TheRepublican Party,also known as theGOP(Grand Old Party), is one of thetwomajorcontemporarypolitical parties in the United States.It emerged as the main political rival of the then-dominantDemocratic Partyin the 1850s, and the two parties have dominatedAmerican politicssince then.
The Republican Party was founded in 1854 byanti-slaveryactivists who opposed theKansas–Nebraska Act,which allowed for the potential extension ofslaveryto the western territories.[19]The party supportedclassical liberalismandeconomic reform[20]geared to industry, supporting investments in manufacturing, railroads, and banking. The party was successful in the North, and by 1858, it had enlisted most formerWhigsand formerFree Soilersto form majorities in almost every northern state. White Southerners of theplanter classbecame alarmed at the threat to the future of slavery in the United States. Withthe 1860 electionofAbraham Lincoln,the first Republican president, the Southern states seceded from the United States. Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress, the Republican Party led the fight to defeat theConfederate Statesin theAmerican Civil War,thereby preservingthe Unionandabolishing slavery.
After the war, the party largely dominated national politics until theGreat Depressionin the 1930s, when it lost its congressional majorities and the Democrats'New Dealprograms proved popular.Dwight D. Eisenhower's election in 1952 was a rare break between Democratic presidents and he presided over a period of increased economic prosperity afterWorld War II.Following the 1960s era ofcivil rightslegislation, enacted by Democrats, the South became more reliably Republican, andRichard Nixoncarried 49 states in the1972 election,with what he touted as his "silent majority".The1980 electionofRonald Reaganrealigned national politics,bringing togetheradvocates of free-market economics,social conservatives,andCold Warforeign policyhawksunder the Republican banner.[21]Since 2009, the party has faced significantfactionalismwithin its own ranks and has shifted towardsright-wing populism.[a]
In the 21st century, the Republican Party receives its strongest support fromrural voters,evangelical Christians,men,senior citizens,andwhite voterswithoutcollege degrees.[32][33]On economic issues, the party has maintained a pro-business attitude since its inception. It supports low taxes and deregulation while opposingsocialism,labor unionsandsingle-payer healthcare.[34][28]Thepopulist factionsupports economicprotectionism,includingtariffs.[35][36]On social issues, it advocates forrestricting abortion,discouraging and often prohibitingrecreational drug use,promoting gun ownership andeasing gun restrictions,and opposingtransgender rights.In foreign policy, the party establishment is interventionist, while thepopulistfaction supportsisolationismand in some casesnon-interventionism.
History
19th century
In 1854, the Republican Party was founded in theNorthern United Statesby forces opposed to the expansion ofslavery,ex-Whigs,and ex-Free Soilers.The Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition tothe dominant Democratic Partyand the briefly popularKnow NothingParty. The party grew out of opposition to theKansas–Nebraska Act,which repealed theMissouri Compromiseand openedthe KansasandNebraska Territoriesto slavery and future admission as slave states.[37][38]They denounced the expansion of slavery as a great evil, but did not call for completeabolition,including in the Southern states. While opposition to the expansion of slavery was the most consequential founding principle of the party, like the Whig Party it replaced, Republicans also called for economic and socialmodernization.[39]
At the first public meeting of theanti-Nebraska movementon March 20, 1854, at theLittle White SchoolhouseinRipon, Wisconsin,the name "Republican" was proposed as the name of the party.[40]The name was partly chosen to pay homage toThomas Jefferson'sDemocratic-Republican Party.[41]The first official party convention was held on July 6, 1854, inJackson, Michigan.[42]
The party emerged from the great political realignment of the mid-1850s, united in pro-capitalist stances with members often valuingRadicalism.[43]The realignment was powerful because it forced voters to switch parties, as typified by the rise and fall of theKnow Nothing Party,the rise of the Republican Party and the splits in the Democratic Party.[44][45]
At the Republican Party'sfirst National Convention in 1856,the party adopted a national platform emphasizing opposition to the expansion of slavery into the free territories.[46]Although Republican nomineeJohn C. Frémontlostthat year's presidential electionto DemocratJames Buchanan,Buchanan managed to win only four of the fourteen northern states.[47][48]Despite the loss of the presidency and the lack of a majority in theU.S. Congress,Republicans were able to orchestrate a Republicanspeaker of the House of Representatives,which went toNathaniel P. Banks.HistorianJames M. McPhersonwrites regarding Banks' speakership that "if any one moment marked the birth of the Republican party, this was it."[49]
The Republicans were eager forthe 1860 elections.[50]FormerIllinoisU.S. representativeAbraham Lincolnspent several years building support within the party, campaigning heavily for Frémont in 1856 andmaking a bid for the Senate in 1858,losing to DemocratStephen A. Douglasbut gaining national attention from theLincoln–Douglas debatesit produced.[48][51]At the1860 Republican National Convention,Lincoln consolidated support among opponents ofNew YorkU.S. senatorWilliam H. Seward,a fierce abolitionist who some Republicans feared would be too radical for crucial states such as Pennsylvania andIndiana,as well as those who disapproved of his support for Irish immigrants.[50]Lincoln was elected president inthe general election.[50]This election result helped kickstart theAmerican Civil War,which lasted from 1861 until 1865.[52]
The 1864 presidential electionunitedWar Democratswith the GOP in support of Lincoln andTennesseeDemocratic senatorAndrew Johnson,who ran for president and vice president onthe National Union Partyticket;[47]Lincoln was re-elected.[53]Under Republican congressional leadership, theThirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution—which banned slavery, except as punishment for a crime—was ratified in 1865.[54]
Reconstruction, the gold standard, and the Gilded Age
Following theassassination of Lincoln,Johnson ascended to the presidency. Johnson was vitriolic in his criticisms of theRadical Republicansduring a national tour ahead ofthe 1866 elections.[55]Anti-Johnson Republicans won a two-thirds majority in both chambers of Congress following the elections, which helped lead the way towardhis impeachmentand near ouster from office in 1868,[55]the same yearUlysses S. Grantwaselected as the next Republican president.
Grant was a Radical Republican, which created some division within the party.MassachusettssenatorCharles Sumnerand Illinois senatorLyman Trumbullopposed most of hisReconstructionistpolicies.[56]Others took issue with thelarge-scale corruptionpresent in theGrant administration,with the emergingStalwart factiondefending Grant and thespoils system,andthe Half-Breedsadvocating reform of thecivil service.[57]Republicans who opposed Grant branched off to formthe Liberal Republican Party,nominatingHorace Greeleyinthe 1872 presidential election.The Democratic Party attempted to capitalize on this divide in the GOP by co-nominating Greeley under their party banner. Greeley's positions proved inconsistent with the Liberal Republican Party that nominated him, with Greeley supporting hightariffsdespite the party's opposition.[58]Grant was easily re-elected.[59][60]
The 1876 presidential electionsaw a contentious conclusion as both parties claimed victory despite three southern states not officially declaring a winner at the end of election day.Voter suppressionin the South gave Republican-controlledreturning officersenough of a reason to declare that fraud, intimidation and violence had soiled the states' results. They proceeded to throw out enough Democratic votes for RepublicanRutherford B. Hayesto be declared the winner.[61]Democrats refused to accept the results andthe Electoral Commissionmade up of members of Congress was established to decide who would be awarded the states' electors. After the Commission voted along party lines in Hayes' favor, Democrats threatened to delay the counting of electoral votes indefinitely so no president would be inaugurated on March 4. This resulted in theCompromise of 1877and Hayes finally became president.[62]
Hayes doubled down on thegold standard,which had been signed into law by Grant with theCoinage Act of 1873,as a solution to the depressed American economy in the aftermath ofthat year's panic.[63]Ahead ofthe 1880 presidential election,bothJames G. Blaineand opponentJohn Shermanfailed to win the Republican nomination; each then backedJames A. Garfieldfor president.[64][65]Garfield won the 1880 presidential election, but wasassassinated early in his term.His death helped create support for thePendleton Civil Service Reform Act,which was passed in 1883;[66]the bill was signed into law by Republican presidentChester A. Arthur,who succeeded Garfield.
In 1884, Blaine won the Republican presidential nomination, but lostthe general electionto DemocratGrover Cleveland.Cleveland was the first Democrat to be elected president since James Buchanan. Dissident Republicans, known asMugwumps,had defected from Blaine due to the corruption which had plagued his political career.[67][68]
RepublicanBenjamin Harrisondefeated Cleveland inthe 1888 election.During his presidency, Harrison signed theDependent and Disability Pension Act,which established pensions for all veterans of the Union who had served for more than 90 days and were unable to perform manual labor.[69]Following his loss to Cleveland inthe 1892 presidential election,Harrison unsuccessfully attempted to pass a treaty annexingHawaiibefore Cleveland could be inaugurated. Most Republicans supported the proposed annexation,[70]but Clevelandopposedit.[71]
Inthe 1896 presidential election,RepublicanWilliam McKinley's platform supported the gold standard and high tariffs, having been the creator and namesake for theMcKinley Tariffof 1890. Though having been divided on the issue prior tothat year's National Convention,McKinley decided to heavily favor the gold standard overfree silverin his campaign messaging, but promised to continuebimetallismto ward off continued skepticism over the gold standard, which had lingered since thePanic of 1893.[72][73]DemocratWilliam Jennings Bryanproved to be a devoted adherent to the free silver movement, which cost Bryan the support of Democratic institutions such asTammany Hall,theNew York Worldand a large majority of the Democratic Party's upper and middle-class support.[74]McKinley defeated Bryan[75]and returned the presidency to Republican control untilthe 1912 presidential election.[76]
First half of the 20th century
Progressives vs. Standpatters
The 1896 realignmentcemented the Republicans as the party of big businesses while presidentTheodore Rooseveltadded more small business support by his embrace oftrust busting.He handpicked his successorWilliam Howard Taftinthe 1908 election,but they became enemies as the party split down the middle. Taft defeated Roosevelt forthe 1912 nomination.Roosevelt ran on the ticket ofhis new Progressive Party.He called forsocial reforms,many of which were later championed byNew Deal Democratsin the 1930s. He lost and when most of his supporters returned to the GOP, they found they did not agree with the newconservative economic thinking,leading to an ideological shift to the right in the Republican Party.[77]
The Republicans returned to the presidency in the 1920s, winning onplatforms of normalcy,business-oriented efficiency, and high tariffs.[78]The national party platform avoided mention of prohibition, instead issuing a vague commitment tolaw and order.[79]Warren G. Hardingdied in 1923 andCalvin Coolidgeeasily defeated the splintered opposition in 1924.[80]The pro-business policies of the decade produced an unprecedented prosperity until theWall Street Crash of 1929heralded the Great Depression.[81]
Roosevelt and the New Deal era
The New Deal coalition forged by Democratic presidentFranklin D. Rooseveltcontrolled American politics for most of the next three decades, excluding the presidency of RepublicanDwight D. Eisenhowerin the 1950s. After Roosevelt took office in 1933,New Deallegislation sailed through Congress and the economy moved sharply upward from its nadir in early 1933.The 1934 electionsleft the GOP with only 25 senators against 71 Democrats. The House likewise had overwhelming Democratic majorities.[82]
The Republican Party factionalized intoa majority Old Right,based predominantly inthe Midwest,and a liberal wing based inthe Northeastthat supported much of the New Deal. The Old Right sharply attacked theSecond New Deal,saying it representedclass warfareandsocialism.Roosevelt waseasily re-elected president in 1936;however, as his second term began,the economy declined,strikes soared, and hefailed to take control of the Supreme Courtand purgethe Southern conservativesfrom the Democratic Party. Republicans made a major comeback inthe 1938 House elections.[83]Southern conservatives joined with most Republicans to form theconservative coalition,which dominated domestic issues in Congress until 1964. By the time ofWorld War II,both parties split on foreign policy issues, with the anti-warisolationistsdominant in the Republican Party andthe interventionistsdominant in the Democratic Party. Rooseveltwon a third term in 1940anda fourth in 1944.Conservatives abolished most of the New Deal during the war, but they did not attempt to do away withSocial Securityor the agencies that regulated business.[84]
HistorianGeorge H. Nashargues:
Unlike the "moderate", internationalist, largely eastern bloc of Republicans who accepted (or at least acquiesced in) some of the "Roosevelt Revolution" and the essential premises of PresidentHarry S. Truman's foreign policy, the Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary. Anti-collectivist,anti-Communist,anti-New Deal, passionately committed tolimited government,free market economics,and congressional (as opposed to executive) prerogatives, the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two-front war: against liberal Democrats from without and "me-too" Republicans from within.[85]
After 1945, the internationalist wing of the GOP cooperated with Truman'sCold Warforeign policy, funded theMarshall Planand supportedNATO,despite the continued isolationism of the Old Right.[86]
Second half of the 20th century
Post-Roosevelt era
Eisenhower had defeated conservative leader senatorRobert A. Taftforthe 1952 Republican presidential nomination,but conservatives dominated the domestic policies of theEisenhower administration.Voters liked Eisenhower much more than they liked the GOP and he proved unable to shift the party to a more moderate position.[87]
From Goldwater to Reagan
Historians citethe 1964 presidential electionandits respective National Conventionas a significant shift, which saw the conservative wing, helmed byArizonasenatorBarry Goldwater,battle liberal New York governorNelson Rockefellerand his eponymousRockefeller Republicanfaction for the nomination. With Goldwater poised to win, Rockefeller, urged to mobilize his liberal faction, retorted, "You're looking at it, buddy. I'm all that's left."[88][89]
Following the passage of theCivil Rights Act of 1964andVoting Rights Act of 1965,the southern states became more reliably Republican in presidential politics, while northeastern states became more reliably Democratic.
