.1976)​
ChildrenBahaa,Saad,Houssam,Ayman,Fahd,Hind

Hariri headed five cabinets during his tenure. He was widely credited for his role in constructing theTaif Agreementthat ended the 15-yearLebanese Civil War.He also played a huge role in reconstructing the Lebanese capital,Beirut.He was the first post-civil war prime minister and the most influential and wealthiest Lebanese politician at the time. During Hariri's first term as prime minister, tensions between Israel and Lebanon increased, as a result of theQana massacre.In 2000, during his second premiership, his biggest achievement was the Israeli withdrawal from Southern Lebanon, ending an 18-year oldoccupation,while his government solidified relations withBa'athist Syria.

On 14 February 2005,Hariri was assassinatedin a suicide truck bomb explosion inBeirut.FourHezbollahmembers ofUnit 121were indicted for the assassination and were triedin absentiaby theSpecial Tribunal for Lebanon.Salim Ayyash,the unit's leader was convicted for his role in the assasination.[1][2]The Tribunal eventually convicted three Hezbollah members before it's closure in 2023, but stated that it could find no evidence that the bombing had been directed by the group's senior leadership.[1][2][3]The assassination was a catalyst for dramatic political change in Lebanon. The massive protests of theCedar Revolutionhelped achieve the withdrawal of Syrian troops and security forces from Lebanon and a change in government.

At one point, Hariri was one of the world's 100 wealthiest men[4]and the fourth-richest politician.[5]

Early life and education

edit

Hariri was born on 1 November 1944 to a modestSunni Muslimfamily in the Lebanese port city ofSidon.He had two siblings (brother Shafic and sisterBahia).[6]He attended elementary and secondary school in Sidon,[6]and graduated in business administration fromBeirut Arab University.[7]

Business career

edit

In 1965, Hariri went toSaudi Arabiato work.[8]There, he taught for a short period of time before moving to the construction industry.[9]In 1978, he gainedSaudi Arabian citizenship,[8][10]in addition to hisLebanese citizenship.

In 1969, Hariri established Ciconest, a small subcontracting firm, which soon went out of business. He then went into business with the French construction firm Oger for the construction of a hotel inTa’if,Saudi Arabia,the timely construction of which earned him praise fromKing Khaled.Hariri took over Oger, formingSaudi Oger,which became the main construction firm used by theSaudi Royal familyfor all their important developments. As a result, a few years after his first contract with King Khaled, Hariri had become a multi-billionaire.

Having accumulated his wealth, Hariri started a number of philanthropic projects, including the building of educational facilities in Lebanon. His first initiative in Lebanon was the Islamic Association for Culture and Education, which he founded in 1979.[11]The association was later renamed the Hariri Foundation.[11]Hariri became progressively more embroiled in politics. His appeals to the United Nations and services as an emissary to the Saudi Royal family won him international recognition on the political stage for his humanitarian efforts.

In 1982, Hariri donated $12 million to Lebanese victims of the1978 South Lebanon conflictand helped clean up Beirut's streets with his company's money and contributed to early reconstruction efforts during lulls in the Lebanon war. Said to have heavily financed opposing militias during the war, his former deputyNajah Wakimlater accused him of helping to destroy downtown Beirut to rebuild it again and make billions of dollars in the process.[10]After the conflict, he acted as an envoy of theSaudi royal familyto Lebanon. He laid the groundwork that led to the 1989Taif Accord,which Saudi Arabia organised to bring the warring factions together. Taif put an end to thecivil war,building goodwill for Hariri politically. While acting as the Saudi envoy to Lebanon, he spent more time in Damascus than in Beirut where he ingratiated himself with theAssad regime;he had a new presidential palace built in Damascus as a gift to the Syrian dictator but Assad didn't use it personally.[10]

