Wikipedia

Retina display

(Redirected fromRetina Display)
This article is about the high-PPI screens of Apple products. For the heads-up-display technology, seeVirtual retinal display.

Retina displayis a branded series ofLCDsandOLEDdisplays byApple Inc.that have a higherpixel densitythan traditional displays.[1]Apple has registered the term "Retina" as atrademarkwith regard to computers and mobile devices with theUnited States Patent and Trademark OfficeandCanadian Intellectual Property Office.[2][3]The applications were approved in 2012 and 2014 respectively. The Canadian application cited a 2010 application in Jamaica.[citation needed]

Retina display on iPhone 4
Part of a Retina display on aniPhone 4.The pixels are not visible at normal viewing distance, creating an impression of sharp print-like text.
Retina display on iPhone 3GS
Part of a non-Retina display on aniPhone 3GS.The pixels are visible at normal viewing distance.

The Retina display debuted in 2010 with theiPhone 4and theiPod Touch (4th Generation),and later theiPad (3rd generation)where each screen pixel of theiPhone 3GS,iPod touch (3rd generation), andiPad 2was replaced by four smaller pixels, and the user interfacescaled upto fill in the extra pixels. Apple calls this modeHiDPI mode.In simpler words, it is one logical pixel that corresponds to four physical pixels. The scale factor is tripled for devices with even higher pixel densities, such as theiPhone 6 PlusandiPhone X.[4]The advantage of this equation is that the CPU "sees" a small portion of the data and calculates the relative positions of each element, and the GPU renders these elements with high quality assets. The goal of Retina displays is to make the text and images being displayed crisper.[5][6][7][8]

The Retina display has since expanded to most Apple product lines, such asApple Watch,iPhone,iPod Touch,iPad,iPad Mini,iPad Air,iPad Pro,MacBook,MacBook Air,MacBook Pro,iMac,and Apple's computer monitors such as theStudio DisplayandPro Display XDR,some of which have never had non-Retina displays.[9]Apple uses variousmarketing termsto differentiate between itsLCDandOLEDdisplays having variousresolutions,contrast levels,color reproduction,orrefresh rates.It is known asLiquid Retina displayfor theiPhone XR,iPad Air 4th Generation,iPad Mini 6th Generation,iPad Pro 3rd Generationand later versions,[10]andRetina4.5Kdisplayfor the iMac.[11]

Apple's Retina displays do not have a fixed minimum pixel density, but vary depending on and at what distance the user would typically be viewing the screen. Where on smaller devices held or worn closer to the user’s eyes, such as watches and phones, the displays must have very high pixel density for the pixels to be indiscernible to the user, for displays viewed from farther away, such as those of notebook or desktop computers, slightly less pixel density is required in order to achieve the same angular resolution. Later products have had additional improvements, such as an increase in the screen size, contrast ratio, or pixel density. Apple has used names such asRetina HD display,Retina 5K display,Super Retina HD display,Super Retina XDR display,andLiquid Retina displayfor various iterations.

Rationale

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See also:Fovea centralis § Angular size of foveal cones

When introducing theiPhone 4,Steve Jobssaid the density of pixels needed for a Retina display is about 300 PPI (120 dot/cm) for a device held 10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm) from the eye.[1]One way of expressing this angular pixel density is in units ofpixels per degree(PPD) which takes into account both the pixel density of a screen and the distance from the screen to the observer. Based on Jobs' stated angular density of 300 DPI at 10–12 inches, the threshold for a Retina display is an angular pixel density of 52–63 PPD.58 PPD,the value at 11 in (28 cm), means that a tallskinny trianglewith a height equal to the viewing distance and a top angle of one degree will have a base on the device's screen that covers 58 pixels. Note that, unlike absolute linear or planar resolution (e.g. 1920×1080 pixels) or linear pixel density (e.g. 401 PPI), angular pixel density is not an intrinsic property of a display but is dependent on the distance from which it is observed; moving the eye closer to the display reduces the angular pixel density of the image (i.e. it’s easier to see detail up close), and moving away increases the angular pixel density, in direct proportion to the distance. Angular pixel density can be calculated by the formula

whereis the distance between the screen and observer, andis the absolute pixel density of the screen in pixels per unit length.

