Wikipedia

Red Fort

"Lal Qila" redirects here. For other uses, seeLal Qila (disambiguation).
This article is about the Red Fort in Delhi. Not to be confused withRed Fort, MuzaffarabadorAgra Fort.

TheRed FortorLal Qila(Hindustani:[laːlqiːlaː]) is a historicfortinDelhi,India, that historically served as the main residence of theMughal emperors.EmperorShah Jahancommissioned construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1639, when he decided to shift his capital fromAgratoDelhi.Originally red and white, its design is credited to architectUstad Ahmad Lahori,who also constructed theTaj Mahal.The fort represents a high point in theMughal architectureunder Shah Jahan and combinesPersian palace architecturewith Indian traditions.

Red Fort
A view of the Red Fort's Lahori Gate
LocationOld Delhi,Delhi,India
Coordinates28°39′21″N77°14′27″E/ 28.65583°N 77.24083°E/28.65583; 77.24083
Height18–33 m (59–108 ft)
Built12 May 1639 – 6 April 1648;376 years ago(6 April 1648)
Built forMughal Empire
ArchitectUstad Ahmad Lahori
Architectural style(s)Indo-Islamic architecture
Owner
Official nameRed Fort Complex
TypeCultural
Criteriaii, iii, vi
Designated2007(31stsession)
Reference no.231rev
RegionIndo-Pacific
Red Fort is located in Delhi
Red Fort
Location inDelhi,India,Asia

The fort was plundered of its artwork and jewels duringNader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1739. Most of the fort's marble structures were subsequently demolished by the British following theIndian Rebellion of 1857.The fort's defensive walls were largely undamaged, and the fortress was subsequently used as agarrison.

On 15 August 1947, the firstPrime Minister of India,Jawaharlal Nehru,raised theIndian flagabove theLahori Gate.Every year onIndia's Independence Day(15 August), the prime minister hoists the Indiantricolour flagat the fort's main gate and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from itsrampartsthrough the Public Address System ofIndian Army Corps of Signals.

The Red Fort was designated aUNESCOWorld Heritage Sitein 2007 as part of the Red Fort Complex.[1][2]

Etymology

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The nameRed Fortis a translation of theHindustaniLāl Qila(Hindi:लाल क़िला,Urdu:لال قلعہ),[3][4]deriving from its red sandstone walls.Lalwas derived from Hindi meaning "Red" andQalàhderived from Arabic word meaning "Fortress". As the residence of the imperial family, the fort was originally known as the "Blessed Fort" (Qila-i-Mubārak).[5][6]Agra Fortis also known asLāl Qila.

History

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Mughal EmperorShah Jahan,c. 1630

Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1638, when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi. Originally red and white, Shah Jahan's favourite colours,[7]its design is credited to architectUstad Ahmad Lahori,who also constructed theTaj Mahal.[8][9]The fort lies along theYamuna River,which fed themoatssurrounding most of the walls.[10]Construction began in the sacredIslamic monthofMuharram,on 13 May 1638.[11]: 01 Supervised by Shah Jahan, it was completed on 6 April 1648.[12][13][14]Unlike other Mughal forts, the Red Fort's boundary walls are asymmetrical to contain the olderSalimgarh Fort.[11]: 04 The fortress-palace was a focal point of the city of Shahjahanabad, which is present-dayOld Delhi.Shah Jahan's successor,Aurangzeb,added theMoti Masjid (Pearl Mosque)to the emperor's private quarters, constructingbarbicansin front of the two main gates to make the entrance to the palace more circuitous.[11]: 08 

The walls of Red Fort (in the background) as seen from the top ofJama Masjid'stower

The administrative and fiscal structure of the Mughal dynasty declined after Aurangzeb, and the 18th century saw a degeneration of the palace. In 1712Jahandar Shahbecame theMughal Emperor.Within a year of beginning his rule, Shah was murdered and replaced byFarrukhsiyar.In 1739, Persian emperorNadir Shaheasily defeated the strong Mughal army of around 200,000 soldiers,[15]plundering the Red Fort, including thePeacock Throne.Nadir Shah returned to Persia after three months, leaving a destroyed city and a weakened Mughal empire to Muhammad Shah.[11]: 09 The internal weakness of the Mughal Empire made the Mughals only titular rulers of Delhi, and a 1752 treaty made theMarathasprotectors of the throne at Delhi.[16][17]The 1758 Maratha victory atSirhindaided by theSikhsand successive defeat atPanipat[18]placed them in further conflict withAhmad Shah Durrani.[19][20]