Political career

edit

Hariri returned to Lebanon in the early 1980s as a wealthy man and began to build a name for himself by making large donations and contributions to various groups in Lebanon. However, he continued to serve as a political advisor toPrince Bandar bin Sultanin 1983.[12]He was implanted as the Saudis' strong man following the collapse of the PLO and the paucity of any viable Sunni leadership in the country as well as a response to the rising power of the Shiite militia Amal. As a former Saudi diplomatic representative, he played a significant role in constructingthe 1990 Taif Agreementthat ended Lebanon's sixteen-year civil war.[13]In 1992, Hariri became the first post-civil war prime minister of Lebanon under presidentElias Hrawi.[14][15]In addition, he was theminister of finance.[16]After the 1996 elections he also took on the role ofminister of post and telecommunications.[17]Hariri put the country back on the financial map through the issuing ofEurobondsand won plaudits from theWorld Bankfor his plan to borrow reconstruction money as the country's debt grew to become the largest per capita in the world. Between 1992 and 1996 the public debt grew from $3 billion to $9 billion.[18]His first premiership lasted until 1998, and Hariri was replaced bySalim Hossas prime minister.[10][14]In fact, as a result of the power struggle between Hariri and newly elected presidentÉmile Lahoud,he left office.[19]

In October 2000, Hariri was again appointed prime minister, replacing Salim Hoss, and formed the cabinet.[10][20]In September 2004, Hariri defendedUN Security Council Resolution 1559,which called for "all remaining foreign forces to withdraw from Lebanon."[21]On 20 October 2004, his second term ended when he resigned from office.[22]Omar Karamisucceeded him as prime minister.[23][24]

First premiership (1992–1998)

edit

Economic policies

edit
Hariri's former residence in Paris
Beirut Central District,which was developed significantly under Hariri's tenure as Prime Minister.

Hariri implemented an aggressive new economic policy. In 1992, inflation was running at 131% but such was the confidence in Hariri's leadership that within two years it had been reduced to 12%.[25]Perhaps Hariri's most important creation in the beginning of his career was "Horizon 2000", the government's name for its new rejuvenation plan. A large component of "Horizon 2000" wasSolidere,the privately owned[26]construction company that was established to reconstruct post-war Lebanon. Solidere was owned by the government and private investors. Solidere was largely focused on redeveloping Beirut's downtown and turning it into a new urban center as quickly as possible as one aspect of the various infrastructure redevelopment plans that would be implemented by "Horizon 2000". Solidere was given powers ofcompulsory purchase,compensating in Solidere shares rather than cash, and was accused of harassment and underpaying former land owners.[27]Another aspect of the decade-long plan was the privatization of major industries. Numerous contracts were awarded in important industries such as energy, telecommunications, electricity, airports, and roads.

The last and perhaps most significant aspect of "Horizon 2000" was economic stimulus via foreign direct investment. Specifically, Hariri supported foreign firms and individuals taking an interest in Lebanon's developmental potential. Hariri simplified tax codes and provided tax breaks to foreign investors. Due to his previous successes in the private sector and the numerous resulting international connections, Hariri was able to garner a significant amount of low-interest loans from foreign investors. Hariri also pursued aggressive macroeconomic policy such as maintaining strict regulations on bank reserves and inter-bank interest rates to curb inflation and raise the value of the Lebanese pound relative to the dollar.

Hariri's economic policies were a remarkable success during his first year in office. From 1992 to 1993, there was a 6% increase in real national income, the capital base of commercial banks effectively doubled, the budgetary earnings hovered at around a billion dollars, and commercial banks' consolidated balance sheets increased about 25%. By 1998, however, real GDP growth was around 1%, a year later it would be −1%, national debt had skyrocketed 540% from two to eighteen billion dollars.