In practice, thus far Apple has converted a device's display to Retina by doubling the number of pixels in each direction, quadrupling the total resolution. This increase creates a sharper interface at the same physical dimensions. The only exceptions to this have been the iPhone 6 Plus, 6S Plus, 7 Plus, and 8 Plus, which render their images at triple the number of pixels in each direction, before down-sampling to 1080p resolution.

Models

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The displays are manufactured worldwide by different suppliers. Currently, the iPad's display comes fromSamsung,[12]while the MacBook Pro and iPod Touch displays are made byLG Display[13]andJapan DisplayInc.[14]There was a shift of display technology fromtwisted nematic(TN)liquid-crystal displays(LCDs) toin-plane switching (IPS)LCDs starting with theiPhone4 models in June 2010.

Apple markets the following devices as having Retina, Retina HD, Liquid Retina, Liquid Retina XDR, Super Retina HD, Super Retina XDR, Ultra Retina XDR or Retina 4K, 5K or 6K displays:

Model[15][16][17][18][19] Marketing name Screen size Resolution Aspect
Ratio 		Pixel density Pixel size
(μm) 		Angular pixel density
(px/°; attyp.distance) 		typ. viewing
distance 		Total pixels
ppi px/cm
Apple Watch38mm Retina display 1.34 in (34 mm) 272×340 4:5 326 128 77.9 56.9 10 in
(25 cm) 		00,092,480
Apple Watch42mm (Series 0, 1, 2 and 3) 1.53 in (39 mm) 312×390 00,121,680
Apple Watch40mm 1.55 in (39 mm) 324×394 330 130 76.9 57.7 00,127,656
Apple Watch41mm 1.69 in (43 mm) 352×430 00,151,360
Apple Watch44mm 1.76 in (45 mm) 368×448 00,164,864
Apple Watch42mm (Series 10) 1.77 in (45 mm) 374×446 00,166,804
Apple Watch45mm 1.90 in (48 mm) 396×484 00,191,664
Apple Watch Ultra 1.94 in (49 mm) 410×502 335 132 75.9 58.5 00,205,820
Apple Watch46mm 1.96 in (50 mm) 416×496 330 130 76.9 57.7 00,206,336
iPhone 4,4SandiPod Touch 4 3.5 in (89 mm) 960×640 2:3 326 128 77.9 56.9 00,614,400
iPhone 5,5C,5SandSE 1,iPod Touch5,6and7 4.0 in (100 mm) 1136×640 9:16 00,727,040
iPhone 6,6S,7,8,SE 2andSE 3 Retina HD display 4.7 in (120 mm) 1334×750 01,000,500
iPhone 6 Plus,6S Plus,7 Plusand8 Plus 5.5 in (140 mm) 1920×1080 401 158 63.4 70.0 02,073,600
iPhone XRand11 Liquid Retina display 6.1 in (155 mm) 1792×828 6:13 (9:19.5) 326 128 77.9 56.9 01,483,776
iPhone 12 Miniand13 Mini Super Retina XDR display (Super Retina HD on iPhone X, XS and XS Max) 5.4 in (140 mm) 2340×1080 476/337 187/133 53.4 83.1 02,527,200
iPhone X,XS,and11 Pro 5.8 in (150 mm) 2436×1125 458/324[20] 180/127 55.4 79.9 02,740,500
iPhone 12,12 Pro,13,13 Proand14 6.1 in (155 mm) 2532×1170 460/325 181/128 55.2 80.3 02,962,440
iPhone 14 Pro,15,15 Proand16 2556×1179 03,013,524
iPhone 16 Pro 6.3 in (160 mm) 2622×1206 03,162,132
iPhone XS Maxand11 Pro Max 6.5 in (165 mm) 2688×1242 458/324 180/127 55.4 79.9 03,338,496
iPhone 12 Pro Max,13 Pro Maxand14 Plus 6.7 in (170 mm) 2778×1284 03,566,952
iPhone 14 Pro Max,15 Plus,15 Pro Maxand16 Plus 2796×1290 460/325 181/128 55.2 80.3 03,606,840
iPhone 16 Pro Max 6.9 in (175 mm) 2868×1320 03,785,760
iPad Mini 2,3,4and5 Retina display 7.9 in (200 mm) 2048×1536 3:4 326 128 77.9 85.3 15 in
(38 cm) 		03,145,728
iPad 3,4,5and6,Air 1and2,Pro 9.7 " 9.7 in (250 mm) 264 104 96 69.1
iPad 7,8and9 10.2 in (260 mm) 2160×1620 03,499,200
iPad Pro 10.5 "andAir 3 10.5 in (270 mm) 2224×1668 03,709,632
iPad Pro 12.9 "(1 and 2) 12.9 in (330 mm) 2732×2048 05,595,136
iPad Mini 6and7 Liquid Retina display 8.3 in (210 mm) 2266×1488 2:3 326 128 77.9 85.3 03,371,808
iPad 10,iPad Air 4,5and6 10.9 in (280 mm) 2360×1640 7:10 264 104 96 69.1 03,870,400
iPad Pro 11 "(1, 2, 3 and 4) 11.0 in (280 mm) 2388×1668 03,983,184
iPad Pro 12.9 "(3 and 4),iPad Air 13 " 12.9 in (330 mm) 2732×2048 3:4 05,595,136
iPad Pro 12.9 "(5 and 6) Liquid Retina XDR display
iPad Pro 11 "(5) Ultra Retina XDR display 11.1 in (280 mm) 2420×1668 7:10 04,036,560
iPad Pro 13 " 13.0 in (330 mm) 2752×2064 3:4 05,680,128
MacBook12 " Retina display 12.0 in (300 mm) 2304×1440 16:10 226 89 112 78.9 20 in
(51 cm) 		03,317,760
MacBook Air13 "andMacBook Pro13 " 13.3 in (340 mm) 2560×1600 227 79.2 04,096,000
MacBook Pro15 " 15.4 in (390 mm) 2880×1800 221 87 115 77.1 05,184,000
MacBook Pro16 " 16.0 in (410 mm) 3072×1920 226 89 112 78.9 05,898,240
MacBook Air13 " Liquid Retina display 13.6 in (350 mm) 2560×1664 224 88 113 78.2 04,259,840
MacBook Air15 " 15.3 in (390 mm) 2880×1864 05,368,320
MacBook Pro14 " Liquid Retina XDR display 14.2 in (360 mm) 3024×1964 14:9 254 100 100 88.7 05,939,136
MacBook Pro16 " 16.2 in (410 mm) 3456×2234 07,720,704
iMac Retina 21.5 " Retina 4K display 21.5 in (550 mm) 4096×2304 16:9 219 86 116 76.4 09,437,184
iMac Retina 24 " Retina 4.5K display 23.5 in (600 mm) 4480×2520 011,289,600
iMac Retina 27 ",iMac ProandStudio Display Retina 5K display 27.0 in (690 mm) 5120×2880 218 76.1 014,745,600
Pro Display XDR Retina 6K display 32.0 in (810 mm) 6016×3384 020,358,144