The GOP went on to control the White House from 1969 to 1977 under 37th presidentRichard Nixon,and when he resigned in 1974 due to theWatergate scandal,Gerald Fordbecame the 38th president, serving until 1977.Ronald Reagandefeated incumbent Democratic PresidentJimmy Carterin the1980 United States presidential election.[90]
Reagan era
TheReagan presidency,lasting from 1981 to 1989, constituted what is known as "the Reagan Revolution".[91]It was seen as a fundamental shift from thestagflationof the 1970s, with the introduction ofReagan's economic policiesintended to cut taxes, prioritize governmentderegulationand shift funding from the domestic sphere into the military to check theSoviet Unionby utilizingdeterrence theory.During a visit to then-West Berlinin June 1987, he addressed Soviet leaderMikhail Gorbachevduring a speech at theBerlin Wall,demanding that he "Tear down this wall!".The remark was later seen as influential in thefall of the wallin 1989, and was retroactively seen as a defining achievement.[92]The Soviet Union wasdissolved in 1991.[93][94][95]Following Reagan's presidency, Republican presidential candidates frequently claimed to share Reagan's views and aimed to portray themselves and their policies as heirs to his legacy.[96]
Reagan's vice president,George H. W. Bush,won the presidency in a landslide inthe 1988 election.However, his term was characterized by division within the Republican Party. Bush's vision ofeconomic liberalizationand international cooperation with foreign nations saw the negotiation and, during the presidency of DemocratBill Clintonin the 1990s, the signing of theNorth American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA) and the conceptual beginnings of theWorld Trade Organization.[97]
Bushlost his re-election bid in 1992.While there is debate about whether Perot's candidacy cost Bush re-election,Charlie Cookasserted that Perot's messaging carried weight with Republican and conservative voters.[98]
Gingrich Revolution
Inthe 1994 elections,the Republican Party, led by House minority whipNewt Gingrich,who campaigned on the "Contract with America",won majorities in both chambers of Congress, gained 12 governorships, and regained control of 20 state legislatures.The Republican Party won control of the House of Representatives for the first timein 40 years,and won a majority of U.S. House seats in the South for the first time since Reconstruction.[99][100]
However, most voters had not heard of the Contract and the Republican victory was attributed to traditional mid-term anti-incumbent voting and Republicans becoming the majority party in the South for the first time since Reconstruction, winning many formerSouthern Democrats.[101]Gingrich was made speaker, and within the first 100 days of the Republican majority, every proposition featured in the Contract was passed, with the exception of term limits for members of Congress.[102][101]One key to Gingrich's success in 1994 was nationalizing the election,[100]which in turn led to his becoming a national figure duringthe 1996 House elections,with many Democratic leaders proclaiming Gingrich was a zealous radical.[103][104]Gingrich's strategy of "constitutional hardball"resulted in increasingpolitical polarization.[105][106][107][108][109]The Republicans maintained their majority for the first timesince 1928despiteBob Dolelosing handily to Clinton inthe presidential election.However, Gingrich's national profile proved a detriment to the Republican Congress, which enjoyed majority approval among voters in spite of Gingrich's relative unpopularity.[103]
After Gingrich and the Republicans struck a deal with Clinton on theBalanced Budget Act of 1997,which included tax cuts, the Republican House majority had difficulty convening on a new agenda ahead ofthe 1998 elections.[110]During the ongoingimpeachment of Bill Clintonin 1998, Gingrich decided to make Clinton's misconduct the party message heading into the elections, believing it would add to their majority. The strategy proved mistaken and the Republicans lost five seats, though whether it was due to poor messaging or Clinton's popularity providing acoattail effectis debated.[111]Gingrich was ousted from party power due to the performance, ultimately deciding to resign from Congress altogether. For a short time afterward, it appearedLouisianarepresentativeBob Livingstonwould become his successor; Livingston, however, stepped down from consideration and resigned from Congress after damaging reports of affairs threatened the Republican House's legislative agenda if he were to serve as speaker.[112]Illinois representativeDennis Hastertwas promoted to speaker in Livingston's place, serving in that position until 2007.[113]
21st century
George W. Bush
RepublicanGeorge W. Bushwonthe 2000and2004 presidential elections.[114]He campaigned as a "compassionate conservative"in 2000, wanting to better appeal to immigrants and minority voters.[115]The goal was to prioritize drug rehabilitation programs and aid for prisoner reentry into society, a move intended to capitalize on President Clinton's tougher crime initiatives such as his administration's1994 crime bill.The platform failed to gain much traction among members of the party during his presidency.[116]
The Republican Party remained fairly cohesive for much of the 2000s, as both strongeconomic libertariansandsocial conservativesopposed the Democrats, whom they saw as the party of bloated, secular, and liberal government.[117]This period saw the rise of "pro-government conservatives" —a core part of the Bush's base—a considerable group of the Republicans who advocated for increased government spending and greater regulations covering both the economy and people's personal lives, as well as for an activist and interventionist foreign policy.[118]Survey groups such as thePew Research Centerfound that social conservatives and free market advocates remained the other two main groups within the party's coalition of support, with all three being roughly equal in number.[119][120]However,libertariansandlibertarian-leaning conservativesincreasingly found fault with what they saw as Republicans' restricting of vitalcivil libertieswhilecorporate welfareandthe national debthiked considerably under Bush's tenure.[121]In contrast, some social conservatives expressed dissatisfaction with the party's support for economic policies that conflicted with their moral values.[122]
The Republican Party lost its Senate majority in 2001 when the Senate became split evenly; nevertheless, the Republicans maintained control of the Senate due to the tie-breaking vote of Bush's vice president,Dick Cheney.Democrats gained control of the Senate on June 6, 2001, whenVermontRepublican senatorJim Jeffordsswitched his party affiliation to Democrat. The Republicans regained the Senate majority inthe 2002 elections,helped by Bush's surge in popularity following theSeptember 11 attacks,and Republican majorities in the House and Senate were held until the Democrats regained control of both chambers inthe 2006 elections,largely due to increasing opposition to theIraq War.[123][124][125]
Inthe 2008 presidential election,Arizona Republican senatorJohn McCainwas defeated by Illinois Democratic senatorBarack Obama.[126]
Tea Party movement
The Republicans experienced electoral success inthe 2010 elections.The 2010 elections coincided with the ascendancy of theTea Party movement,[127][128][129][130]ananti-Obama protestmovement offiscal conservatives.[131]Members of the movement called for lowertaxes,and for a reduction of the national debt andfederal budget deficitthrough decreasedgovernment spending.[132][133]The Tea Party movement was also described as a popular constitutional movement[134]composed of a mixture oflibertarian,[135]right-wing populist,[136]and conservative activism.[137]
The Tea Party movement's electoral success began withScott Brown's upset win in theJanuary Senate special election in Massachusetts;the seat had been held for decades by DemocratTed Kennedy.[138]In November, Republicansrecaptured control of the House,increased their number of seats in the Senate,andgained a majority of governorships.[139]The Tea Party would go on to strongly influence the Republican Party, in part due to the replacement of establishment Republicans with Tea Party-style Republicans.[131]
When Obamawas re-elected president in 2012,defeating RepublicanMitt Romney,[140]the Republican Partylost seven seats in the House,but still retained control of that chamber.[141]However, Republicans wereunable to gain control of the Senate,continuing their minority status with a net loss of two seats.[142]In the aftermath of the loss, some prominent Republicans spoke out against their own party.[143][144][145]A 2012 election post-mortem by the Republican Party concluded that the party needed to do more on the national level to attract votes from minorities and young voters.[146]In March 2013, Republican National Committee chairmanReince Priebusissued a report on the party's electoral failures in 2012, calling on Republicans to reinvent themselves and officially endorse immigration reform. He proposed 219 reforms, including a $10 million marketing campaign to reach women, minorities, and gay people; the setting of a shorter, more controlled primary season; and the creation of better data collection facilities.[147]
Followingthe 2014 elections,the Republican Partytook control of the Senateby gaining nine seats.[148]With 247 seats in the House and 54 seats in the Senate, the Republicans ultimately achieved their largest majority in the Congress sincethe 71st Congressin 1929.[149]
Trump era
Inthe 2016 presidential election,Republican nomineeDonald Trumpdefeated Democratic nomineeHillary Clinton.The result was unexpected; polls leading up to the election showed Clinton leading the race.[150]Trump's victory was fueled by narrow victories in three states—Michigan,Pennsylvania,andWisconsin—that had been part of theDemocratic blue wallfor decades.[151]It was attributed to strong support amongst working-class white voters, who felt dismissed and disrespected by the political establishment.[152][153]Trump became popular with them by abandoning Republican establishment orthodoxy in favor of a broader nationalist message.[151]His election accelerated the Republican Party's shift towards right-wing populism and resulted in decreasing influence among its conservative factions.[a]
Afterthe 2016 elections,Republicansmaintained their majority in the Senate,the House,andgovernorships,and wielded newly acquired executive power with Trump's election. The Republican Party controlled 69 of 99 state legislative chambers in 2017, the most it had held in history.[154]The Party also held 33 governorships,[155]the most it had held since 1922.[156]The party had total control of government in 25 states;[157][158]it had not held total control of this many states since 1952.[159]The opposing Democratic Party held full control of only five states in 2017.[160]Inthe 2018 elections,Republicans lost control of the House of Representatives, but strengthened their hold on the Senate.[161]
Over the course of his presidency, Trump appointed three justices tothe Supreme Court:Neil Gorsuch,Brett Kavanaugh,andAmy Coney Barrett.It was the most Supreme Court appointments for any president in a single term sinceRichard Nixon.[162]Trumpappointed 260 judgesin total, creatingoverall Republican-appointed majorities on every branch of the federal judiciaryexcept for theCourt of International Tradeby the time he left office, shifting the court system to theright.Other notable achievements during his presidency included the passing of theTax Cuts and Jobs Actin 2017; the creation of theU.S. Space Force,the first new independent military service since 1947; and the brokering of theAbraham Accords,a series of normalization agreements betweenIsraeland variousArab states.[163][164][165]The second half of his term was increasingly controversial, as he implemented afamily separation policy for migrants,deployedfederal law enforcement forcesin response toracial protestsand reacted slowly to theCOVID-19 pandemicbefore clashing with health officials over testing and treatment.[166][167][168]Trump was impeached by the House of Representatives in 2019 on charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. On February 5, 2020, the Senate voted to acquit him.[169]
Trump lostthe 2020 presidential electionto DemocratJoe Biden.He refused to concede the race, claiming widespread electoral fraud andattempting to overturn the results.On January 6, 2021, theUnited States Capitol was attacked by Trump supportersfollowing a rally at which Trump spoke. After the attack, the Houseimpeached Trump for a second timeon the charge ofincitement of insurrection,making him the only federal officeholder to be impeached twice.[170][171]Trump left office on January 20, 2021. His impeachment trial continued into the early weeks of theBiden presidency,and he wasacquitted on February 13, 2021.[172]Since the 2020 election,election denialhas become increasingly mainstream in the party,[173]with the majority of 2022 Republican candidates being election deniers.[174]The party also madeefforts to restrict votingbased on false claims of fraud.[175][176]By 2020, the Republican Party had greatly shifted towardsilliberalismfollowing the election of Trump,[b]and research conducted by theV-Dem Instituteconcluded that the party was more similar to Europe's most right-wing parties such asLaw and Justicein Poland orFideszin Hungary.[31][184]
In 2022 and 2023, Supreme Court justices appointed by Trump proved decisive in landmark decisions ongun rights,abortion,andaffirmative action.[185][186]The party went into the2022 electionsconfident and with analysts predicting ared wave,but it ultimately underperformed expectations, with voters inswing statesand competitive districts joining Democrats in rejecting candidates who had been endorsed by Trump or who had denied the results of the 2020 election.[187][188][189]The party won control of the House with a narrow majority,[190]but lost the Senate and several state legislative majorities and governorships.[191][192][193]The results led to a number of Republicans and conservative thought leaders questioning whether Trump should continue as the party's main figurehead and leader.[194][195]Despite this, Trumpeasily won the nominationto be the party's candidate again in the2024 presidential election.[196]Trump achieved a decisive victory against Democratic nomineeKamala Harris,winning everyswing stateand the popular vote, while the Republicans held the House and retook control of the Senate, thus delivering aRepublican trifecta.Trump significantly improved his vote share among almost all demographics nationwide, particularly amongHispanicvoters, in aworking classcoalition described as the most racially diverse for a Republican presidential candidate in decades.[197][198]
Current status
As of 2024, the GOP holds a majority in theU.S. House of Representatives.It also holds 27state governorships,28state legislatures,and 23 stategovernment trifectas.Six of the nine currentU.S. Supreme Courtjustices were appointed by Republican presidents. Its most recent presidential nominee isDonald Trump,who served as the 45th president of the United States and was the party's candidate again in the2024 presidential election.[199]There have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one political party.