In 1996, it was estimated that 30% of Lebanon's population were living below the poverty line and that there were 500,000 Syrian laborers working illegally in the country.[28]

Criticism

edit

August 11, 1994, the Hariri government issued a ban on organized demonstrations, relying on theLebanese Armyto enforce the decree.[29][30]According toHuman Rights Watch,following the demonstration ban, on September 13, 1994, "army troops used force to disperse demonstrations, with disastrous results: seven men and one woman were killed and about forty other peaceful demonstrators injured."[31]On 17 September 1996, Information MinisterFarid Makariordered a ban on the broadcasting of news programs. This was followed eight days later by a government decree ordering the closure of Lebanon's 150 privately owned radio stations and 50 TV stations. Licenses were then issued to Hariri'sFuture Television,the Christian-ownedLebanese Broadcasting Corporation International(LBCI),Murr Television(MTV) owned by the brother of Interior MinisterMichel Murr,and theNational Broadcasting Network(NBN), set up byNabih Berri.The radio stations which were given licenses were Hariri'sOrient Radio,Berri's NBN, and theLebanese Forces’sVoice of Free Lebanon.[32][33]The following year, however, "the cabinet handed out licenses to one television station and eight radio stations, including Hizballah'sAl-Manar TV,Voice of Lebanon (formerly owned by the Phalange party), and Voice of the People (Communist Party). "These groups had been previously excluded from licensing in September 1996.[34]According to theCommittee to Protect Journalists,the ongoing Syrian occupation and military presence in Lebanon made it difficult for Lebanese media to criticize the Syrian regime, adding that "Syria's continued dominant political and military influence" created an atmosphere of self-censorship.[34]

Second premiership (2000—2004)

edit

Hariri and Lebanon's political environment

edit
U.S. PresidentGeorge W. Bushand Hariri meeting in the White House
Hariri meeting withDonald RumsfeldatThe Pentagonon April 25, 2001
Hariri with Russian PresidentVladimir Putinin 2001

Amid the political crisis brought on by the extension of PresidentÉmile Lahoud's term, Hariri resigned as Prime Minister, saying: "I have... submitted the resignation of the government, and I have declared that I will not be a candidate to head the (next) government."

During a BBC interview in 2001, Hariri was asked byTim Sebastianwhy he refused to hand over members ofHezbollahthat were accused by America of being terrorists. He responded that Hezbollah were the ones protecting Lebanon against theIsraeli occupationand called for implementation of passed United Nations resolutions against Israel.[35][36]

During the interview, also accused of making the American coalition in theWar on Terrorismworthless and asked if he was ready for the consequences of his refusal, reminding him thatGeorge W. Bushhad said: "Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists."[37]He replied that he had hoped there would be no consequences, but would deal with them if they arrive. Hariri also said that he opposed the killing of all humans – Israeli, Palestinian, Syrian or Lebanese – and believed in dialogue as a solution. He further went on to say that Syria would have to stay in Lebanon for protection of Lebanon until they are no longer needed and Lebanon asks them to leave.[35][36]

Opposition to Syrian occupation

edit

LebaneseDruzeleaderWalid Jumblatt,a recent recruit of the anti-Syrian opposition, emboldened by popular anger and civic action now being called Lebanon'sCedar Revolution,alleged in the wake of the assassination that on 26 August 2004 Syrian PresidentBashar al-Assadthreatened Hariri, saying "[President of Lebanon] Lahoud is me.... If you and Chirac want me out of Lebanon, I will break Lebanon."[38]He was quoted as saying "When I heard him telling us those words, I knew that it was his condemnation of death." This meeting between Hariri and Assad, which had been on 26 August 2004, lasted for just fifteen minutes.[23][39][40]

Criticism

edit
Hariri and Rumsfeld in 2001

Hariri was accused of corruption, which plagued Lebanon during theSyrian occupation.TheCompany for the Development and Reconstruction of Beirut's Central District(French:Société Libanaise pour le Développement et la Reconstruction du Centre-ville de Beyrouth), more commonly known by the French-derived acronym "Solidere", expropriated most property in thecentral business districtof Beirut, compensating each owner with shares in the company which were worth as little as 15% of the property's value. As the primary shareholder of the company, Hariri and his business associates profited from this project.[29][30]Moreover, it was reported byMiddle East InternationalinNovember 1996 that $26 million had been embezzled from the Lebanese Ministry of Finance while Hariri was in office in office.[41]Hariri was accused of allowing allowed kickbacks from public spending to enrich government figures. For instance, contracts for the import of petroleum were awarded to the two sons of PresidentElias Hrawi.[29][30]