Reception

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Reviews of Apple devices with Retina displays have generally been positive on technical grounds, with comments describing it as a considerable improvement on earlier screens and praising Apple for driving third-party application support for high-resolution displays more effectively than on Windows.[21][22][23]While high-dpi displays such as IBM'sT220 and T221had been sold in the past, they had seen little take-up due to their cost of around $8400.[24]

Reviewing the iPhone 4 in 2010,Joshua Topolskycommented:

"to our eyes, there has never been a more detailed, clear, or viewable screen on any mobile device. Not only are the colors and blacks deep and rich, but you simply cannot see pixels on the screen…webpages that would be line after line of pixelated content when zoomed out on a 3GS are completely readable on the iPhone 4, though the text is beyond microscopic."[25]

Former Microsoft employee Bill Hill, an expert on font rendering, offered similar comments:

That much resolution is stunning. To see it on a mainstream device like the iPad—rather than a $13,000 exotic monitor—is truly amazing, and something I've been waiting more than a decade to see. It will set a bar for future resolution that every other manufacturer of devices and PCs will have to jump.[26][27]

WriterJohn Grubersuggested that the arrival of Retina displays on computers would trigger a need to redesign interfaces and designs for the new displays:

The sort of rich, data-dense information design espoused byEdward Tuftecan now not only be made on the computer screen but also enjoyed on one. Regarding font choices, you not only need not choose a font optimized for rendering on screen, but should not. Fonts optimized for screen rendering look cheap on the retina MacBook Pro—sometimes downright cheesy—in the same way they do when printed in a glossy magazine.[28]

Detractors

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See also:Fovea centralis § Angular size of foveal cones