Name and symbols
The Republican Party's founding members chose its name as homage to the values ofrepublicanismpromoted by Democratic-Republican Party, which its founder, Thomas Jefferson, called the "Republican Party".[200]The idea for the name came from an editorial by the party's leading publicist, Horace Greeley, who called for "some simple name like 'Republican' [that] would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery".[201]The name reflects the 1776 republican values of civic virtue and opposition to aristocracy and corruption.[202]"Republican" has a variety of meanings around the world, and the Republican Party has evolved such that the meanings no longer always align.[203][123]
The term "Grand Old Party" is a traditional nickname for the Republican Party, and the abbreviation "GOP" is a commonly used designation. The term originated in 1875 in theCongressional Record,referring to the party associated with the successful military defense of the Union as "this gallant old party". The following year in an article in theCincinnati Commercial,the term was modified to "grand old party". The first use of the abbreviation is dated 1884.[204]
The traditional mascot of the party is the elephant. A political cartoon byThomas Nast,published inHarper's Weeklyon November 7, 1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol.[205]An alternate symbol of the Republican Party in states such as Indiana, New York and Ohio is the bald eagle as opposed to the Democratic rooster or the Democratic five-pointed star.[206][207]InKentucky,thelog cabinis a symbol of the Republican Party.[208]
Traditionally the party had no consistent color identity.[209][210][211]After the 2000 presidential election, the colorred became associatedwith Republicans. During and after the election, the major broadcast networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: states won by Republican nominee George W. Bush were colored red and states won by Democratic nomineeAl Gorewere colored blue. Due to the weeks-longdispute over the election results,these color associations became firmly ingrained, persisting in subsequent years. Although the assignment of colors to political parties is unofficial and informal, the media has come to represent the respective political parties using these colors. The party and its candidates have also come to embrace the color red.[212]
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![An 1874 cartoon by Thomas Nast, featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant[213]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/NastRepublicanElephant.jpg/270px-NastRepublicanElephant.jpg)
An 1874 cartoon byThomas Nast,featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant[213] -
The red, white and blue elephant -
The GOP banner logo,c. 2013 -
A GOP banner logo,c. 2017
![An 1874 cartoon by Thomas Nast, featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant[213]](/translate/en.m.wikipedia.org?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.m.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ANastRepublicanElephant.jpg&t=hv)
Factions
Civil War and Reconstruction era
During the 19th century, Republican factions included theRadical Republicans.They were a major factor of the party from its inception in 1854 until the end of theReconstruction Erain 1877. They strongly opposedslavery,were hard-lineabolitionists,and later advocated equal rights for thefreedmenand women. They were heavily influenced by religious ideals andevangelical Christianity;many wereChristianreformers who sawslavery as eviland the Civil War as God's punishment for it.[214]Radical Republicans pressed for abolition as a major war aim and they opposed the moderate Reconstruction plans of Abraham Lincoln as both too lenient on theConfederatesand not going far enough to help former slaves who had been freed during or after the Civil War by theEmancipation Proclamationand theThirteenth Amendment.After the war's end and Lincoln's assassination, the Radicals clashed withAndrew Johnsonover Reconstruction policy. Radicals led efforts after the war to establish civil rights for former slaves and fully implement emancipation. After unsuccessful measures in 1866 resulted in violence against former slaves in the rebel states, Radicals pushed theFourteenth Amendmentfor statutory protections throughCongress.They opposed allowing ex-Confederateofficers to retake political power in theSouthern U.S.,and emphasized liberty, equality, and theFifteenth Amendmentwhich providedvoting rightsfor thefreedmen.Many later becameStalwarts,who supported machine politics.
Moderate Republicanswere known for their loyal support of PresidentAbraham Lincoln's war policies and expressed antipathy towards the more militant stances advocated by the Radical Republicans. According to historianEric Foner,congressional leaders of the faction wereJames G. Blaine,John A. Bingham,William P. Fessenden,Lyman Trumbull,andJohn Sherman.In contrast to Radicals, Moderate Republicans were less enthusiastic on the issue of Black suffrage even while embracing civil equality and the expansive federal authority observed throughout theAmerican Civil War.They were also skeptical of the lenient, conciliatory Reconstruction policies of President Andrew Johnson. Members of the Moderate Republicans comprised in part of previous Radical Republicans who became disenchanted with the alleged corruption of the latter faction.Charles Sumner,aMassachusettssenator who led Radical Republicans in the 1860s, later joined reform-minded moderates as he later opposed the corruption associated with theGrant administration.They generally opposed efforts byRadical Republicansto rebuild the Southern U.S. under an economically mobile,free-marketsystem.[215]
20th century
The dawn on the 20th century saw the Republican party split into anOld Rightand a moderate-liberal faction in the Northeast that eventually became known asRockefeller Republicans.Opposition to Roosevelt'sNew Dealsaw the formation of theconservative coalition.[83]The 1950s sawfusionismof traditionalist and social conservatism and right-libertarianism,[216]along with the rise of theFirst New Rightto be followed in 1964 with a more populistSecond New Right.[217]The rise of theReagan coalitionvia the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s began what has been called theReagan era.Reagan's rise displaced the liberal-moderate faction of the GOP and established Reagan-style conservatism as the prevailing ideological faction of the Party for the next thirty years, until the rise of theright-wing populistfaction.[9][23]
21st century
Republicans began the 21st century with the election ofGeorge W. Bushin the2000 United States presidential electionand saw the peak of aneoconservativefaction that held significant influence over the initial American response to theSeptember 11 attacksthrough theWar on Terror.[218]The election ofBarack Obamasaw the formation of theTea Party movementin 2009 that coincided with a global rise inright-wing populistmovements from the 2010s to 2020's.[219]
Right-wing populism became an increasingly dominant ideological faction within the GOP throughout the 2010s and helped lead to the election ofDonald Trumpin 2016.[152]Starting in the 1970s and accelerating in the 2000s, American right-wing interest groups invested heavily in external mobilization vehicles that led to the organizational weakening of the GOP establishment. The outsize role of conservative media, in particularFox News,led to it being followed and trusted more by the Republican base over traditional party elites. The depletion of organizational capacity partly led to Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.[220]: 27–28 Trump's election exacerbated internal schisms within the GOP,[220]: 18 and saw the GOP move from a center coalition of moderates and conservatives to a solidly right-wing party hostile to liberal views and any deviations from the party line.[221]
The Party has since faced intense factionalism.[222][223]These factions are particularly apparent in theU.S. House of Representatives,where three Republican House leaders have been ousted since 2009.[25]House Majority LeaderEric Cantorwas defeated in a primary election in2014byTea PartysupporterDave Bratfor supportingimmigration reform.[224]John Boehner,Speaker of the House from 2011 to 2015, resigned in2015after facing amotion to vacate.[225][226]On January 7, 2023, after 15 rounds of voting,Kevin McCarthywas elected to the speakership. It was the first multiple ballot speaker election since1923.[227]Subsequently, he wasoustedfrom his position on October 3, 2023, by a vote led by 8 members of the Trumpist faction along with 208 House Democrats.[228]
Conservatives
Ronald Reagan's presidential election in1980established Reagan-styleAmerican conservatismas the dominant ideological faction of the Republican Party until the election of Donald Trump in 2016.[9][22][13][23][24][26][27][28]Trump's election split both the GOP and larger conservative movement intoTrumpistandanti-Trumpfactions.[230][231]The party has since undergone a major decrease in the influence of itsestablishmentconservative faction.[22][13][232][24]The party has also lost majority support from white voters with college degrees, while continuing to gain among white voters without college degrees.[32][33]
Several conservative critics of the Trumpist faction have faced various forms of retaliation.[30][29]Former RepresentativeLiz Cheneywas removed from her position as Republican conference chair in theHouse of Representativesas retaliation for her criticism of Trump in 2021,[233]and was defeated by a pro-Trump primary challenger in 2022.[234]Mitt Romney,the Republican presidential nominee in2012,chose not to run for re-election in the2024 U.S. Senate election in Utah.[235][236]Former vice presidentMike Pencehas since distanced himself from Trump, criticizing Trump's conduct on the day of the Capitol attack and chose not to endorse Trump in the 2024 presidential election. Likewise, Trump decided not to have Pence as his vice-presidential candidate again, instead choosing JD Vance.[237][238]
Traditional modern conservatives combine support for free-market economic policies withsocial conservatismand a hawkish approach to foreign policy.[21]Other parts of the conservative movement are composed offiscal conservativesanddeficit hawks.[239]Conservatives generally support policies that favorlimited government,individualism,traditionalism,republicanism,and limitedfederal governmentalpowerin relationtothe states.[240]
In foreign policy,neoconservativesare a small faction of the GOP that support aninterventionist foreign policyand increased military spending. They previously held significant influence in the early 2000s in planning the initial response to the9/11 attacksthrough theWar on Terror.[218]Since the election of Trump in 2016, neoconservatism has declined andnon-interventionismandisolationismhas grown among elected federal Republican officeholders.[34][241][242]
Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following the election of Trump have been described as a "new fusionism" of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes.[34]These have resulted in shifts towards greater support fornational conservatism,[243]protectionism,[244]cultural conservatism,a morerealistforeign policy, a repudiation ofneoconservatism,reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances.[34][245]There are significant divisions within the party on the issues ofabortionandsame-sex marriage.[246][247]
Conservative caucuses include theRepublican Study CommitteeandFreedom Caucus.[248][249]
Christian right
Since the rise of theChristian rightin the 1970s, the Republican Party has drawn significant support fromevangelicals,Mormons,[250]andtraditionalistCatholics,partly due toopposition to abortionafterRoe v. Wade.[251]The Christian right faction is characterized by strong support ofsocially conservativeandChristian nationalistpolicies.[c]Christian conservatives seek to use the teachings ofChristianityto influence law and public policy.[264]Compared to other Republicans, the socially conservativeChristian rightfaction of the party is more likely to opposeLGBT rights,marijuana legalization,and supportsignificantly restricting the legality of abortion.[265]
The Christian right is strongest in theBible Belt,which covers most of theSouthern United States.[266]Mike Pence,Donald Trump's vice president from 2017 to 2021, was a member of the Christian right.[267]In October 2023, a member of the Christian right faction, Louisiana representativeMike Johnson,was elected the 56th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.[268][269]
Libertarians
The Republican Party has a prominentright-libertarianfaction.[12][246]This faction of the party tends to prevail in theMidwesternandWestern United States.[246]Right-libertarianism emerged fromfusionismin the 1950s and 60s.[270]Barry Goldwaterhad a substantial impact on the conservative-libertarian movement of the 1960s.[271]Compared to other Republicans, they are more likely to favor thelegalization of marijuana,LGBT rightssuch assame-sex marriage,gun rights,opposemass surveillance,and support reforms to current laws surroundingcivil asset forfeiture.Right-wing libertarians arestrongly divided on the subject of abortion.[272]Prominent libertarian conservatives within the Republican Party includeRand Paul,a U.S. senator fromKentucky,[273][274]Kentucky's 4th congressional districtcongressmanThomas Massie,[275]Utah senatorMike Lee[276][273]and Wyoming senatorCynthia Lummis.[277]
Moderates
Moderates in the Republican Party are an ideologically centrist group that predominantly come from theNortheastern United States,[278]and are typically located inswing statesorblue states.Moderate Republican voters are typicallyhighly educated,[279]affluent, fiscally conservative, socially moderate or liberal and oftenNever Trump.[246][278]While they sometimes share the economic views of other Republicans (i.e.lower taxes,deregulation,andwelfare reform), moderate Republicans differ in that some are foraffirmative action,[280]LGBT rights and same-sex marriage,legal access to and even public funding forabortion,gun controllaws, moreenvironmental regulationand action onclimate change,fewer restrictions onimmigrationand a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants.[281]In the 21st century, some former Republican moderates have switched to the Democratic Party.[282][283][284]
Notable moderate Republicans include SenatorsLisa Murkowskiof Alaska andSusan Collinsof Maine,[285][286][287][288]Nevada governorJoe Lombardo,Vermont governorPhil Scott,[289]former Massachusetts governorCharlie Baker,[290]and former Maryland governorLarry Hogan.[291][292]
Right-wing populists
Right-wing populismis the dominant political faction of the GOP.[d]Sometimes referred to as theMAGAor "America First"movement,[301][302]Republican populists have been described as consisting of a range of right-wing ideologies including but not limited to right-wing populism,[152][303][304]national conservatism,[305]neo-nationalism,[306]andTrumpism.[294][307][308]They have been described as the American political variant of thefar-right.[e]The election of Trump in 2016 split the party into pro-Trump andanti-Trumpfactions.[230][231]
The Republican Party's populist andfar-rightmovements emerged in concurrence with a global increase in populist movements in the 2010s and 2020s,[219][312]coupled with entrenchment and increased partisanship within the party since 2010. This included the rise of theTea Party movement,which has also been described as far-right.[313]According to political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, the Republican Party's gains among white voters without college degrees and corresponding losses among white voters with college degrees contributed to the rise of right-wing populism.[33]Until 2016, white voters with college degrees were a Republican-leaning group.[314][279]In the2020 presidential election,Joe Bidenbecame the first Democratic president to win a majority of white voters with college degrees (51–48%) since1964,while Trump won white voters without college degrees 67–32%.[315][316][32]
According to historianGary Gerstle,Trumpism gained support in opposition toneoliberalism,including opposition tofree trade,immigration,globalization,andinternationalism.[28][312]Trump won the 2016 presidential election by flipping states in theRust Beltthat had suffered frompopulation declineanddeindustrialization,specificallyWisconsin,Michigan,Ohio,andPennsylvania.[317][318]Compared to other Republicans, the populist faction is more likely to opposelegal immigration,[319]free trade,[320]neoconservatism,[321]andenvironmental protection laws.[322]