Personal life

edit

Hariri married twice. He had six children. In 1965, he married an Iraqi woman, Nidal Bustani, who is the mother of his three sons;Bahaa(born 1967), who is a businessman,Saad(born 1970), who succeeded his father as leader of the future movement, and Houssam—who died in a traffic accident in the US in the late 1980s.[42][43]They divorced. He married his second spouse,Nazik Audi,in 1976 and she is the mother of three of Hariri's children:Ayman,FahdandHind.[42]

From 1982 until his death, Hariri owned2–8a Rutland Gate,a large house in London'sKnightsbridgedistrict. The house was gifted to theCrown Prince of Saudi Arabia,Sultan bin Abdulaziz,after Hariri's assassination.[44]

Assassination

edit
Main article:Assassination of Rafic Hariri
Buildings damaged by the car bomb.

On 14 February 2005, Hariri was killed when explosives equivalent to around 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb) ofTNTconcealed inside a parkedMitsubishivan were detonated[45]as hismotorcadedrove near the St. George Hotel in Beirut.[46]23 people, including Hariri himself, were killed.[47]Among the dead were several of Hariri's bodyguards and his friend and former Minister of the EconomyBassel Fleihan.Hariri was buried along with his bodyguards, who died in the bombing, in a location nearMohammad Al-Amin Mosque.

A 2006 report bySerge Brammertzindicated thatDNAevidence collected from the crime scene suggests that the assassination might be the act of a young malesuicide bomber.[48]

In its first two reports in 2014, theUnited Nations International Independent Investigation Commissionindicated that the Syrian government may be linked to the assassination.[49][50]Lawyers tasked with prosecuting those responsible for the 2005 bombing said they had received evidence linkingBashar al-Assad's phone to the case.[51]In its tenth report, theUNIIICconcluded[52]"that a network of individuals acted in concert to carry out theassassination of Rafiq Hariri."[52]

Although Hezbollah blamed the assassination on Israel,[53]aCanadian Broadcasting Corporationnews investigation stated that the special UN investigation team had found evidence for the responsibility ofUnit 121ofHezbollahin the assassination.[54][55][56]A UN-backed tribunal issued four arrest warrants to members ofHezbollah.[57]Later, Hezbollah membersSalim Jamil Ayyash,Hassan Habib Merhi, Hussein Hassan Oneissi, and Assad Hassan Sabra have been indicted[58]for the assassination and were triedin absentiaby theSpecial Tribunal for Lebanon.[59]

Aftermath

edit
Main article:Cedar Revolution

Hariri was well regarded among international leaders, for example, he was a close friend ofFrench PresidentJacques Chirac.Chirac was one of the first foreign dignitaries to offer condolences to Hariri's widow in person at her home in Beirut.The Special Tribunal for Lebanonwas also created at his instigation. Syria was initially accused of the assassination, which led to the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon following widespread protests.[60]

Hariri memorial shrine

Major GeneralJamil Al Sayyed,then head of Lebanese General Security, Brigadier GeneralMustafa Hamdan,Major GeneralAli Hajjand Brigadier GeneralRaymond Azarwere all arrested in August 2005 at the request of German prosecutorDetlev Mehlis,who was carrying out the UN investigation about the assassination.[61]Sayyed was one of the persons who decided to assassinate Rafic Hariri according to a leaked draft version of theMehlis reportalong with other Syrian high-rank intelligence and security officers and officials, namelyAssef Shawkat,Maher Assad,Hassan KhalilandBahjat Suleyman.[62]However, later reports about the assassination did not repeat the allegations against Jamil Al Sayyed and other three Lebanese generals.[61]Four Lebanese generals were held in Roumieh prison, northeast of Beirut from 2005 to 2009.[61][63]They were released from the prison due to lack of evidence in 2009.[63]