Raymond Soneira, president of DisplayMate Technologies, has challenged Apple's claim. He says that the physiology of the humanretinais such that there must be at least 477 pixels per inch in a pixelated display for the pixels to become imperceptible to the human eye at a distance of 12 inches (305 mm).[29]Astronomer and science bloggerPhil Plaitnotes, however, that, "if you have [better than20/20] eyesight, then at one foot away the iPhone 4S's pixels are resolved. The picture will look pixelated. If you have average eyesight [20/20 vision], the picture will look just fine... So in my opinion, what Jobs said was fine. Soneira, while technically correct, was being picky. "[30]The retinal neuroscientist Bryan Jones offers a similar analysis of more detail and comes to a similar conclusion: "I'd find Apple's claims stand up to what the human eye can perceive."[31]

Apple fan websiteCultOfMachosts an article by John Brownlee[32]who incorrectly[33]stated that the resolution the human eye can discern at 12 inches is 900 PPI, concluding "Apple's Retina Displays are only about 33% of the way there."[32]On the topic of 20/20 vision, Brownlee misrepresentedvisual acuityin the population saying "most research suggests that normal vision is actually much better than 20/20" when in truth the majority have worse than 20/20 vision,[34]and theWHOconsiders average vision as 20/40.[35]Brownlee also stated that people do not always view displays at a constant distance, and claimed a close-viewed display could no longer be classed as Retina. However, near visual acuity is usually poor due topresbyopia[34]in nearly everyone over 40, such that decreasing reading distance can actually reduce perceivable resolution.

Competitors

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The first smartphone following the iPhone 4 to ship with a display of a comparable pixel density was theNokia E6,runningSymbianAnna, with a resolution of 640 × 480 at a screen size of 62.5mm. This was an isolated case for the platform however, as all other Symbian-based devices had larger displays with lower resolutions. Some older Symbian smartphones, including theNokia N80andN90,featured a 2.1 inch display at 259 ppi, which was one of the sharpest at the time. The first Android smartphones with the same display -Meizu M9was launched a few months later in beginning of 2011. In October of the same yearGalaxy Nexuswas announced, which had a display with a better resolution. By 2013 the 300+ ppimark was found on midrange phones such as theMoto G.[36]From 2013 to 2014, many flagship devices such as theSamsung Galaxy S4andHTC One (M8)had 1080p (FHD) screens around 5-inches for a 400+ PPI which surpassed the Retina density on theiPhone 5.

The second major redesign of the iPhone, theiPhone 6,has a 1334 × 750 resolution on a 4.7-inch screen, while rivals such as theSamsung Galaxy S6have a QHD display of 2560 × 1440 resolution, close to four times the number of pixels found in the iPhone 6, giving the S6 a 577 PPI that is almost twice that of the iPhone 6's 326 PPI.[37]The Sony Xperia Z5 Premium launched in late 2015 had 806 PPI. The largeriPhone 6 Plusfeatures a "Retina HD display", which is a 5.5-inch 1080p screen with 401 PPI.

Aside from resolution, all generations of iPhone Retina displays receive high ratings for other aspects such as brightness and color accuracy, compared to those of contemporary smartphones, while some Android devices such as theLG G3have sacrificed screen quality and battery life for high resolution.Ars Technicahas suggested the "superfluousness of so many flagship phone features—the move from 720p to 1080p to 1440p and beyond...things are all nice to have, but you’d be hard-pressed to argue that any of them are essential".[36]Furthermore, developers can better optimize content for iOS due to Apple's few screen sizes in contrast to Android's wide display format variations.[37]