The far-right faction supports cuts to spending.[323][324]In international relations, populists support U.S. aid to Israel but not to Ukraine,[325][326]are generally supportive of improving relations withRussia,[327][328][329]and favor anisolationist"America First"foreign policy agenda.[330][331][332][246]
The party's far-right faction includes members of theFreedom Caucus,[333][334][335]as well asMarjorie Taylor GreeneandMatt Gaetz.[336]Gaetz ledthe 2023 rebellion against then-Speaker of the HouseKevin McCarthy.[337][338]Former Democrat RepresentativeTulsi Gabbard,who joined the Republican Party in 2024, has also been described as embracing populist policies.[339][340]In the U.S. Senate,Josh Hawleyhas been described as a prominent figure within the populist wing of the party.[341]They generally reject compromise within the party and with theDemocrats,[342][343]and are willing to oust fellow Republican office holders they deem to be too moderate.[344][345]According to sociologistJoe Feagin,political polarization by racially extremist Republicans as well as their increased attention from conservative media has perpetuated the near extinction of moderate Republicans and created legislative paralysis at numerous government levels in the last few decades.[346]
Julia Azari, an associate professor of political science atMarquette University,noted that not all populist Republicans are public supporters of Donald Trump, and that some Republicans such asVirginia GovernorGlenn Youngkinendorse Trump policies while distancing themselves from Trump as a person.[347][348]The continued dominance of Trump within the GOP has limited the success of this strategy.[349][350][351]In 2024, Trump led a takeover of theRepublican National Committee,installingLara Trumpas its new co-chair.[352]
Joseph Lowndes, a professor of political science at theUniversity of Oregon,argued that while current far-right Republicans support Trump, the faction rose before and will likely exist after Trump.[353]Lilliana Mason, associate professor of political science atJohns Hopkins University,states that Donald Trump solidified the trend amongSouthern whiteconservative Democratssince the 1960s ofleaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republican Party:"Trump basically worked as a lightning rod to finalize that process of creating the Republican Party as a single entity for defending the high status of white, Christian, rural Americans. It's not a huge percentage of Americans that holds these beliefs, and it's not even the entire Republican Party; it's just about half of it. But the party itself is controlled by this intolerant, very strongly pro-Trump faction."[354]
Political positions
Economic policies
Republicans believe thatfree marketsand individual achievement are the primary factors behind economic prosperity.[355]Reduction in income taxes is a core component of Republicans' fiscal agenda.[356]
Taxes
Tax cuts have been at the core of Republican economic policy since 1980.[357]At the national level and state level, Republicans tend to pursue policies of tax cuts and deregulation.[358]Modern Republicans advocate the theory ofsupply-side economics,which holds that lower tax rates increase economic growth.[359]Many Republicans opposehigher tax rates for higher earners,which they believe are unfairly targeted at those who create jobs and wealth. They believe private spending is more efficient than government spending. Republican lawmakers have also sought to limit funding for tax enforcement andtax collection.[360]
As per a 2021 study that measured Republicans' congressional votes, the modern Republican Party's economic policy positions tend to align with business interests and the affluent.[361][362][363][364][365]
Spending
Republicans frequently advocate in favor offiscal conservatismduring Democratic administrations; however, the party has a record of increasing federal debt during periods when it controls the government (the implementation of the Bush tax cuts, Medicare Part D and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 are examples of this record).[366][367][368]Republican administrations have, since the late 1960s, sustained or increased previous levels of government spending.[369][370]
Entitlements
Republicans believe individuals should take responsibility for their own circumstances. They also believe the private sector is more effective in helping the poor throughcharitythan the government is through welfare programs and that social assistance programs often cause government dependency.[371]As of November 2022, all 11 states that had not expanded Medicaid had Republican-controlledstate legislatures.[372]
Labor unions and the minimum wage
The Republican Party is generally opposed to labor unions.[373][374]Republicans believe corporations should be able to establish their own employment practices, including benefits and wages, with the free market deciding the price of work. Since the 1920s, Republicans have generally been opposed bylabor unionorganizations and members. At the national level, Republicans supported theTaft–Hartley Actof 1947, which gives workers the right not to participate in unions. Modern Republicans at the state level generally support variousright-to-work laws.[f][citation needed]
Most Republicans also oppose increases in theminimum wage,believing that such increases hurt businesses by forcing them to cut and outsource jobs while passing on costs to consumers.[376]
Trade
The Republican Party has taken widely varying views oninternational tradethroughout its history. The official Republican Party platform adopted in 2024 opposes free trade and supports enactingtariffson imports, though it supports maintaining existingfree trade agreements.[378]At its inception, the Republican Party supportedprotective tariffs,with theMorrill Tariffbeing implemented during thepresidency of Abraham Lincoln.[379][377]In the1896 presidential election,Republican presidential candidateWilliam McKinleycampaigned heavily on high tariffs, having been the creator and namesake for theMcKinley Tariffof 1890.[72]
In the early 20th century the Republican Party began splitting on tariffs, with the great battle over the highPayne–Aldrich Tariff Actin 1910 splitting the party and causing a realignment.[380]Democratic presidentWoodrow Wilsoncut rates with the 1913Underwood Tariffand the coming of World War I in 1914 radically revised trade patterns due to reduced trade. Also, the new revenues generated by thefederal income taxdue to the16th amendmentmade tariffs less important in terms of economic impact and political rhetoric.[381]When the Republicans returned to powerin 1921 they again imposed a protective tariff.They raised it again with theSmoot–Hawley Tariff Actof 1930 to meet theGreat Depression in the United States,but the depression only worsened and DemocratFranklin D. Rooseveltbecame president from 1932 to 1945.[382]
TheReciprocal Tariff Actof 1934 marked a sharp departure from the era ofprotectionismin the United States. American duties on foreign products declined from an average of 46% in 1934 to 12% by 1962, which included the presidency of Republican presidentDwight D. Eisenhower.[383]After World War II, the U.S. promoted theGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) established in 1947, to minimize tariffs and other restrictions, and to liberalize trade among all capitalist countries.[384][385]
During theReaganandGeorge H. W. Bushadministrations, Republicans abandoned protectionist policies[386]and came out against quotas and in favor of the GATT and theWorld Trade Organizationpolicy of minimal economic barriers to global trade. Free trade with Canada came about as a result of theCanada–U.S. Free Trade Agreementof 1987, which led in 1994 to theNorth American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA) based on Reagan's plan to enlarge the scope of the market for American firms to include Canada and Mexico. PresidentBill Clinton,with strong Republican support in 1993, pushed NAFTA through Congress over the vehement objection of labor unions.[387][388]
The 2016 election marked a return to supporting protectionism, beginning withDonald Trump's presidency.[389][390]In 2017, only 36% of Republicans agreed that free trade agreements are good for theUnited States,compared to 67% of Democrats. When asked if free trade has helped respondents specifically, the approval numbers for Democrats drop to 54%, however approval ratings among Republicans remain relatively unchanged at 34%.[391]During his presidency, Trump withdrew the United States from theTrans-Pacific Partnership,initiated atrade warwith China, and negotiated theUSMCAas a successor to NAFTA.[390][392]
Trump also blocked appointments to theAppellate Bodyof theWorld Trade Organization,rendering it unable to enforce and punish violators of WTO rules.[393][35]Subsequently, disregard for trade rules has increased, leading to more trade protectionist measures.[394]TheBiden administrationhas maintained Trump's freeze on new appointments.[35]The proposed 2024 Republican Party platform was even more protectionist, calling for enacting tariffs on most imports.[36]
Environmental policies
Historically,progressiveleaders in the Republican Party supportedenvironmental protection.Republican PresidentTheodore Rooseveltwas a prominentconservationistwhose policies eventually led to the creation of theNational Park Service.[397]While Republican PresidentRichard Nixonwas not an environmentalist, he signed legislation to create theEnvironmental Protection Agencyin 1970 and had a comprehensive environmental program.[398]However, this position has changed since the 1980s and the administration of PresidentRonald Reagan,who labeled environmental regulations a burden on the economy.[399]Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation,[400][401][402]with many Republicans rejecting thescientific consensus on climate change.[399][403][404][405]Republican voters are divided over the human causes of climate change and global warming.[406]Since 2008,[407]many members of the Republican Party have been criticized for beinganti-environmentalist[408][409][410]and promotingclimate change denial[411][412][413]in opposition to the generalscientific consensus,making them unique even among other worldwide conservative parties.[413]
In 2006, then-California GovernorArnold Schwarzeneggerbroke from Republican orthodoxy to sign several bills imposing caps oncarbon emissionsin California. Then-PresidentGeorge W. Bushopposed mandatory caps at a national level. Bush's decision not to regulate carbon dioxide as a pollutant waschallenged in the Supreme Court by 12 states,[414]with the court ruling against the Bush administration in 2007.[415]Bush also publicly opposed ratification of theKyoto Protocols[399][416]which sought to limit greenhouse gas emissions and therebycombat climate change;his position was heavily criticized by climate scientists.[417]
The Republican Party rejectscap-and-tradepolicy to limit carbon emissions.[418]In the 2000s, SenatorJohn McCainproposed bills (such as theMcCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act) that would have regulated carbon emissions, but his position on climate change was unusual among high-ranking party members.[399]Some Republican candidates have supported the development ofalternative fuelsin order to achieveenergy independence for the United States.Some Republicans support increasedoil drillingin protected areas such as theArctic National Wildlife Refuge,a position that has drawn criticism from activists.[419]
Many Republicans during thepresidency of Barack Obamaopposed his administration's new environmental regulations, such as those on carbon emissions from coal. In particular, many Republicans supported building theKeystone Pipeline;this position was supported by businesses, but opposed by indigenous peoples' groups and environmental activists.[420][421][422]
According to theCenter for American Progress,a non-profit liberal advocacy group, more than 55% of congressional Republicans wereclimate change deniersin 2014.[423][424]PolitiFactin May 2014 found "relatively few Republican members of Congress... accept the prevailing scientific conclusion thatglobal warmingis both real and man-made. "The group found eight members who acknowledged it, although the group acknowledged there could be more and that not all members of Congress have taken a stance on the issue.[425][426]
From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from "debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist", according toThe New York Times.[427]In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that "climate change is real and is not a hoax"; however, an amendment stating that "human activity significantly contributes to climate change" was supported by only five Republican senators.[428]
Health care
The party opposes asingle-payer health caresystem,[429][430]describing it associalized medicine.It also opposes theAffordable Care Act[431]and expansions of Medicaid.[432]Historically, there have been diverse and overlapping views within both the Republican Party and the Democratic Party on the role of government in health care, but the two parties became highly polarized on the topic during 2008–2009 and onwards.[433]
Both Republicans and Democrats made various proposals to establish federally funded aged health insurance prior to the bipartisan effort to establishMedicareandMedicaidin 1965.[434][435][436]No Republican member of Congress voted for theAffordable Care Actin 2009, and after it passed, the party made frequent attempts to repeal it.[433][437]At the state level, the party has tended to adopt a position againstMedicaid expansion.[358][436]
According to a 2023YouGovpoll, Republicans are slightly more likely to opposeintersex medical alterationsthan Democrats.[438][439]
Foreign policy
The Republican Party has a persistent history of skepticism and opposition tomultilateralismin American foreign policy.[440]Neoconservatism,which supportsunilateralismand emphasizes the use of force and hawkishness in American foreign policy, has had some influence in all Republican presidential administration since Ronald Reagan's presidency.[441]Some, includingpaleoconservatives,[442]call fornon-interventionismand anisolationist"America First"foreign policy agenda.[34][241][242]This faction gained strength starting in 2016 with the rise of Donald Trump, demanding that the United States reset its previousinterventionistforeign policy and encourage allies and partners to take greater responsibility for their own defense.[443]
Israel
During the 1940s, Republicans predominantly opposed the cause of an independent Jewish state due to the influence ofconservativesof theOld Right.[444]In 1948, Democratic PresidentHarry Trumanbecame the first world leader to recognize an independent state of Israel,[445]though Truman's pro-Israel stance had the notable support ofRobert A. Taft,a leading Senate Republican and an early advocate for military support to Israel.[446]
The rise ofneoconservatismsaw the Republican Party become predominantly pro-Israel by the 1990s and 2000s,[447]although notable anti-Israel sentiment persisted throughpaleoconservativefigures such asPat Buchanan.[448]As president, Donald Trump generally supported Israel during most of his term, but became increasingly critical of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahutowards the end of it.[449]After the7 October 2023 Hamas terrorist attack on Israel,Trump blamed Netanyahu for having failed to prevent the attack.[450]Trump previously criticized theIsraeli settlementsin theWest Bankand expressed doubt about whether Netanyahu truly desired peace with the Palestinians.[451]According toi24NEWS,the 2020s have seen declining support for Israel among nationalist Republicans, led by individuals such asTucker Carlson.[452][444]Nevertheless, the 2024 Republican Party platform reaffirmed the party would "stand with Israel" and called for the deportation of "pro-Hamasradicals ", while expressing a desire for peace in the Middle East.[453]
Taiwan
In the party's 2016 platform,[454]its stance onTaiwanis: "We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island's future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan." In addition, if "China were to violate those principles, the United States, in accord with theTaiwan Relations Act,will help Taiwan defend itself ".