In 1760, theMarathasremoved and melted the silver ceiling of theDiwan-i-Khasto raise funds for the defence of Delhi from the armies ofAhmed Shah Durrani.[21][22]In 1761, after the Marathas lost thethird battle of Panipat,Delhi was raided by Ahmed Shah Durrani. Ten years later, the Marathas, acting on the behest of the exiled EmperorShah Alam II,recaptured Delhi from the Rohilla Afghans. Mahadji Scindia, the commander of Maratha army, restoredShah Alam IIto the throne.[23]

In 1764, theJatruler ofBharatpur,MaharajaJawahar Singh(the son of MaharajaSuraj Mal) attackedDelhiand captured the Red Fort of Delhi on 5 February 1765.[24]Two days later, after taking tribute from theMughals,removed their armies from the fort and theJatstook away the throne of theMughals,called the pride of theMughals,and the doors of the Red Fort as a memorial, and this throne is today enhancing the beauty of the palaces ofDeeg.The doors are located in theLohagarh FortofBharatpur.[25]

In 1783 SikhMislsled byJassa Singh Ahluwalia,Jassa Singh Ramgarhia,andBaghel Singh Dhaliwalconquered Delhi and the Red Fort. All allied with a 40,000 force, looted the area from Awadh to Jodhpur. After negotiations, the Sikhs forces agreed to leaveDelhiand reinstate theMughal emperorShah Alam II.The condition of their retreat included the construction of sevenSikhGurdwarasinDelhi,including theGurudwara Sis GanjinChandni Chowk.[26]

In 1788, aMarathagarrison occupied the Red Fort and Delhi alongside providing protection to the Mughal Emperor. Mahadji Scindia signed a treaty with the Sikhs where they were warned not to enter Delhi or ask for the Rakhi tribute. The fort came under the control of theEast India Companyfollowing theSecond Anglo-Maratha Warin 1803.[27]

During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, forces of the East India Company defeated Maratha forces of Daulat Rao Scindia in theBattle of Delhi;this ended Maratha control over the city and their control of the Red Fort.[28]After the battle, the British East India Company took over the administration of Mughal territories and installed aResidentat the Red Fort.[11]: 11 The last Mughal emperor to occupy the fort, Bahadur Shah II, became a symbol of the1857 rebellionagainst the British East India Company in which the residents of Shahjahanabad participated.[11]: 15 

The Rang Mahal inside Red Fort in the mid-nineteenth century.
The Rang Mahal inside Red Fort today.

Despite its position as the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities, the Red Fort was not a site of an engagement during the 1857 uprising against the British. After the rebellion was defeated, Bahadur Shah II left the fort on 17 September and was apprehended by British forces. Bahadur Shah Zafar II returned to Red Fort as a British prisoner, was tried in 1858 and exiled toRangoonon 7 October of that year.[29]After the end of the rebellion, the British sacked the Red Fort before ordering its systemic demolition. 80% of the fort's buildings were demolished as a result of this effort, including the stone screen that connected the pavilions along the fort's river-facing façade, which was demolished.[30]All furniture was removed or destroyed; theharemapartments, servants' quarters and gardens were demolished, and a line of stone barracks built in their place.[31]Only the marble buildings on the east side at the imperial enclosure escaped complete destruction, although they were damaged by the demolition efforts. While the defensive walls and towers were relatively unharmed, more than two-thirds of the inner structures were demolished.[32][33]

Lord Curzon,Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, ordered repairs to the fort including reconstruction of the walls and the restoration of the gardens complete with a watering system.[34]

Every year onIndia's Independence Day,the prime minister hoists the Indian "tricolour flag"at the fort'smain gateand delivers a nationally broadcast speech from its ramparts. Pictured isNehruon 15 August 1947.

Most of the jewels and artwork located in the Red Fort were looted during Nadir Shah's invasion of 1747 and again after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British. They were eventually sold to private collectors or theBritish Museum,theBritish Libraryand theVictoria and Albert Museum.For example, the jadewine cup of Shah Jahanand thecrown of Bahadur Shah IIare all currently located in London. Various requests forrestitutionhave so far been rejected by the British government.[35]

View of the Red Fort from the river (byGhulam Ali Khan,between c. 1852–1854

1911 saw the visit of KingGeorge VandQueen Maryfor theDelhi Durbar.In preparation for their visit, some buildings were restored. TheRed Fort Archaeological Museumwas moved from the drum house to theMumtaz Mahal.

TheINA trials,also known as the Red Fort Trials, refer to the courts-martial of a number of officers of theIndian National Army.The first was held between November and December 1945 at the Red Fort.