Following Hariri's death, there were several otherbombings and assassinationsagainst minor anti-Syrian figures. These includedSamir Kassir,George Hawi,Gebran Tueni,Pierre Amine Gemayel,Antoine GhanemandWalid Eido.Assassination attempts were made onElias Murr,May Chidiac,and Samir Shehade (who was investigating Hariri's death).[citation needed]

An indictment against alleged Hezbollah members Salim Jamil Ayyash,Mustafa Amine Badreddine,Hussein Hassan Oneissi, and Assad Hassan Sabra was issued and confirmed by the Pre-Trial Judge of the United Nations special tribunal (seeSpecial Tribunal for Lebanon) in 2011.[64]In February 2014, the case against Hassan Habib Merhi was joined with theAyyash et al.case.[65]Proceedings against the accusedMustafa Badreddinewere terminated in July 2016[66]following credible reports of his death.[67]Salim Jamil Ayyash,Hassan Habib Merhi, Hussein Hassan Oneissi, and Assad Hassan Sabra[58]currently remain on trialin absentia.[59]

In 2009 the German news magazineDer Spiegelreported that some of the evidence supporting the indictment of Hezbollah involved a number of cellphones purchased inTripolishortly before the assassination, and were used by members of Hezbollah solely for the coordination of the assassination, except for a call from one of them to hisgirlfriend.[68][69]The ties to Hezbollah were exposed by CaptainWissam Eidof the LebaneseInternal Security Force,who was assassinated himself before the conclusion of the investigation,[69]as wasLebanese Brigadier GeneralWissam al-Hassan,one of the leading figures of the Special tribunal.[70]

In August 2010, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah presented intercepted Israeli spy-drone video footage to CNN, which he said implicated Israel because "they were tracking Hariri's whereabouts and the roads that he took every day." When asked what Israel's motive would have been, Nasrallah said, "They just wanted to start an internal strife."[71]

After an altercation between male Tribunal staff and women at a gynecology clinic in October 2010, Hezbollah demanded that the Lebanese government stop all cooperation with theSpecial Tribunalinvestigation, claiming the tribunal to be an infringement on Lebanese sovereignty by Western governments.

On 1 November 2010, a report was leaked byAl Akhbar,a local secular, leftist newspaper, stating that Hezbollah drafted plans for a quick takeover of the country in the case an indictment against its members is issued by theUN Special Tribunal.[72]The report states that Hezbollah conducted a simulation of the plan on 28 October, immediately following a speech by its secretary general.[73]

On the other side, it was revealed byleaked US embassy cablesthat thenEgyptian General Intelligence DirectoratedirectorOmar Suleimanreported that Syria "desperately" wanted to stop the investigation of the Tribunal.[74]

In 2024,Salim Jamil Ayyash,the assassin of Hariri was reportedly killed by an IDF strike nearal-Qusayrin theHomsregion.[75]

Legacy

edit
A statue of Hariri in Beirut near the assassination site

On 22 June 2005, Beirut International Airport was renamedRafic Hariri International Airport.[6]Additionally, Beirut General University hospital was renamed Rafiq Hariri Hospital.[6]Rafic Hariri was succeeded by his sonSaad Haririas leader of the Future Party.

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^Raficis the spelling used on his website and in official contexts, withRafikandRafiqalso being used in English-language media.