War on terror
Since theterrorist attacks on September 11, 2001,neoconservatives in the party have supported the War on Terror, including theWar in Afghanistanand theIraq War.TheGeorge W. Bush administrationtook the position that theGeneva Conventionsdo not apply tounlawful combatants,while other prominent Republicans, such asTed Cruz,strongly oppose the use ofenhanced interrogation techniques,which they view as torture.[455]In the 2020s, Trumpist Republicans such asMatt Gaetzsupported reducing U.S. military presence abroad and endingintervention in countries such as Somalia.[456]
Europe, Russia and Ukraine
The 2016 Republican platform eliminated references to giving weapons toUkrainein its fight withRussiaandrebel forces;the removal of this language reportedly resulted from intervention from staffers to presumptive Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump.[457]However, the Trump administration approved a new sale of anti-tank weapons to Ukraine in 2017.[458]Republicans generally question EuropeanNATOmembers' insufficient investment in defense funding, and some are dissatisfied with U.S. aid to Ukraine.[459][460]Some Republican members of the U.S. Congress support foreign aid to Israel but not to Ukraine,[325][326]and are accused by U.S. media of beingpro-Russian.[246][327][328][329][330][331][332]
Amid theRussian invasion of Ukraine,several prominent Republicans criticized some colleagues and conservative media outlets for echoing Russian propaganda.Liz Cheney,formerly the third-ranking House Republican, said "aPutinwing of the Republican Party "had emerged. Republican SenatorMitt Romneycharacterized pro-Putin sentiments expressed by some Republicans as "almost treasonous." Former vice presidentMike Pencesaid, "There is no room in the Republican Party for apologists for Putin."House Foreign Affairs CommitteechairmanMichael McCaulasserted that Russian propaganda had "infected a good chunk of my party's base", attributing the cause to "nighttime entertainment shows" and "conspiracy-theory outlets that are just not accurate, and they actually model Russian propaganda."House Intelligence CommitteechairmanMike Turnerconfirmed McCaul's assessment, asserting that some propaganda coming directly from Russia could be heard on the House floor. Republican senatorThom Tillischaracterized the influential conservative commentatorTucker Carlson,who frequently expresses pro-Russia sentiments, as Russia's "useful idiot".[461][462][463][464]
In April 2024, a majority of Republican members of theU.S. House of Representativesvoted against a military aid package to Ukraine.[465]Both Trump and SenatorJD Vance,the 2024 Republican presidential nominee and vice presidential nominee respectively, have been vocal critics of military aid to Ukraine and advocates of a peace deal between Russia and Ukraine.[466][467][468][469]The 2024 Republican Party platform did not mention Russia or Ukraine, but stated the party's objectives to "prevent World War III" and "restore peace to Europe".[470]
Foreign relations and aid
In a 2014 poll, 59% of Republicans favored doing less abroad and focusing on the country's own problems instead.[471]
Republicans have frequently advocated for restrictingforeign aidas a means of asserting the national security and immigration interests of the United States.[472][473][474]
A survey by theChicago Council on Global Affairsshows that "Trump Republicans seem to prefer a US role that is more independent, less cooperative, and more inclined to use military force to deal with the threats they see as the most pressing".[475]
Social issues
The Republican Party is generally associated withsocial conservativepolicies, although it does have dissenting centrist andlibertarianfactions. The social conservatives support laws that uphold theirtraditional values,such asopposition to same-sex marriage,abortion, and marijuana.[476]The Republican Party's positions on social and cultural issues are in part a reflection of the influential role that theChristian righthas had in the party since the 1970s.[477][478][479]Most conservative Republicans also opposegun control,affirmative action,andillegal immigration.[476][480]
Abortion and embryonic stem cell research
The Republican position onabortionhas changed significantly over time.[251][481]During the 1960s and early 1970s, opposition to abortion was concentrated among members of the political left and the Democratic Party; most liberal Catholics — which tended to vote for the Democratic Party — opposed expanding abortion access while most conservative evangelical Protestants supported it.[481]
During this period, Republicans generally favored legalized abortion more than Democrats,[482][483]although significant heterogeneity could be found within both parties.[484]Leading Republican political figures, includingRichard Nixon,Gerald Ford,Ronald Reagan,andGeorge H. W. Bush,took pro-choice positions until the early 1980s.[482]However, starting at this point, both George H.W. Bush and Ronald Reagan described themselves as pro-life during their presidencies.
In the 21st century, bothGeorge W. Bush[485]andDonald Trumpdescribed themselves as "pro-life"during their terms. However, Trump stated that he supported the legality and ethics of abortion before his candidacy in 2015.[486]
Summarizing the rapid shift in the Republican and Democratic positions on abortion, Sue Halpern writes:[251]
...in the late 1960s and early 1970s, many Republicans were behind efforts to liberalize and even decriminalize abortion; theirs was the party of reproductive choice, while Democrats, with their large Catholic constituency, were the opposition. Republican governor Ronald Reagan signed the California Therapeutic Abortion Act, one of the most liberal abortion laws in the country, in 1967, legalizing abortion for women whose mental or physical health would be impaired by pregnancy, or whose pregnancies were the result of rape or incest. The same year, the Republican strongholds of North Carolina and Colorado made it easier for women to obtain abortions. New York, under GovernorNelson Rockefeller,a Republican, eliminated all restrictions on women seeking to terminate pregnancies up to twenty-four weeks gestation.... Richard Nixon, Barry Goldwater, Gerald Ford, and George H.W. Bush were all pro-choice, and they were not party outliers. In 1972, a Gallup poll found that 68 percent of Republicans believed abortion to be a private matter between a woman and her doctor. The government, they said, should not be involved...
Since the 1980s, opposition to abortion has become strongest in the party amongtraditionalist Catholicsand conservative Protestant evangelicals.[251][484][487]Initially, evangelicals were relatively indifferent to the cause of abortion and overwhelmingly viewed it as a concern that wassectarianandCatholic.[487]HistorianRandall Balmernotes thatBilly Graham'sChristianity Todaypublished in 1968 a statement by theologianBruce Waltkethat:[488]"God does not regard the fetus as a soul, no matter how far gestation has progressed. The Law plainly exacts:" If a man kills any human life he will be put to death "(Lev. 24:17). But according to Exodus 21:22–24, the destruction of the fetus is not a capital offense.... Clearly, then, in contrast to the mother, the fetus is not reckoned as a soul." Typical of the time,Christianity Today"refused to characterize abortion as sinful" and cited "individual health, family welfare, and social responsibility" as "justifications for ending a pregnancy."[489]Similar beliefs were held among conservative figures in theSouthern Baptist Convention,includingW. A. Criswell,who is partially credited with starting the "conservative resurgence"within the organization, who stated:" I have always felt that it was only after a child was born and had a life separate from its mother that it became an individual person and it has always, therefore, seemed to me that what is best for the mother and for the future should be allowed. "Balmer argues that evangelical American Christianity being inherently tied to opposition to abortion is a relatively new occurrence.[489][490]After the late 1970s, he writes, opinion against abortion among evangelicals rapidly shifted in favor of its prohibition.[487]
Today, opinion polls show that Republican voters are heavily divided on the legality of abortion,[247]although vast majority of the party's national and state candidates areanti-abortionand oppose electiveabortionon religious or moral grounds. While many advocate exceptions in the case ofincest,rape or the mother's life being at risk, in 2012 the party approved a platform advocating banning abortions without exception.[491]There were not highly polarized differences between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party prior to theRoe v. Wade1973 Supreme Court ruling (which made prohibitions on abortion rights unconstitutional), but after the Supreme Court ruling, opposition to abortion became an increasingly key national platform for the Republican Party.[492][493][494]As a result, Evangelicals gravitated towards the Republican Party.[492][493]Most Republicans oppose government funding for abortion providers, notablyPlanned Parenthood.[495]This includes support for theHyde Amendment.
Until its dissolution in 2018,Republican Majority for Choice,an abortion rights PAC, advocated for amending the GOP platform to include pro-abortion rights members.[496]
The Republican Party has pursued policies at the national and state-level to restrictembryonic stem cellresearch beyond the original lines because it involves the destruction of humanembryos.[497][498]
Afterthe overturningofRoe v. Wadein 2022, a majority of Republican-controlled statespassed near-total bansonabortion,rendering it largely illegal throughout much of the United States.[499][500]
Affirmative action
Republicans generally opposeaffirmative action,often describing it as a "quota system"and believing that it is notmeritocraticand is counter-productive socially by only further promotingdiscrimination.According to a 2023 ABC poll, a majority of Americans (52%) and 75% of Republicans supported the Supreme Court's decision inStudents for Fair Admissions v. Harvardprohibiting race as a factor in college admissions, compared to only 26% of Democrats.[501]
The 2012 Republican national platform stated, "We support efforts to help low-income individuals get a fair chance based on their potential and individual merit; but we reject preferences, quotas, and set-asides, as the best or sole methods through which fairness can be achieved, whether in government, education or corporate boardrooms...Merit, ability, aptitude, and results should be the factors that determine advancement in our society."[502][503][504][505]
Gun ownership
Republicans generally supportgun ownership rightsand opposelaws regulating guns.According to a 2023 Pew Research Center poll, 45% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents personally own firearms, compared to 32% for the general public and 20% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents.[507]
TheNational Rifle Association of America,aspecial interest groupin support of gun ownership, has consistently aligned itself with the Republican Party.[508]Following gun control measures under theClinton administration,such as theViolent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994,the Republicans allied with the NRA during theRepublican Revolutionin1994.[509]Since then, the NRA has consistently backed Republican candidates and contributed financial support,[510]such as in the2013 Colorado recall electionwhich resulted in the ousting of two pro-gun control Democrats for two anti-gun control Republicans.[511]
In contrast,George H. W. Bush,formerly a lifelong NRA member, was highly critical of the organization following their response to theOklahoma City bombingauthored by CEOWayne LaPierre,and publicly resigned in protest.[512]
Drug legalization
Republican elected officials have historically supported theWar on Drugs.They generally opposelegalizationor decriminalization of drugs such asmarijuana.[513][514][515]
Opposition to the legalization of marijuana has softened significantly over time among Republican voters.[516][517]A 2021Quinnipiacpoll found that 62% of Republicans supported the legalization of recreational marijuana use and that net support for the position was +30 points.[513]Some Republican-controlled states have legalized medical and recreational marijuana in recent years.[518]
Immigration
The Republican Party has taken widely varying views on immigration throughout its history.[9]In the period between 1850 and 1870, the Republican Party was more opposed to immigration than the Democrats. The GOP's opposition was, in part, caused by its reliance on the support of anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant parties such as theKnow-Nothings.In the decades following the Civil War, the Republican Party grew more supportive of immigration, as it represented manufacturers in the northeast (who wanted additional labor); during this period, the Democratic Party came to be seen as the party of labor (which wanted fewer laborers with which to compete). Starting in the 1970s, the parties switched places again, as the Democrats grew more supportive of immigration than Republicans.[519]
In 2006, the Republican-led Senate passedcomprehensive immigration reformthat would eventually have allowed millions of illegal immigrants to become citizens. Despite the support of Republican President George W. Bush, the House of Representatives (also led by Republicans) did not advance the bill.[520]After Republican Mitt Romney was defeated in the 2012 presidential election, particularly due to a lack of support among Latinos,[521][522]several Republicans advocated a friendlier approach to immigrants that would allow for more migrant workers and apath to citizenshipfor illegal immigrants. TheBorder Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013passed the Senate 68–32, but was not brought to a vote in the House and died in the113th Congress.[523]In a 2013 poll, 60% of Republicans supported the pathway to citizenship concept.[524]
In 2016,Donald Trumpproposed to builda wallalong the southern border of the United States. Trumpimmigration policies during his administrationincluded atravel banfrom multiple Muslim-majority countries, aRemain in Mexicopolicy for asylum-seekers,a controversial family separation policy,and attempting to endDACA.[319][525]During the tenure of Democratic President Joe Biden, the Republican Party has continued to take a hardline stance against illegal immigration. The Party largely opposes immigration reform,[526]although there are widely differing views on immigration within the Party.[523]The Party's proposed 2024 platform was opposed to immigration, and called for the mass deportation of all illegal immigrants in the United States.[36]A 2024 Pew Research Center poll found that 88% of Donald Trump's supporters favored mass deportation of all illegal immigrants, compared to 27% of Kamala Harris supporters.[527]
LGBT issues
Similar to the Democratic Party, the Republican position onLGBT rightshas changed significantly over time, with continuously increasing support among both parties on the issue.[528][529]TheLog Cabin Republicansis a group within the Republican Party that representsLGBT conservativesand allies and advocates for LGBT rights.[530][531]
From the early-2000s to the mid-2010s, Republicans opposedsame-sex marriage,while being divided on the issue ofcivil unionsanddomestic partnershipsfor same-sex couples.[532]During the 2004 election,George W. Bushcampaigned prominently on a constitutional amendment to prohibit same-sex marriage; many believe it helped Bush win re-election.[533][534]In both2004[535]and2006,[536]President Bush, Senate Majority LeaderBill Frist,and House Majority LeaderJohn Boehnerpromoted theFederal Marriage Amendment,a proposed constitutional amendment which would legally restrict the definition of marriage toheterosexualcouples.[537][538][539]In both attempts, the amendment failed to secure enough votes to invokeclotureand thus ultimately was never passed. As more states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s, Republicans increasingly supported allowing each state to decide its own marriage policy.[540]As of 2014, most state GOP platforms expressed opposition to same-sex marriage.[541]The 2016GOP Platformdefined marriage as "natural marriage, the union of one man and one woman," and condemned the Supreme Court'srulinglegalizing same-sex marriages.[542][543]The 2020 platform, which reused the 2016 platform, retained the statements against same-sex marriage.[544][545][546]
Following his election as president in 2016, Donald Trump stated that he had no objection to same-sex marriage or to the Supreme Court decision inObergefell v. Hodges,but had previously promised to consider appointing a Supreme Court justice to roll back the constitutional right.[533][547]In office, Trump was the first sitting Republican president to recognizeLGBT Pride Month.[548]Conversely, the Trump administration banned transgender individuals from service in the United States military and rolled back other protections for transgender people which had been enacted during the previous Democratic presidency.[549]However, other Republicans such asVivek Ramaswamydo not support such a ban.[550]And Donald Trump has not indicated that he will seek to reimplement such a policy in his second term.