On 15 August 1947, the firstprime minister of India,Jawaharlal Nehruraised theIndian national flagabove theLahore Gate.[36]

AfterIndian Independence,the site experienced few changes, and the Red Fort continued to be used as a militarycantonment.A significant part of the fort remained under Indian Army control until 22 December 2003, when it was given to theArchaeological Survey of Indiafor restoration.[37][38]In 2009 the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP), prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India underSupreme Courtdirections to revitalise the fort, was announced.[39][40][41]

Archaeological finds

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Archaeological excavations at the Red Fort have unearthed severalOchre Coloured Pottery cultureartifacts dating from 2600 BCE to 1200 BCE.[42]

Modern era

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Inner walls and ceiling of theDiwan-e-Khas
Prime MinisterNarendra Modiaddressing the Nation on the occasion of 76th Independence Day from the Red Fort on 15 August 2022.

The Red Fort, the largest monument in Delhi,[43]is one of its most popular tourist destinations[44]and attracts thousands of visitors every year.[45]It is a monument of national significance; every year onIndia's Independence Day(15 August), the prime minister of India hoists the country's flag at the Red Fort and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from itsramparts.[46]The fort also appears on the back of the₹500 noteof theMahatma Gandhi New Seriesof theIndian rupee.[47]

The major architectural features are in mixed condition; the extensive water features are dry. Some buildings are in fairly good condition, with their decorative elements undisturbed; in others, the marble inlaid flowers have been removed by looters. The tea house, although not in its historical state, is a working restaurant. The mosque andhammamor public baths are closed to the public, although visitors can peer through their glass windows or marble latticework. Walkways are crumbling, and public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park. The Lahori Gate entrance leads to a mall with jewellery and craft stores. There is also a museum of "blood paintings", depicting young 20th-century Indian martyrs and their stories, an archaeological museum and an Indian war-memorial museum.[citation needed]

2000 terrorist attack

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The Red Fort was the site of aterrorist attack on 22 December 2000,carried out by sixLashkar-e-Taibamembers. Two soldiers and a civilian were killed in what the news media described as an attempt to derail India-Pakistan peace talks.[48][49]

Security

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To prevent terrorist attacks, security is especially strict around the Red Fort on the eve of Indian Independence Day.Delhi Policeand paramilitary personnel keep a watch on neighbourhoods around the fort, andNational Security Guardsharpshooters are deployed on high-rises near the fort.[50][51]The airspace around the fort is a designatedno-fly zoneduring the celebration to prevent air attacks,[52]andsafe housesexist in nearby areas to which the prime minister and other Indian leaders may retreat in the event of an attack.[50]

Adoption controversy

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In April 2018,Dalmia Bharat Groupadopted the Red Fort for maintenance, development, and operations, per a contract worth₹25 crores for a period of five years, under the government's "Adopt A Heritage" scheme.[53]The memorandum of understanding was signed with the ministries ofTourismandCulture,and theArchaeological Survey of India(A.S.I.).[54]The adoption of the fort by a private group left people divided and drew criticism from the public, opposition political parties, and historians. It also led to the #IndiaOnSale hashtag on Twitter.[55]In May 2018, the Indian National Congress called for the deal to be suspended until there is an "impartial review" of the deal "by the Central Advisory Board of Archaeology or any other recognised body of experts".[56]

2021 Indian farmers' Republic Day protest

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On 26 January 2021, during the2021 Indian farmers' Republic Day protest,a section of the farmers reached and entered the fort and hoisted religious flags from the ramparts and climbed up the domes of the fort.[57]One of the farmers was seen climbing a flagpole in front of the fort and hoisting the religious flagNishan Sahibon the flagpole.[58]The clash between police and farmers also caused damage to facilities inside the fort.[59]The fort was vacated following police announcements.

Architecture

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Barrel vault structure located past the Lahore Gate, acts as a market that was built to satisfy the needs of higher ranked Mughal women, who resided in the fort

TheWorld Heritage Conventioncharacterises the Red Fort as representing "the zenith of Mughal creativity". The fort synthesises Islamic palace structure with local traditions, resulting in a confluence of "Persian,Timurid,andHindu architecture".The fort served as an inspiration for later buildings and gardens across the Indian subcontinent.[1]

The Red Fort has an area of 254.67 acres (103.06 ha) enclosed by 2.41 kilometres (1.50 mi) of defensive walls,[60]punctuated by turrets and bastions that vary in height from 18 metres (59 ft) on the river side to 33 metres (108 ft) on the city side. The fort is octagonal, with the north–south axis longer than the east–west axis. The marble, floral decorations and the fort's double domes exemplify later Mughal architecture.[61]

It showcases a high level of ornamentation, and theKohinoordiamond was reportedly part of the furnishings. The fort's artwork synthesises Persian, European and Indian art, resulting in a unique Shahjahani style rich in form, expression and colour. Red Fort is one of the building complexes of India encapsulating a long period of history and its arts. Even before its 1913 commemoration as a monument of national importance, efforts were made to preserve it for posterity.