References

edit
  1. ^ab"Rafik Hariri tribunal: Guilty verdict over assassination of Lebanon ex-PM".BBC News. 18 August 2020.
  2. ^ab"Justice served: Lebanon's Special Tribunal closes | UN News".news.un.org.31 December 2023.Retrieved11 February2025.
  3. ^"Rafik Hariri killing: Hezbollah duo convicted of 2005 bombing on appeal".10 March 2022.Retrieved11 February2025.
  4. ^"Rafik Hariri: Billionaire politician".BBC.Retrieved18 August2020.
  5. ^"Forbes says Hariri ranks fourth among wealthy politicians".The Daily Star.Retrieved18 August2020.
  6. ^abcd"Rafiq Al Hariri's biography".Rafiq Hariri Foundation.Archived fromthe originalon 8 August 2020.Retrieved30 September2020.
  7. ^Cite error: The named referenceRafic Hariri NYTwas invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).
  8. ^abWorth, Robert F. (30 June 2011)."Rafik Hariri".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2015.
  9. ^
  10. ^abcdeGambill, Gary C.; Ziad K. Abdelnour (July 2001)."Dossier: Rafiq Hariri".Middle East Intelligence Bulletin.3(7). Archived fromthe originalon 8 May 2014.
  11. ^ab"Lebanon's Politics: The Sunni Community and Hariri's Future Current".Middle East Report(96). 26 May 2010.Retrieved22 September2013.
  12. ^Mehio, Saad (9 July 2002)."Prime Minister Alwaleed bin Talal? For what?".The Daily Star.Retrieved18 July2013.
  13. ^Neal, Mark W.; Richard Tansey (2010). "The dynamics of effective corrupt leadership: Lessons from Rafik Hariri's political career in Lebanon".The Leadership Quarterly.21:33–49.doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.10.003.
  14. ^abMiddle East Review.Kogan Page Publishers. November 2003. p. 113.ISBN978-0-7494-4066-4.Retrieved19 March2013.
  15. ^Knudsen, Are (2007)."The Law, the Loss and the Lives of Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon"(PDF).CMI.1.Retrieved20 March2013.
  16. ^"Former Ministers".18 December 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 18 December 2019.
  17. ^Middle East InternationalNo 538, 22 November 1996; PublishersLord Mayhew;George Trendle p.14
  18. ^Middle East International No 540, 20 December 1996; George Trendle p.15
  19. ^Fakih, Mohalhel (17–23 February 2005)."A city mourns".Al Ahram Weekly.730.Archived fromthe originalon 25 March 2013.Retrieved15 April2013.
  20. ^"Hariri Forms Govt".APS Diplomat Recorder.28 October 2000.Retrieved19 March2013.
  21. ^Makhzoumi, Fouad (2010). "Lebanon's Crisis of Sovereignty".Survival: Global Politics and Strategy.52(2):5–12.doi:10.1080/00396331003764298.S2CID153822060.
  22. ^Harris, William (Summer 2005)."Bashar al-Assad's Lebanon Gamble".Middle East Quarterly.XII(3):33–44.Retrieved17 March2013.
  23. ^abSafa, Oussama (January 2006)."Lebanon springs forward"(PDF).Journal of Democracy.17(1):22–37.doi:10.1353/jod.2006.0016.S2CID143710565.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 February 2011.Retrieved17 March2013.
  24. ^"Hezbollah ignored as Lebanon's top three leaders get major government shares".Lebanon Wire.27 October 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 21 March 2013.Retrieved25 March2013.
  25. ^Middle East InternationalNo 535, 4 October 1996; PublishersLord Mayhew,Dennis Walters MP;Bassam Fattouh and Reinoud Leenders pp.19–20
  26. ^"About Solidere".Solidere.com. Archived fromthe originalon 16 January 2013.Retrieved4 July2011.
  27. ^Wainwright, Oliver (22 January 2015)."Is Beirut's glitzy downtown redevelopment all that it seems?".The Guardian.Retrieved18 August2020.
  28. ^Middle East International No 535; pp.19–20
  29. ^abcFisk, Robert (6 December 1998)."Lebanon's vast web of corruption unravels".The Independent.London.Archivedfrom the original on 27 March 2019.Retrieved1 December2012.
  30. ^abcCiezadlo, Annia (24 February 2007)."Sect Symbols".The Nation.New York City. Archived fromthe originalon 1 July 2009.Retrieved25 June2011.