The Republican Party platform previously opposed theinclusion of gay people in the militaryand opposed adding sexual orientation to the list of protected classes since 1992.[551][552][553]The Republican Party opposed the inclusion ofsexual preferencein anti-discrimination statutes from 1992 to 2004.[554]The 2008 and 2012 Republican Party platform supported anti-discrimination statutes based on sex, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin, but both platforms were silent onsexual orientationandgender identity.[555][556]The 2016 platform was opposed to sex discrimination statutes that included the phrase "sexual orientation".[557][558]The same 2016 platform rejectedObergefell v. Hodges,and was also used for the party's 2020 platform.[559]In the early 2020s, numerous Republican-led statesproposed or passed lawsthat have been described as anti-trans by critics,[560][561][562][563][564][565][566]as well as laws limiting or banningpublic performances of drag shows,and teaching schoolchildren about LGBT topics.[567]
On November 6, 2021, RNC ChairRonna McDanielannounced the creation of the "RNC Pride Coalition", in partnership with theLog Cabin Republicans,to promote outreach to LGBTQ voters.[568]However, after the announcement, McDaniel apologized for not having communicated the announcement in advance and emphasized that the new outreach program did not alter the 2016 GOP Platform.[569]
As of 2023, a majority of Republican voters supportsame-sex marriage.[528][570][571]According toFiveThirtyEight,as of 2022, Republican voters are consistently more open to same-sex marriage than their representatives.[572][573]The party platform approved at the2024 Republican National Conventionno longer states that marriage should be between "one man and one woman", though it did oppose the inclusion oftransgender womenin women's sports and teaching about LGBT topics in schools.[36]
Voting rights
Virtually all restrictions on voting have in recent years been implemented by Republicans. Republicans, mainly at the state level, argue that the restrictions (such as the purging ofvoter rolls,limiting voting locations, and limitingearlyandmail-invoting) are vital to preventvoter fraud,saying that voter fraud is an underestimated issue in elections. Polling has found majority support for early voting, automatic voter registration andvoter ID lawsamong the general population.[574][575][576]
In defending their restrictions to voting rights, Republicans have made false and exaggerated claims about the extent of voter fraud in the United States; all existing research indicates that it is extremely rare,[577][578][579][580]and civil and voting rights organizations often accuse Republicans of enacting restrictions to influence elections in the party's favor. Many laws or regulations restricting voting enacted by Republicans have been successfully challenged in court, with court rulings striking down such regulations and accusing Republicans of establishing them with partisan purpose.[579][580]
After the Supreme Court decision inShelby County v. Holderrolled back aspects of theVoting Rights Act of 1965,Republicans introduced cuts to early voting, purges of voter rolls and imposition of strict voter ID laws.[581]The 2016 Republican platform advocated proof of citizenship as a prerequisite for registering to vote and photo ID as a prerequisite when voting.[582]
After Donald Trump and hisRepublican allies made false claims of fraudduring the 2020 presidential election, Republicans launched a nationwide effort toimpose tighter election laws at the state level.[583][584][585]Such bills are centered around limiting mail-in voting, strengthening voter ID laws, shortening early voting, eliminatingautomaticandsame-day voter registration,curbing the use ofballot drop boxes,and allowing for increased purging of voter rolls.[586][587]Republicans in at least eight states have also introduced bills that would give lawmakers greater power over election administration, after they were unsuccessful in their attempts to overturn election results inswing stateswon by Biden.[588][589][590][591]
Supporters of the bills argue they would improve election security and reverse temporary changes enacted during theCOVID-19 pandemic;they point to false claims of significant election fraud, as well as the substantial public distrust of the integrity of the 2020 election those claims have fostered,[g]as justification.[594][595][596]Political analysts say that the efforts amount tovoter suppression,are intended to advantage Republicans by reducing the number of people who vote, and would disproportionately affectminorityvoters.[597][598][599][600]
Composition
According to a 2015Gallup poll,25% of Americans identify as Republican and 16% identify as leaning Republican. In comparison, 30% identify as Democratic and 16% identify as leaning Democratic. The Democratic Party has typically held an overall edge in party identification since Gallup began polling on the issue in 1991.[601]In 2016,The New York Timesstated that the party was strongest in theSouth,most of theMidwesternandMountain States,andAlaska.[602]
As of 2024, the Republican Party has support from a majority ofArab,[603]Native,[604]andWhite[604]voters, and increasingly amongHispanics[605]andAsians.[606]
A majority ofworking-class,[605]rural,[312]men,[604]individuals withoutcollege degrees,[604]andlower incomevoters vote for the party.[607]Traditionalist religious voters,[608]includingEvangelicals[604]Latter-Day Saints,Muslims,[603]andCatholic[604]voters lean towards the Republicans.[32][33]The party has made gained significantly among thewhite working class,[605]Asians,[606]Arabs,[603]Hispanics,[604]Native Americans,[604]andOrthodox Jews,[609][610]but lost support amongupper classandcollege-educatedwhites.[607][314][279][611]
Demographics
Gender
Since 1980, a "gender gap" has seen stronger support for the Republican Party among men than among women. Unmarried and divorced women were far more likely to vote for DemocratJohn Kerrythan for RepublicanGeorge W. Bushin the 2004 presidential election.[613]In 2006 House races, 43% of women voted Republican while 47% of men did so.[614]In the 2010 midterms, the "gender gap" was reduced, with women supporting Republican and Democratic candidates equally (49%–49%).[615][616]Exit polls from the 2012 elections revealed a continued weakness among unmarried women for the GOP, a large and growing portion of the electorate.[617]Although women supported Obama overMitt Romneyby a margin of 55–44% in 2012, Romney prevailed amongst married women, 53–46%.[618]Obama won unmarried women 67–31%.[619]
However, according to a December 2019 study, "White women are the only group of female voters who support Republican Party candidates for president. They have done so by a majority in all but 2 of the last 18 elections".[620][621]
Education
The Republican Party has steadily increased the percentage of votes it receives from white voters without college degrees since the 1970s, while theeducational attainmentof the United States has steadily increased.[33][314]White voters without college degrees tend to be more socially conservative and are more likely to live in rural areas.[623][624]
Voters with college degrees as a whole were a Republican-voting group until the 1990s. Despite losing in a landslide, Republican nomineeBarry Goldwaternearly won a majority of voters with college degrees 48–52% in1964.[625]Republican presidentGerald Fordwon voters with college degrees 55-43% in1976,while narrowly losing toJimmy Carter.[626]Since the 1990s, a majority of voters with graduate degrees have consistently voted for the Democratic Party. For example,George W. Bushwon voters with just a bachelor's degree 52-46% while losing voters with a graduate degree 44–55%, while winning re-election in2004.[627]
Until 2016, white voters with college degrees were a Republican-leaning group.[32]Despite Obama's decisive2008victory, Republican nomineeJohn McCainwon a majority of white voters with college degrees 51-47% and white voters without college degrees 58-40%.[628]In2012,Republican nomineeMitt Romneywon white voters with college degrees 56-42%, though Obama won voters with college degrees as a whole 50-48% while winning re-election.[629]
Since the 2010s,[32]white voters with college degrees have been increasingly voting for the Democratic Party.[630][631]In the2020 United States presidential election,Donald Trump won white voters without a college degree 67-32%, while losing white voters with a college degree 48–51%.[632][630][631]Trump still won a majority of White voters with just abachelor's degreein 2016 and 2020, but lost White voters with agraduate degree.[279]
In 2012, thePew Research Centerconducted a study of registered voters with a 35–28 Democrat-to-Republican gap. They found that self-described Democrats had an eight-point advantage over Republicans among college graduates and a fourteen-point advantage among all post-graduates polled. Republicans had an eleven-point advantage among White men with college degrees; Democrats had a ten-point advantage among women with degrees. Democrats accounted for 36% of all respondents with an education of high school or less; Republicans accounted for 28%. When isolating just White registered voters polled, Republicans had a six-point advantage overall and a nine-point advantage among those with a high school education or less.[633]Following the 2016 presidential election, exit polls indicated that "Donald Trump attracted a large share of the vote from Whites without a college degree, receiving 72 percent of the White non-college male vote and 62 percent of the White non-college female vote." Overall, 52% of voters with college degrees voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016, while 52% of voters without college degrees voted for Trump.[634]
Ethnicity
Republicans have been winning under 15% of the African American vote in national elections since 1980. The party abolished chattel slavery underAbraham Lincoln,defeated theSlave Power,and gave Black people the legal right to vote duringReconstruction in the late 1860s.Until theNew Dealof the 1930s, Black people supported the Republican Party by large margins.[635]Black delegates were a sizable share of southern delegates to the national Republican convention from Reconstruction until the start of the 20th century when their share began to decline.[636]Black people shifted in large margins to the Democratic Party in the 1930s, when Black politicians such as Arthur Mitchell and William Dawson supported the New Deal because it would better serve the interest of Black Americans.[637]Black voters would become one of the core components of theNew Deal coalition.In the South, after theVoting Rights Actto prohibit racial discrimination in elections was passed by a bipartisan coalition in 1965, Black people were able to vote again and ever since have formed a significant portion (20–50%) of the Democratic vote in that region.[638]
In the 2010 elections, two African American Republicans,Tim ScottandAllen West,were elected to the House of Representatives. As of January 2023, there are four African-American Republicans in the House of Representatives and one African American Republican in the United States Senate.[639]In recent decades, Republicans have been moderately successful in gaining support fromHispanicandAsian Americanvoters. George W. Bush, who campaigned energetically for Hispanic votes, received 35% of their vote in 2000 and 44% in 2004.[640][641][642]The party's strong anti-communist stance has made it popular among some minority groups from current and former Communist states, in particularCuban Americans,Korean Americans,Chinese AmericansandVietnamese Americans.The 2007 election ofBobby Jindalas Governor of Louisiana was hailed as pathbreaking.[643]Jindal became the first elected minority governor inLouisianaand the first state governor ofIndiandescent.[644]
Republicans have gained support among racial and ethnic minorities, particularly among those who are working class, Hispanic or Latino, or Asian American since the 2010s.[645][646][647][648][649][650]According toJohn Avlon,in 2013, the Republican party was more ethnically diverse at the statewide elected official level than the Democratic Party was; GOP statewide elected officials included Latino Nevada GovernorBrian Sandovaland African-American U.S. senatorTim Scottof South Carolina.[651]
In the2008 presidential election,Republican presidential candidateJohn McCainwon 55% of White votes, 35% of Asian votes, 31% of Hispanic votes and 4% of African American votes.[652]In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were White while 56% of Obama voters were White.[653]In the2022 U.S. House elections,Republicans won 58% of White voters, 40% of Asian voters, 39% of Hispanic voters, and 13% of African American voters.[654]
As of 2020, Republican candidates had lost the popular vote in seven out of the last eight presidential elections.[655]Since 1992, the only time they won the popular vote in a presidential election is the2004 United States presidential election.Demographers have pointed to the steady decline of its core base of older, rural White voters (as a percentage of the eligible voters).[656][657][658][659]However,Donald Trumpmanaged to increase non-White support to 26% of his total votes in the 2020 election — the highest percentage for a GOP presidential candidate since 1960.[660][661]
Religious communities
Religion has always played a major role for both parties, but in the course of a century, the parties' religious compositions have changed. Religion was a major dividing line between the parties before1960,with Catholics, Jews, and southern Protestants heavily Democratic and northeastern Protestants heavily Republican. Most of the old differences faded away after the realignment of the 1970s and 1980s that undercut the New Deal coalition.[662]Voters who attended church weekly gave 61% of their votes to Bush in2004;those who attended occasionally gave him only 47%; and those who never attended gave him 36%. Fifty-nine percent of Protestants voted for Bush, along with 52% of Catholics (even thoughJohn Kerrywas Catholic). Since 1980, a large majority ofevangelicalshas voted Republican; 70–80% voted for Bush in 2000 and 2004 and 70% for Republican House candidates in2006.