TheLahoriand Delhi Gates were used by the public, and the Khizrabad Gate was for the emperor.[11]: 04 The Lahori Gate is the main entrance, leading to a domed shopping area known as theChatta Chowk(covered bazaar).

Major structures

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The most important surviving structures are the walls and ramparts, the main gates, the audience halls and the imperial apartments on the eastern riverbank.[62]

Map of Red Fort showing major structures

Lahori Gate

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Main article:Lahori Gate, Delhi
TheDelhi Gate,which is almost identical in appearance to theLahori Gate

The Lahori Gate is the main gate to the Red Fort, named for its orientation towards the city of Lahore. During Aurangzeb's reign, the beauty of the gate was altered by the addition of abarbican,which Shah Jahan described as "a veil drawn across the face of a beautiful woman".[63][64][65]Every Indian Independence Day since 1947, the national flag is unfurled and the prime minister makes a speech from its ramparts.

Delhi Gate

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Main article:Delhi Gate (Red Fort)

The Delhi Gate is the southern public entrance and is similar in layout and appearance to the Lahori Gate. Two life-size stone elephants on either side of the gate face each other.[66]

Chhatta Chowk

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Main article:Chhatta Chowk

Adjacent to the Lahori Gate is theChhatta Chowk(or Meena Bazaar), where silk, jewellery and other items for the imperial household were sold during the Mughal period. This market was earlier known asBazaar-i-MusaqqaforChatta-bazaar(both meaning "roofed market" ). Lahori Gate, the entrance portal of the Red Fort, leads into an open outer court, where it crosses the large north–south street which originally divided the fort's military functions (to the west) from the palaces (to the east). The southern end of the street is the Delhi Gate.[67]

Naubat Khana

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Main article:Naubat Khana (Red Fort)
Naubat Khanaand the courtyard before its demolition by the British, in an 1858 photograph
Naubat Khana inside Red Fort today

In the east wall of the court stands the now-isolatedNaubat Khana(Persian:"Waiting Hall" ), also known asNakkar Khana(drum house). Music was played daily, at scheduled times and everyone, except royalty, were required to dismount. Later Mughal kings Jahandar Shah (1712–13) and Farrukhsiyar (1713–19) are said to have been murdered here. TheIndian War Memorial Museumis located on the second floor.[68] The vaulted arcade of theChhatta Chowkends in the centre of the outer court, which measured 540 by 360 feet (160 m × 110 m).[69]The side arcades and central tank were demolished after the 1857 rebellion.

Diwan-i-Aam

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Main article:Diwan-i-Aam (Red Fort, Delhi)
TheDiwan-i-Aamaudience hall today
TheDiwan-i-Aamaudience hall in the mid-nineteenth century

The inner main court to which theNakkar Khanaled was 540 feet (160 m) wide and 420 feet (130 m) deep, surrounded by guarded galleries.[69]On the far side is theDiwan-i-Aam,the Public Audience Hall. This was a place for the official affairs of commoners who sought after legal matters such as tax issues, hereditary complications, andawqaf.

The hall's columns andengrailedarches exhibit fine craftsmanship, and the hall was originally decorated with whitechunamstucco.[69]In the back in the raised recess the emperor gave his audience in the marble balcony (jharokha).

TheDiwan-i-Aamwas also used for state functions.[61]The courtyard (mardana) behind it leads to the imperial apartments.

Mumtaz Mahal

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Main article:Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)
Mumtaz Mahal

The two southernmost pavilions of the palace arezenanas(women's quarters), consisting of theMumtaz Mahalbuilt for Arjumand Banu Begum (Mumtaz Mahal) wife of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan[70]and the largerRang Mahala resort for royal women.[71]TheMumtaz Mahalhouses theRed Fort Archaeological Museum.