ManyWindows-basedUltrabookmodels have offered 1080p (FHD) screens standard since 2012 and often QHD or QHD+ as optional upgrade displays.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ab"NPR Live Blog of iPhone 4 Introduction".NPR.June 7, 2010.RetrievedJune 4,2014.
  2. ^United States Patent and Trademark Office."Latest Status Info – Serial Number 85056807".Trademark Applications and Registrations Retrieval.RetrievedJune 19,2012.Claims priority filing date with respect to prior application in Jamaica.
  3. ^Canadian Intellectual Property Office."Canadian Trade-Mark Data – Application Number 1483982".Canadian Trade-marks Database.RetrievedJune 19,2012.Also cites prior application in Jamaica.
  4. ^"The Ultimate Guide To iPhone Resolutions".www.paintcodeapp.com.Retrieved2021-08-27.
  5. ^Jobs, Steve."Apple iPhone 4 announcement".YouTube.Apple.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-15.Retrieved28 July2015.
  6. ^Nielsen, Jakob."Serif vs. Sans-Serif Fonts for HD Screens".Nielsen Norman Group.Retrieved28 July2015.
  7. ^"Apple iPad 3 press release".Apple.Retrieved28 July2015.
  8. ^Gruber, John."Pixel Perfect".Daring Fireball.Retrieved28 July2015.
  9. ^"Apple – Learn about the Retina display".Archived fromthe originalon February 7, 2011.RetrievedJune 21,2010.
  10. ^"iPhone X - Technical Specifications — Apple".Apple.Retrieved22 March2016.
  11. ^"iMac — Tech Specs — Apple".Apple.Retrieved22 March2016.
  12. ^"Why Samsung makes Retina Displays – but not for its own tablets".Wired magazine.April 4, 2012.RetrievedJune 4,2013.
  13. ^"iFixit Teardown".iFixit.19 June 2012.RetrievedJuly 9,2012.
  14. ^"News related to IPO of Japan Display Inc".Reuters.March 19, 2014.RetrievedMarch 20,2014.
  15. ^ "Apple – iPod Touch – Technical Specifications".
  16. ^ "Apple – iPhone – Technical Specifications".
  17. ^ "Apple – iPad – Technical Specifications".
  18. ^ "Apple – MacBook Pro – Technical Specifications".
  19. ^ "Apple – iMac – Technical Specifications".
  20. ^Due to thepeculiar diamond Sub-Pixels layoutfound in theiPhone X,iPhone XSandiPhone XS Max,the actual density of the Red and Blue Sub-Pixels is lower than that of the Green Sub-Pixels, being reportedly324 Sub-Pixels per inch.
  21. ^Castle, Alex."How to make the Windows desktop look good on high-DPI displays".PC World.Retrieved9 July2015.
  22. ^Cunningham, Andrew (13 April 2015)."Using the Retina MacBook as a Windows PC".Ars Technica.Retrieved9 July2015.
  23. ^Hutchinson, Lee (28 October 2014)."The Retina iMac and its 5K display... as a gaming machine? [Updated]".Ars Technica.Retrieved9 July2015.
  24. ^Novakovic, Nebojsa."IBM T221 - the world's finest monitor?".The Inquirer.Archived fromthe originalon September 14, 2009.Retrieved30 August2015.
  25. ^Topolsky, Joshua."iPhone 4 review".Engadget.Retrieved9 July2015.
  26. ^Hill, Bill."The Future of Reading (quoted)".Blog (archived).Archived fromthe originalon March 12, 2012.
  27. ^Atwood, Jeff (19 March 2012)."Welcome to the Post PC Era".Coding Horror.Retrieved9 July2015.
  28. ^Gruber, John."Pixel Perfect".Daring Fireball.Retrieved18 September2015.
  29. ^"Analyst challenges Apple's iPhone 4S 'Retina Display' claims".June 9, 2010.RetrievedJune 10,2010.
  30. ^"Resolving the iPhone resolution".June 21, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon October 5, 2012.RetrievedJune 21,2010.
  31. ^"Apple Retina Display".July 26, 2012.RetrievedJuly 26,2012.
  32. ^abBrownlee, John (June 15, 2012)."Why Retina Isn't Enough".CultOfMac.RetrievedJune 15,2012.
  33. ^Plait, Phil (10 June 2010)."Resolving the iPhone resolution".Slate.slate.com.Retrieved9 October2021....Soneira used the 0.6 arcmin resolution of the eye, but that's for perfect eyesight. Most people don't have perfect eyesight... A better number for a typical person is more like 1 arcmin resolution, not 0.6
  34. ^abTim Johnson MD PhD."How common is 20/20 vision?".University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics.Retrieved9 October2021.Only about 35 percent of all adults have 20/20 vision without glasses, contact lenses or corrective surgery "...AND..." while you won't lose your 20/20 vision as you approach middle age, you will most likely lose your near vision
  35. ^"The Global Need for Refractive Correction"(PDF).The Centre for Vision in the Developing World.Retrieved9 October2021.
  36. ^abCunningham, Andrew (2015-08-10)."Review: New £180 Moto G is a stylish upgrade worthy of the original | Ars Technica UK".Arstechnica.co.uk.Retrieved2016-01-15.
  37. ^ab"Samsung Galaxy S6 vs iPhone 6".6 June 2023.
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