Members ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,who reside predominantly inUtahand several neighboring states, voted 75% or more forGeorge W. Bushin2000.[663]Members of the Mormon faith had a mixed relationship with Donald Trump during his tenure, despite 67% of them voting for him in2016and 56% of them supporting his presidency in2018,disapproving of his personal behavior such as that shown during theAccess Hollywoodcontroversy.[664]In the2020 United States presidential election,Trump underperformed in heavily-MormonUtahby a margin of more than 20% compared to Mitt Romney (who is Mormon) in2012and George W. Bush in2004.Their opinion on Trump had not affected their party affiliation, however, as 76% of Mormons in 2018 expressed preference for generic Republican congressional candidates.[665]
Jews continue to vote 70–80% Democratic; however, a slim majority ofOrthodox Jewsvoted for the Republican Party in 2016, following years of growing Orthodox Jewish support for the party due to its social conservatism and increasingly pro-Israel foreign policy stance.[666]Over 70% of Orthodox Jews identify as Republican or Republican leaning as of 2021.[667]An exit poll conducted by theAssociated Pressfor 2020 found 35% ofMuslimsvoted for Donald Trump.[668]The mainline traditional Protestants (Methodists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Disciples) have dropped to about 55% Republican (in contrast to 75% before 1968). Democrats have close links with the African American churches, especially theNational Baptists,while their historic dominance among Catholic voters has eroded to 54–46 in the 2010 midterms.[669]
Although once strongly Democratic,American Catholicvoters have been politically divided in the 21st century with 52% of Catholic voters voting for Trump in2016and 52% voting for Biden in2020.While Catholic Republican leaders try to stay in line with the teachings of the Catholic Church on subjects such as abortion, contraception, euthanasia, and embryonic stem cell research, they tend to differ on the death penalty and same-sex marriage.[670]Pope Francis' 2015 encyclicalLaudato si'sparked a discussion on the positions of Catholic Republicans in relation to the positions of the Church. The Pope's encyclical on behalf of the Catholic Church officially acknowledges a man-made climate change caused by burning fossil fuels.[671]The Pope says the warming of the planet is rooted in a throwaway culture and the developed world's indifference to the destruction of the planet in pursuit of short-term economic gains. According toThe New York Times,Laudato si put pressure on the Catholic candidates in the 2016 election:Jeb Bush,Bobby Jindal,Marco RubioandRick Santorum.[672]
With leading Democrats praising the encyclical, James Bretzke, a professor of moral theology atBoston College,has said that both sides were being disingenuous: "I think it shows that both the Republicans and the Democrats... like to use religious authority and, in this case, the Pope to support positions they have arrived at independently... There is a certain insincerity, hypocrisy I think, on both sides".[673]While a Pew Research poll indicates Catholics are more likely to believe the Earth is warming than non-Catholics, 51% of Catholic Republicans believe in global warming (less than the general population) and only 24% of Catholic Republicans believe global warming is caused by human activity.[674]
Members of the business community
The Republican Party has traditionally been a pro-business party. It garners major support from a wide variety of industries from the financial sector to smallbusinesses.Republicans are 24 percent more likely to be business owners than Democrats.[675]Prominent businesslobbying groupssuch as theU.S. Chamber of CommerceandNational Association of Manufacturershave traditionally supported Republican candidates and economic policies.[676][677]Although both major parties supportcapitalism,the Republican Party is more likely to favorprivate propertyrights (includingintellectual propertyrights) than the Democratic Party over competing interests such asprotecting the environmentor loweringmedication costs.[678][679][680]
A survey cited byThe Washington Postin 2012 found that 61 percent of small business owners planned to vote for Republican presidential candidateMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election.Small business became a major theme of the2012 Republican National Convention.[681]
Republican presidents
As of 2021, there have been a total of 19 Republican presidents.
Recent electoral history
In congressional elections: 1950–present
| House Election year | No. of overall House seats won |
+/– | Presidency | No. of overall Senate seats won |
+/–[j] | Senate Election year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 199 / 435
|
 28
|
Harry S. Truman | 47 / 96
|
5
|
1950 |
| 1952 | 221 / 435
|
22
|
Dwight D. Eisenhower | 49 / 96
|
2
|
1952 |
| 1954 | 203 / 435
|
 18
|
47 / 96
|
2
|
1954 | |
| 1956 | 201 / 435
|
2
|
47 / 96
|
 0
|
1956 | |
| 1958 | 153 / 435
|
48
|
34 / 98
|
13
|
1958 | |
| 1960 | 175 / 437
|
22
|
John F. Kennedy | 35 / 100
|
1
|
1960 |
| 1962 | 176 / 435
|
1
|
34 / 100
|
3
|
1962 | |
| 1964 | 140 / 435
|
36
|
Lyndon B. Johnson | 32 / 100
|
2
|
1964 |
| 1966 | 187 / 435
|
47
|
38 / 100
|
3
|
1966 | |
| 1968 | 192 / 435
|
5
|
Richard Nixon | 42 / 100
|
5
|
1968 |
| 1970 | 180 / 435
|
12
|
44 / 100
|
2
|
1970 | |
| 1972 | 192 / 435
|
12
|
41 / 100
|
2
|
1972 | |
| 1974 | 144 / 435
|
48
|
Gerald Ford | 38 / 100
|
3
|
1974 |
| 1976 | 143 / 435
|
1
|
Jimmy Carter | 38 / 100
|
1
|
1976 |
| 1978 | 158 / 435
|
15
|
41 / 100
|
3
|
1978 | |
| 1980 | 192 / 435
|
34
|
Ronald Reagan | 53 / 100
|
12
|
1980 |
| 1982 | 166 / 435
|
26
|
54 / 100
|
0
|
1982 | |
| 1984 | 182 / 435
|
16
|
53 / 100
|
2
|
1984 | |
| 1986 | 177 / 435
|
5
|
45 / 100
|
8
|
1986 | |
| 1988 | 175 / 435
|
2
|
George H. W. Bush | 45 / 100
|
1
|
1988 |
| 1990 | 167 / 435
|
8
|
44 / 100
|
1
|
1990 | |
| 1992 | 176 / 435
|
9
|
Bill Clinton | 43 / 100
|
0
|
1992 |
| 1994 | 230 / 435
|
54
|
53 / 100
|
8
|
1994 | |
| 1996 | 227 / 435
|
3
|
55 / 100
|
2
|
1996 | |
| 1998 | 223 / 435
|
4
|
55 / 100
|
0
|
1998 | |
| 2000 | 221 / 435
|
2
|
George W. Bush | 50 / 100
|
4
|
2000[k] |
| 2002 | 229 / 435
|
8
|
51 / 100
|
2
|
2002 | |
| 2004 | 232 / 435
|
3
|
55 / 100
|
4
|
2004 | |
| 2006 | 202 / 435
|
30
|
49 / 100
|
6
|
2006 | |
| 2008 | 178 / 435
|
21
|
Barack Obama | 41 / 100
|
8
|
2008 |
| 2010 | 242 / 435
|
63
|
47 / 100
|
6
|
2010 | |
| 2012 | 234 / 435
|
8
|
45 / 100
|
2
|
2012 | |
| 2014 | 247 / 435
|
13
|
54 / 100
|
9
|
2014 | |
| 2016 | 241 / 435
|
6
|
Donald Trump | 52 / 100
|
2
|
2016 |
| 2018 | 200 / 435
|
41
|
53 / 100
|
1
|
2018 | |
| 2020 | 213 / 435
|
13
|
Joe Biden | 50 / 100
|
3
|
2020[l] |
| 2022 | 222 / 435
|
9
|
49 / 100
|
1
|
2022 |
In presidential elections: 1856–present
| Election | Presidential ticket | Votes | Vote % | Electoral votes | +/– | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1856 | John C. Frémont/William L. Dayton | 1,342,345 | 33.1 | 114 / 296
|
New party | Lost |
| 1860 | Abraham Lincoln/Hannibal Hamlin | 1,865,908 | 39.8 | 180 / 303
|
66
|
Won |
| 1864 | Abraham Lincoln/Andrew Johnson | 2,218,388 | 55.0 | 212 / 233
|
32
|
Won |
| 1868 | Ulysses S. Grant/Schuyler Colfax | 3,013,421 | 52.7 | 214 / 294
|
2
|
Won |
| 1872 | Ulysses S. Grant/Henry Wilson | 3,598,235 | 55.6 | 286 / 352
|
72
|
Won |
| 1876 | Rutherford B. Hayes/William A. Wheeler | 4,034,311 | 47.9 | 185 / 369
|
134
|
Won[A] |
| 1880 | James A. Garfield/Chester A. Arthur | 4,446,158 | 48.3 | 214 / 369
|
29
|
Won |
| 1884 | James G. Blaine/John A. Logan | 4,856,905 | 48.3 | 182 / 401
|
32
|
Lost |
| 1888 | Benjamin Harrison/Levi P. Morton | 5,443,892 | 47.8 | 233 / 401
|
51
|
Won[B] |
| 1892 | Benjamin Harrison/Whitelaw Reid | 5,176,108 | 43.0 | 145 / 444
|
88
|
Lost |
| 1896 | William McKinley/Garret Hobart | 7,111,607 | 51.0 | 271 / 447
|
126
|
Won |
| 1900 | William McKinley/Theodore Roosevelt | 7,228,864 | 51.6 | 292 / 447
|
21
|
Won |
| 1904 | Theodore Roosevelt/Charles W. Fairbanks | 7,630,457 | 56.4 | 336 / 476
|
44
|
Won |
| 1908 | William Howard Taft/James S. Sherman | 7,678,395 | 51.6 | 321 / 483
|
15
|
Won |
| 1912 | William Howard Taft/Nicholas M. Butler[m] | 3,486,242 | 23.2 | 8 / 531
|
313
|
Lost[C] |
| 1916 | Charles E. Hughes/Charles W. Fairbanks | 8,548,728 | 46.1 | 254 / 531
|
246
|
Lost |
| 1920 | Warren G. Harding/Calvin Coolidge | 16,144,093 | 60.3 | 404 / 531
|
150
|
Won |
| 1924 | Calvin Coolidge/Charles G. Dawes | 15,723,789 | 54.0 | 382 / 531
|
22
|
Won |
| 1928 | Herbert Hoover/Charles Curtis | 21,427,123 | 58.2 | 444 / 531
|
62
|
Won |
| 1932 | Herbert Hoover/Charles Curtis | 15,761,254 | 39.7 | 59 / 531
|
385
|
Lost |
| 1936 | Alf Landon/Frank Knox | 16,679,543 | 36.5 | 8 / 531
|
51
|
Lost |
| 1940 | Wendell Willkie/Charles L. McNary | 22,347,744 | 44.8 | 82 / 531
|
74
|
Lost |
| 1944 | Thomas E. Dewey/John W. Bricker | 22,017,929 | 45.9 | 99 / 531
|
17
|
Lost |
| 1948 | Thomas E. Dewey/Earl Warren | 21,991,292 | 45.1 | 189 / 531
|
90
|
Lost |
| 1952 | Dwight D. Eisenhower/Richard Nixon | 34,075,529 | 55.2 | 442 / 531
|
253
|
Won |
| 1956 | Dwight D. Eisenhower/Richard Nixon | 35,579,180 | 57.4 | 457 / 531
|
15
|
Won |
| 1960 | Richard Nixon/Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. | 34,108,157 | 49.6 | 219 / 537
|
238
|
Lost |
| 1964 | Barry Goldwater/William E. Miller | 27,175,754 | 38.5 | 52 / 538
|
167
|
Lost |
| 1968 | Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew | 31,783,783 | 43.4 | 301 / 538
|
249
|
Won |
| 1972 | Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew | 47,168,710 | 60.7 | 520 / 538
|
219
|
Won |
| 1976 | Gerald Ford/Bob Dole | 38,148,634 | 48.0 | 240 / 538
|
280
|
Lost |
| 1980 | Ronald Reagan/George H. W. Bush | 43,903,230 | 50.7 | 489 / 538
|
249
|
Won |
| 1984 | Ronald Reagan/George H. W. Bush | 54,455,472 | 58.8 | 525 / 538
|
36
|
Won |
| 1988 | George H. W. Bush/Dan Quayle | 48,886,097 | 53.4 | 426 / 538
|
99
|
Won |
| 1992 | George H. W. Bush/Dan Quayle | 39,104,550 | 37.4 | 168 / 538
|
258
|
Lost |
| 1996 | Bob Dole/Jack Kemp | 39,197,469 | 40.7 | 159 / 538
|
9
|
Lost |
| 2000 | George W. Bush/Dick Cheney | 50,456,002 | 47.9 | 271 / 538
|
112
|
Won[D] |
| 2004 | George W. Bush/Dick Cheney | 62,040,610 | 50.7 | 286 / 538
|
15
|
Won |
| 2008 | John McCain/Sarah Palin | 59,948,323 | 45.7 | 173 / 538
|
113
|
Lost |
| 2012 | Mitt Romney/Paul Ryan | 60,933,504 | 47.2 | 206 / 538
|
33
|
Lost |
| 2016 | Donald Trump/Mike Pence | 62,984,828 | 46.1 | 304 / 538
|
98
|
Won[E] |
| 2020 | Donald Trump/Mike Pence | 74,223,975 | 46.8 | 232 / 538
|
72
|
Lost |
| 2024 | Donald Trump/JD Vance | TBD | TBD | 312 / 538
|
80
|
Won |
See also
Notes
- ^abAttributed to multiple sources:[9][22][13][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]
- ^Attributed to multiple sources:[31][177][178][179][180][181][182][183]
- ^Attributed to multiple references.[252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261][262][263]
- ^Attributed to multiple sources.[9][22][13][23][24][26][294][295][296][297][298][299][300]
- ^Attributed to the following sources.[309][310][311][297][298][299][300]
- ^Right-to-work laws banunion security agreements,which require all workers in a unionized workplace to pay dues or a fair-share fee regardless of whether they are members of the union or not.[375]
- ^According to an NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll, while more than 60% of Americans believe the 2020 election was secure, a large majority of Republican voters say they do not trust the results of the 2020 election.[592]According to a poll byQuinnipiac,77% of Republicans believe there was widespread voter fraud.[593]
- ^abcdDied in office.