Rang Mahal

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Main article:Rang Mahal (Red Fort)

TheRang Mahalhoused the emperor's wives and mistresses. Its name means "Palace of Colours", since it was brightly painted and decorated with a mosaic of mirrors. The central marble pool is fed by theNahr-i-Bihisht( "River of Paradise" ).[72][71]

Khas Mahal

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Main article:Khas Mahal (Red Fort)

TheKhas Mahalwas the emperor's apartment. It was cooled by theNahr-i-Bihisht.[72]Connected to it is theMuthamman Burj,an octagonal tower where he appeared before the people waiting on the riverbank. This was done by most kings at the time.[73]

Diwan-i-Khas

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Main article:Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)
Diwan-i-Khas in the mid-nineteenth century

The Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) was a building for the official affairs and requests of the novelty and royal family. A gate on the north side of theDiwan-i-Aamleads to the innermost court of the palace (Jalau Khana) and theDiwan-i-Khas.[74]It is constructed of white marble, inlaid with precious stones. The once-silver ceiling has been restored in wood.François Bernierdescribed seeing the jewelled Peacock Throne here during the 17th century. At either end of the hall, over the two outer arches, is an inscription by Persian poetAmir Khusrow:

If heaven can be on the face of the earth,

It is this, it is this, it is this.

— "World Heritage Site – Red Fort, Delhi; Diwan-i-Khas".Archaeological Survey of India.Retrieved15 August2012.
Panoramic view of the imperial enclosure.
From left:Moti Masjid,thehammam,Divan-i-Khas,Khas Mahaland theRang Mahal

Hammam

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Main article:Hammam (Red Fort)
Hammam of Red Fort interior in mid-nineteenth century

Thehammam(Arabic: حمّام) were the imperial baths, consisting of three domed rooms with white marble patterned floors.[75] It consists of three apartments separated by corridors and crowned with domes. The apartments are illuminated by a colored glass skylight. The two rooms to either side of the present entrance are believed to have been used by the royal children for bathing. The eastern apartment, containing three fountain basins, was used primarily as a dressing room. In the center of each room stood a fountain, and one of the rooms contained a marble reservoir built into the wall. As legend goes, perfumed rose-water once ran from the taps. The western apartment was used for hot or vapor baths, and the heating arrangement was being fixed in its western wall.[76]

Baoli(Red Fort)

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The baoli (step-well) at the
Red Fort, Delhi

Thebaolior step-well is one of the few monuments that were not demolished by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The chambers within the baoli were converted into a prison. During theIndian National Army Trials(Red Fort Trials) in 1945–46, it housed Indian National Army officersShah Nawaz Khan (general),ColonelPrem Kumar Sahgal,and ColonelGurbaksh Singh Dhillon.The Red Fort Baoli is uniquely designed with two sets of staircases leading down to the well.[77]

Moti Masjid in Red Fort Delhi

Moti Masjid

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Main article:Moti Masjid (Red Fort)

West of the hammam is theMoti Masjid,the Pearl Mosque. A later addition, it was built in 1659 as a private mosque for EmperorAurangzeb.It is a small, three-domed mosque carved in white marble, with a three-arched screen leading down to the courtyard.[78]

Hira Mahal

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Main article:Hira Mahal (Red Fort)
Shahi Burjand its pavilion

TheHira Mahal( "Diamond Palace" ) is a pavilion on the southern edge of the fort, built under Bahadur Shah II and at the end of theHayat Bakshgarden.[79]TheMoti Mahalon the northern edge, a twin building, was demolished during (or after) the 1857 rebellion. TheShahi Burjwas the emperor's main study; its name means "Emperor's Tower",[80]and it originally had achhatrion top. Heavily damaged, the tower is undergoing reconstruction. In front of it is a marble pavilion added by EmperorAurangzeb.[81]

Hayat Bakhsh Bagh

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Main article:Hayat Bakhsh Bagh
RedZafar Mahaland whiteSawan/Bhadonpavilion behind it in theHayat Bakhsh Bagh

TheHayat Bakhsh Bagh(Persian:حیات بخش باغ,lit. 'Life-Bestowing Garden') is located in the northeast part of the complex. It features areservoir,which is now dry, and channels through which the Nahr-i-Bihisht flows. At each end is a white marble pavilion, called the Sawan and Bhadon Pavilions,Hindu months,SawanandBhadon.In the centre of the reservoir is the red-sandstoneZafar Mahal,added in around 1842 by Bahadur Shah Zafar, and named after him.[82]

Smaller gardens (such as theMehtab Baghor Moonlight Garden) existed west of it, but were demolished when the British barracks were built.[11]There are plans to restore the gardens.[83]Beyond these, the road to the north leads to an arched bridge and theSalimgarh Fort.

Princes' quarter

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Main article:Princes' quarter (Red Fort)

To the north of theHayat Bakhsh Baghand theShahi Burjis the quarter of the imperial princes. This was used by member of the Mughal royal family and was largely demolished by the British forces after the 1857 rebellion. One of the palaces was converted into a tea house for the soldiers.

See also

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References

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