  31. ^"Lebanon".Human Rights Watch.Archived fromthe originalon 29 December 2024.Retrieved29 December2024.
  32. ^"1996 Human Rights Report: Lebanon".United States State Department.Retrieved29 December2024.
  33. ^Middle East International No 535, 4 October 1996; Giles Trendle p.16
  34. ^abCommittee to Protect Journalists (February 1998)."Attacks on the Press in 1997 - Lebanon".Refworld.Archived fromthe originalon 29 December 2024.Retrieved29 December2024.
  35. ^ab"BBC Interview With Rafiq Hariri'".Information clearing house.Archived fromthe originalon 10 June 2011.Retrieved4 July2011.
  36. ^ab"Rafiq Hariri'".BBC News.16 February 2005.Retrieved4 July2011.
  37. ^""You Are Either With Us Or with the Terrorists", President Bush Warns ".Iran press service.Archived fromthe originalon 3 March 2016.Retrieved4 July2011.
  38. ^Neil Macfarquhar (20 March 2005)."Behind Lebanon Upheaval, 2 Men's Fateful Clash".The New York Times.Lebanon; Syria.Retrieved4 July2011.
  39. ^Raad, Nada (27 August 2004)."Berri, Hariri silent on Syria talks".The Daily Star.Retrieved16 March2013.
  40. ^Seeberg, Peter (February 2007)."Fragmented loyalties. Nation and Democracy in Lebanon after the Cedar Revolution"(PDF).University of Southern Denmark. Archived fromthe original(Working Papers)on 4 January 2014.Retrieved23 October2012.
  41. ^Middle East International No 538, 22 November 1996; George Trendle p.14
  42. ^abVloeberghs, Ward (July 2012)."The Hariri Political Dynasty after the Arab Spring"(PDF).Mediterranean Politics.17(2):241–248.doi:10.1080/13629395.2012.694046.S2CID154581954.Archived(PDF)from the original on 31 January 2013.
  43. ^Fisk, Robert(22 January 1994)."Syria mourns death of a 'golden son'".The Independent.London. Archived fromthe originalon 26 August 2013.
  44. ^Ed Hammond and Sally Gainsbury (12 September 2012)."Hyde Park mansion on sale for £300 million".The Financial Times.Archivedfrom the original on 10 December 2022.Retrieved28 October2015.
  45. ^Wetzel, Jan Erik; Mitri, Yvonne (2008)."The Special Tribunal for Lebanon: A Court" Off the Shelf "for a Divided Country"(PDF).The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals.7:81–114.doi:10.1163/157180308x311110.Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 October 2017.
  46. ^Edge, Tim."Death of a Martyr"(PDF).GWU. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 July 2013.Retrieved24 March2013.
  47. ^Kerry, John (14 February 2013)."Anniversary of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri's Assassination"(Press release).U.S. Department of State.
  48. ^"UN probe into murder of former Lebanese leader nears sensitive stage – inquiry chief".UN. 18 December 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 21 October 2012.
  49. ^
  50. ^"STL puts Assad under scrutiny in Hariri case".The Daily Star.Archived fromthe originalon 1 December 2017.Retrieved18 August2020.
  51. ^Daily Star, 14 November 2014machnouk assad linked to Hariri bombersArchived6 August 2020 at theWayback Machine
  52. ^ab"Tenth report of the International Independent Investigation Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1595 (2005), 1636 (2005), 1644 (2005), 1686 (2006) and 1748 (2007)"(PDF).United Nations Security Council. 28 March 2008.Retrieved13 January2017.
  53. ^"Hezbollah leader says Israel was behind Hariri killing".CNN.3 June 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 10 October 2017.Retrieved1 December2012.
  54. ^Macdonald, Neil (21 November 2010)."CBC Investigation: Who killed Lebanon's Rafik Hariri?".CBC News.Archivedfrom the original on 3 September 2013.Retrieved18 December2012.
  55. ^Itani, Faysal (14 February 2023)."The Hariri Assassination and the Revolution That Never Was".New Lines Magazine.Retrieved24 November2024.
  56. ^Ramadan, Tala (2021)."Lebanon's growing list of assassinations: A historical perspective".