- ^Resigned from office.
- ^Comparing seats held immediately preceding and following the general election.
- ^Republican Vice PresidentDick Cheneyprovided atie-breaking vote,initially giving Republicans a majority fromInauguration DayuntilJim Jeffordsleft the Republican Party to caucus with the Democrats on June 6, 2001.
- ^Democratic Vice PresidentKamala Harrisprovided atie-breaking vote,giving Democrats a majority fromInauguration Dayuntil the end of the117th Congress.
- ^Incumbent vice-presidentJames S. Shermanwas re-nominated as Taft's running-mate, but died six days prior to the election. Butler was chosen to receive the Republican vice-presidential votes after the election.
- ^Although Hayes won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, DemocratSamuel J. Tildenwon a majority of the popular vote.
- ^Although Harrison won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, DemocratGrover Clevelandwon a plurality of the popular vote.
- ^Taft finished in third place in both the electoral and popular vote, behindProgressiveTheodore Roosevelt.
- ^Although Bush won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, DemocratAl Gorewon a plurality of the popular vote.
- ^Although Trump won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, DemocratHillary Clintonwon a plurality of the popular vote.
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In this article, we first illustrate that the Republican Party, or at least the dominant wing, which supports or tolerates Donald Trump and his Make America Great Again (MAGA) agenda have become a proto-typical populist radical right-wing party (PRRP).
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[failed verification]
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Despite the appearance of being consolidated, the American political system is institutionally vulnerable to backsliding—from an electoral system fraught with so many deficiencies that election experts deem it archaic and undemocratic; to an imperial presidency that sits at the center of federal power and towers over the legislature and the judiciary; to the recent transformation of the Republican Party into an illiberal force more interested in acquiring power than in governing.... The Republican Party's pivotal role in enabling backsliding in the Trump era mirrors the post-Communist experience. In recent years, the Republican party has fashioned itself after the Fidesz Party in Hungary (Europe's most sobering example of backsliding), from embracing the ideology of Christian Nationalism to using the state to fight culture wars to cynically rejecting the idea of democracy. In connection to the last point, a popular argument among Republican election deniers is that the United States is not a democracy but a republic. As noted by the New York Times, "There is more at stake than the health of the Republican Party when its core activists, as well as a growing number of officials and those campaigning for governmental positions, openly espouse hostility not just to democratic principles, but, increasingly, to the word 'democracy' itself." Indeed, this illiberal behavior puts American democracy in peril.
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A sharp repudiation at the polls would have checked the vogue for illiberal and identitarian ideologies and driven the Republican party back within the bounds of the liberal democratic political spectrum.
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Classical conservatives—such as the Christian Democrats in Europe or the Republican Party in the US before Donald Trump—are/were fervent supporters of political rights and constitutionalism, while illiberalism challenges them... The struggle of the European People's Party to win concessions from Orbán's Fidesz or the Polish PiS, as well as the subjugation of the Republican Party by Donald Trump, have revealed how attractive illiberal leaders may be to the more mainstream right. As Marc Plattner has stated, the future of liberal democracy will largely depend on how successful or unsuccessful the classical conservative right is at resisting illiberalism.
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The election of Donald Trump in 2016 sparked a major debate over the nature and fate of the liberal international order, suddenly caught, it seemed, between the Charybdis of illiberal great-power challengers and the Scylla of a hostile U.S. president. Trump may have lost the presidency in 2020, but the liberal order remains under threat.... In the United States, one of the two major political parties remains beholden to an authoritarian demagogue. Motivated by the "Big Lie" (the objectively false claim that Democrats stole the election from Trump through systematic voter fraud), the Republican Party is purging officials who stood in the way of efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. Republican voter-suppression efforts are accelerating.
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All the components of the fascist authoritarian model of illiberal democracy were evidenced in the recent 2020 U.S. presidential election.… In classic authoritarian fashion, Trump sought to remain in power by asserting his preferred fiction over more objective realities promoted by those in traditional, truth-based professions. Trump engaged in threat othering to work up his base so that they would support the use of force to "save" their country. The result of these combined mechanisms was the support of blatantly illiberal antidemocratic behavior at the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021.
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The rise of populist authoritarianism in the United States, especially by the risks that President Trump poses to core democratic values, practices and institutions, pose major threats to liberal democracy.... When the populist style of governance is coupled with authoritarian values, however, this potent combination presents most dangerous risk to the principles and practices at the heart of liberal democracy. Trump falls into this category.... populist-authoritarian forces threatening to dismantle core values in liberal democracy pose the gravest risk, especially in America, given the vast powers of the U.S. presidency and its hegemonic role in the world. The mainstream news media, the courts, and a reenergized civil society are actively pushing back to resist the threats to democracy arising from the Trump administration. In Congress and State Houses, however, the Democrats are decimated, and the Republican party and conservative activists seem willing to be seduced by dreams of power.
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In keeping with the party's deep division between its dominant Trumpist faction and its more traditionalist party elites, the twin responses seem aimed at appealing on one hand to its corporate-friendly allies and on the other hand to its populist rightwing base. Both have an anti-immigrant element.
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[Pence] added that Mr. Trump's actions on 6 January should disqualify him from returning to power. 'I believe that anyone who puts themselves over the constitution should never be president of the United States,' he said. 'And anyone who asked someone else to put them over the constitution should never be president of the United States again.'
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'In each of these cases Donald Trump is pursuing and articulating an agenda that is at odds with the conservative agenda that we governed on during our four years,' Pence said. 'And that's why I cannot in good conscience endorse Donald Trump in this campaign.'
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Ideologically, all US parties are liberal and always have been. Essentially they espouse classical liberalism, that is a form of democratised Whig constitutionalism plus the free market. The point of difference comes with the influence of social liberalism "and the proper role of government......the American right has nothing to do with maintaining the traditional social order, as in Europe. What it believes in is... individualism... The American right has tended towards... classical liberalism...
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This was not merely a geographic shift, trading one region for another, but a more fundamental transformation of the anti-abortion movement's political ideology. In 1973 many of the most vocal opponents of abortion were northern Democrats who believed in an expanded social-welfare state and who wanted to reduce abortion rates through prenatal insurance and federally funded day care. In 2022, most anti-abortion politicians are conservative Republicans who are skeptical of such measures. What happened was a seismic religious and political shift in opposition to abortion that has not occurred in any other Western country.
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At the national level, Christian nationalism is strongly linked to Republican Party affiliation, white evangelical Protestant affiliation, and higher church attendance.
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Partisanship is closely linked to Christian nationalist views. Most Republicans qualify as either Christian nationalism sympathizers (33%) or adherents (21%), while at least three-quarters of both independents (46% skeptics and 29% rejecters) and Democrats (36% skeptics and 47% rejecters) lean toward rejecting Christian nationalism. Republicans (21%) are about four times as likely as Democrats (5%) or independents (6%) to be adherents of Christian nationalism.
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Christian nationalism has become a powerful predictor of supporting conservative policies and political candidates. This is in large part due to the Republican Party platform becoming synonymous with "restoring" the sacred values, moral superiority, unity, pride, and prosperity of America's mythic past.
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The current study establishes that, independent of these influences, voting for Trump was, at least for many Americans, a symbolic defense of the United States' perceived Christian heritage. Data from a national probability sample of Americans surveyed soon after the 2016 election shows that greater adherence to Christian nationalist ideology was a robust predictor of voting for Trump...
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The strength of Christian nationalist sentiment can be clearly seen in a wide range of issues that Republican elected officials have stressed, including efforts to curtail the rights and visibility of transgender people, but also some less obvious topics, such as immigration.
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According to political scientists Stella Rouse and Shibley Telhami, most Republicans support declaring the United States a Christian nation. And Christian nationalists are running for office at all levels of government, from local school boards to presumptive presidential candidates. Though the numbers of those who claim Christian nationalist beliefs may decline, Christian nationalism's influence in public life only continues to grow.
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The presence of Christian nationalist ideas in recent political campaigns is concerning, given its ties to violence and white supremacy. Trump and his advisers helped to mainstream such rhetoric with events like his photo op with a Bible in Lafayette Square in Washington following the violent dispersal of protesters, and making a show of pastors laying hands on him. But that legacy continues beyond his administration.
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White Christian nationalism is a dangerous threat because it's incredibly well-organized and powerful. There's absolutely nothing like it on the left.
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Christian nationalism, a belief that the United States was founded as a white, Christian nation and that there is no separation between church and state, is gaining steam on the right. Prominent Republican politicians have made the themes critical to their message to voters in the run up to the 2022 midterm elections.
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Further reading
- The Almanac of American Politics 2022(2022) details on members of Congress, and the governors: their records and election results; also state and district politics; revised every two years since 1975.detailsArchivedJanuary 7, 2022, at theWayback Machine;seeThe Almanac of American Politics
- American National Biography(20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries and atWikipedia LibraryArchivedOctober 30, 2020, at theWayback Machine.
- Aberbach, Joel D., ed. and Peele, Gillian, ed.Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics after Bush(Oxford UP, 2011). 403pp
- Aistrup, Joseph A.The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South(1996).
- Black, Earl and Merle Black.The Rise of Southern Republicans(2002).
- Bowen, Michael,The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party.(U of North Carolina Press, 2011). xii, 254pp.
- Brennan, Mary C.Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP(1995).
- Conger, Kimberly H.The Christian Right in Republican State Politics(2010) 202 pages; focuses on Arizona, Indiana, and Missouri.
- Crane, Michael.The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Books on Politics(2004) covers all the major issues explaining the parties' positions.
- Critchlow, Donald T.The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America(2nd ed. 2011).
- Ehrman, John,The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan(2005).
- Fauntroy, Michael K.Republicans and the Black vote(2007).
- Fried, J (2008).Democrats and Republicans – Rhetoric and Reality.New York: Algora Publishing.
- Frank, Thomas.What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America(2005).
- Frum, David.What's Right: The New Conservative Majority and the Remaking of America(1996).
- Gould, Lewis L.The Republicans: A History of the Grand Old Party(2nd ed, 2014); First edition 2003 was entitled:Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicansonline 2nd edition' th standard scholarly history
- Hemmer, Nicole.Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s(2022)
- Jensen, Richard (1983).Grass Roots Politics: Parties, Issues, and Voters, 1854–1983.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.ISBN083716382X.Archived fromthe originalon May 19, 2020.RetrievedSeptember 10,2017.
- Judis, John B.andRuy Teixeira.The Emerging Democratic Majority(2004), two Democrats project social trends.
- Kabaservice, Geoffrey.Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party, From Eisenhower to the Tea Party(2012) scholarly historyISBN978-0199768400.
- Kleppner, Paul, et al.The Evolution of American Electoral Systems(1983), applies party systems model.
- Kurian, George Thomas ed.The Encyclopedia of the Republican Party(4 vol., 2002).
- Lamis, Alexander P. ed.Southern Politics in the 1990s(1999).
- Levendusky, Matthew.The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans(2009). Chicago Studies in American Politics.
- Mason, Robert.The Republican Party and American Politics from Hoover to Reagan(2011).
- Mason, Robert and Morgan, Iwan (eds.)Seeking a New Majority: The Republican Party and American Politics, 1960–1980.(2013) Nashville, TN. Vanderbilt University Press. 2013.
- Mayer, George H.The Republican Party, 1854–1966.2d ed. (1967); a standard scholarly history;online
- McPherson, James M. (1988).Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era.Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0195038637.
- Oakes, James.The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution(W.W. Norton, 2021).
- Oakes, James.Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865(W. W. Norton, 2012)
- Perlstein, Rick.Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus(2002), broad account of 1964.
- Perlstein, Rick.Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America(2009).
- Reinhard, David W.The Republican Right since 1945(1983).
- Rutland, Robert Allen.The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush(1996).
- Sabato, Larry J.Divided States of America: The Slash and Burn Politics of the 2004 Presidential Election(2005).
- Sabato, Larry J. and Bruce Larson.The Party's Just Begun: Shaping Political Parties for America's Future(2001), textbook.
- Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr.ed.History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000(various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). Essays on the most important election are reprinted in Schlesinger,The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history(1972).online editions
- Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds.Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000(2001), essays by specialists on each time period:
- includes: "To One or Another of These Parties Every Man Belongs": 1820–1865 byJoel H. Silbey;"Change and Continuity in the Party Period: 1835–1885" by Michael F. Holt; "The Transformation of American Politics: 1865–1910" by Peter H. Argersinger; "Democracy, Republicanism, and Efficiency: 1885–1930" by Richard Jensen; "The Limits of Federal Power and Social Policy: 1910–1955" by Anthony J. Badger; "The Rise of Rights and Rights Consciousness: 1930–1980" by James T. Patterson; and "Economic Growth, Issue Evolution, and Divided Government: 1955–2000" by Byron E. Shafer.
- Shafer, Byron and Richard Johnston.The End of Southern Exceptionalism(2006), uses statistical election data and polls to argue GOP growth was primarily a response to economic change.
- Steely, Mel.The Gentleman from Georgia: The Biography of Newt GingrichMercer University Press, 2000.ISBN0865546711.
- Sundquist, James L.Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States(1983).
- Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait.The Right Nation:Conservative Power in America(2004).
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