  57. ^"Hariri murder: UN tribunal issues arrest warrants".BBC News.30 June 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 4 April 2019.Retrieved1 December2012.
  58. ^ab"Redacted Version of the Amended Consolidated Indictment".STL. 12 July 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 22 October 2020.Retrieved31 January2017.
  59. ^ab"Decision to Hold Trial in Absentia".STL Trial Chamber. 1 February 2011.
  60. ^DEMOCRACY IN LEBANON – Post-Liberation Address – خطاب الجلاء
  61. ^abc"Factbox: Lebanese generals ordered released by Hariri court".Reuters.29 April 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 24 September 2015.Retrieved18 December2012.
  62. ^"Mehlis Report".The Washington Post.Retrieved28 June2012.
  63. ^ab"Jamil as-Sayyed".Now Lebanon.31 August 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 19 April 2011.Retrieved29 June2012.
  64. ^"Decision Relating to the Examination of the Indictment of 10 June 2011 Issued Against Mr Salim Jamil Ayyash, Mr Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Mr Hussein Hassan Oneissi & Mr Assad Hassan Sabra".STL Pre-Trial Judge. 28 June 2011.
  65. ^"Decision on Trial Management and Reasons for Decision on Joinder".STL Trial Chamber. 25 February 2014.
  66. ^"Decision on Badreddine Defence Interlocutory Appeal of the" Interim Decision on the Death of Mr Mustafa Amine Badreddine and Possible Termination of Proceedings "".STL Appeals Chamber. 11 July 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 22 October 2020.Retrieved31 January2017.
  67. ^"Hezbollah commander Badreddine killed in Syria".BBC News. 13 May 2016.
  68. ^Follath, Erich (23 May 2009)."Breakthrough in Tribunal Investigation: New Evidence Points to Hezbollah in Hariri Murder".Der Spiegel.ISSN2195-1349.Retrieved28 November2024.
  69. ^abNorton, Augustus R. (2018).Hezbollah: a short history.Princeton studies in Muslim politics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 157.ISBN978-0-691-18088-5.
  70. ^"unknown".Naharnet.Archived fromthe originalon 18 August 2020.Retrieved23 October2012.{{cite news}}:Cite uses generic title (help)
  71. ^Hezbollah chief: Israel killed HaririArchived16 January 2013 at theWayback Machine,CNN
  72. ^*Hezbollah Threatens an 'Explosion' in Beirut Over TribunalArchived6 November 2010 at theWayback Machine,Stratfor Global Intelligence.
  73. ^Nash, Matt (1 November 2010)."Hezbollah to take over" large parts of Lebanon "?".Now Lebanon.Archived fromthe originalon 6 August 2020.Retrieved18 July2013.
  74. ^"US embassy cables: Egypt spy chief promises pressure on Hamas".The Guardian.London. 28 November 2010.
  75. ^https://www.jns.org/hezbollah-terrorist-behind-hariri-murder-killed-in-israeli-strike/.{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|title=(help)

Sources

edit
  • Sallam, Qasim (1980).Al-Baath wal Watan Al-Arabi[Arabic, with French translation] ( "The Baath and the Arab Homeland" ). Paris: EMA.ISBN2-86584-003-4
  • Stephan, Joseph S. (2006)Oeuvres et performances du president martyr Rafic Hariri, les performances economico-financieres avant Paris 2 et apres, le philanthrope batisseur
  • Blandford, Nicholas (2006).Killing Mr Lebanon: The Assassination of Rafik Hariri and Its Impact on the Middle East
  • Vloeberghs, Ward (2015).Architecture, Power and Religion in Lebanon: Rafiq Hariri and the Politics of Sacred Space in Beirut
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toRafic Hariri.
Wikiquote has quotations related toRafic Hariri.
Print articles
  • Family of Slain Lebanese Leader Demands Probe into Killing -The Associated Press/New York Times17 February 2005
  • Death of Businessman By Ajami, FouadThe Wall Street Journal-17 February 2005 Page A12
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Lebanon
1992–1998 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Lebanon
2000–2004 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafic_Hariri&oldid=1275985523"