Wikipedia

Tallinn

(Redirected fromReval)
"Reval" redirects here. For other uses, seeReval (disambiguation).

Tallinn(/ˈtælɪn/,Estonian:[ˈtɑlʲːinː]ⓘ)[5][6]is thecapitalandmost populous[7]city ofEstonia.Situated on abayin north Estonia, on the shore of theGulf of Finlandof theBaltic Sea,Tallinn has a population of about 461,000 (as of 2024)[2]and administratively lies in theHarjumaakond(county). Tallinn is the main governmental, financial, industrial, and cultural centre of Estonia. It is located 187 km (116 mi) northwest of the country's second largest city,Tartu;however, only 80 km (50 mi) south ofHelsinki,Finland,also 320 km (200 mi) west ofSaint Petersburg,Russia,300 km (190 mi) north ofRiga,Latvia,and 380 km (240 mi) east ofStockholm,Sweden.From the 13th century until the first half of the 20th century, Tallinn was known in most of the world by variants of its other historicalnameReval.[8]

Tallinn
Capital city
Tallinn Bayand city centre
Flag of Tallinn
Flag
Coat of arms of Tallinn
Coat of arms
Logo of Tallinn
Brandmark
Tallinn is located in Europe
Tallinn
Tallinn
Location within Europe
Tallinn is located in Baltic Sea
Tallinn
Tallinn
Location withinBaltic Searegion
Tallinn is located in Estonia
Tallinn
Tallinn
Location within Estonia
Coordinates:59°26′14″N24°44′43″E/ 59.43722°N 24.74528°E/59.43722; 24.74528
CountryEstonia
CountyHarju
First confirmed written record1219
First possible appearance on map1154
City rights1248
Government
• MayorJevgeni Ossinovski
Area
•Capital city159.2 km2(61.5 sq mi)
Elevation
9 m (30 ft)
Population
(2023)[2]
•Capital city453,864
• Rank1st in Estonia
• Density2,900/km2(7,400/sq mi)
•Urban
614,561[1]
Demonym(s)Tallinner(English)
tallinlane(Estonian)
GDP
[3]
•Capital city€17.369 billion
(US$18.3 billion) (2022)
• Per capita€38,959
(US$41,055) (2022)
Time zoneUTC+2(EET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+3(EEST)
ISO 3166 codeEE-784
City budget€1.26 billion[4]
Websitetallinn.ee/eng

Tallinn receivedLübeck city rightsin 1248;[9]however, the earliest evidence of human population in the area dates back nearly 5,000 years.[10]Themedieval indigenouspopulation of what is now Tallinn and north Estonia was one of the last "pagan"civilisations in Europe to adoptChristianityfollowing thePapal-sanctionedLivonian Crusadein the 13th century.[11][8]The first recorded claim over the place was laid byDenmarkafter a successfulraid in 1219led by KingValdemar II,followed by a period of alternatingScandinavianandTeutonicrulers. Due to the strategic location by the sea, itsmedievalportbecame a significanttrade hub,especially in the 14–16th centuries, when Tallinn grew in importance as the northernmost member city of theHanseatic League.[8]Tallinn Old Townis one of the best-preserved medieval cities in Europe and is listed as aUNESCO World Heritage Site.[12]

In 2012, Tallinn had the highest number of startup companies per person among all capitals and larger cities in Europe.[13]Tallinn is the birthplace of many international high-technology companies, includingSkypeandWise.[14][8]The city is home to the headquarters of theEuropean Union's IT agency,[15]and to theNATOCyber Defence Centre of Excellence. In 2007, Tallinn was listed among the top-10digital citiesin the world,[16]and in 2022, Tallinn was listed among the top-10 "medium-sized European cities of the future".[17]

Names and etymology

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See also:Names of Tallinn in different languages

The name Tallinn(a) isEstonian.It has been widely considered a historical derivation ofTaani-linna,[a]meaning "Danish-castle"[b](Latin:Castrum Danorum), conceivably because theDanishinvaders built the castle in place of the Estonian stronghold after the 1219 battle of Lyndanisse.

The IcelandicNjal's saga—composed after 1270, but describing events between 960 and 1020—mentions an event that occurred somewhere in the area of Tallinn and calls the placeRafala(probably a derivation ofRävala,Revala,or some other variant of the Estonian name of the adjacentmedieval Estonian county). Soon after the Danish conquest in 1219, the town became known in theScandinavianandGermanlanguages asReval(Latin:Revalia).Revalwas in official use in Estonia until 1918.

In international use, the English and German-language (Revalⓘ;German:[ˈʁeːval]ⓘ) as well as the Russian analogRevel(Ревель) were all gradually replaced by the Estonian name after the country became independent in 1918. At first, both Estonian forms,TallinnaandTallinn,were used.[18]Tallinnain Estonian denotes also thegenitive caseof the name, as inTallinna Sadam('thePort of Tallinn').

The first-everDanish flagfalling from the sky during theBattle of Lindanise (Tallinn),15 June 1219. Painted byC. A. Lorentzenin 1809.

Henry of Livonia,in hischronicle(c. 1229), called the town with the name that is also known to have been used up to the 13th century by Scandinavians:Lindanisa(orLyndanisseinDanish,[19][20][21]LindanäsinSwedishandLedenetsinOld East Slavic).

In 1154, a town calledقلون(Qlwn[22]orQuwri[23][24]) was recorded in the description of the world on theworld map(Tabula Rogeriana) commissioned by theNormanKingRoger II of Sicilyand compiled byArabcartographerMuhammad al-Idrisi,who described it as "a small town like a large castle" among the towns of 'Astlanda'. It has been suggested that one possible transcription, 'Qlwn', may have denoted a predecessor of the modern city[25][26]and may somehow be related to a toponymKolyvan,which has been discovered from laterEast Slavicchronicles.[27][28]However, a number of historians have considered connecting any of al-Idrisi's placenames with modern Tallinn erroneous, unfounded, or speculative.[29][9][30][31]

History

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Main article:History of Tallinn
For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Tallinn.

The first archaeological traces of a small hunter-fisherman community's presence[10]in what is now Tallinn's city centre are about 5,000 years old. Thecomb ceramic potteryfound on the site dates to about 3000 BCE andcorded ware potteryto around 2500 BCE.[32]

The lesser coat of arms of Tallinn depicts theDannebrogcross.

Around 1050 AD, a fortress was built in what is now central Tallinn, on the hill ofToompea.[23]

As an important port on a major trade route betweenNovgorodand western Europe, it became a target for the expansion of theTeutonic Knightsand the Kingdom of Denmark during the period ofNorthern Crusadesin the beginning of the 13th century whenChristianitywas forcibly imposed on the local population. Danish rule of Tallinn and northern Estonia started in 1219.

In 1285, Tallinn, then known more widely as Reval, became the northernmost member of theHanseatic League– a mercantile and military alliance of German-dominated cities in Northern Europe. The king of Denmark sold Reval along with other land possessions in northern Estonia to the Teutonic Knights in 1346. Reval was arguably the most significantmedievalport in the Gulf of Finland.[33]Reval enjoyed a strategic position at the crossroads of trade between the rest of western Europe andNovgorodandMuscovyin the east. The city, with a population of about 8,000, was very well fortified withcity walls and 66 defence towers.The city wall has been described as an outstanding example of German Medieval fortification architecture.[34]

Aweather vane,the figure of an old warrior calledOld Thomas,was put on top of the spire of theTallinn Town Hallin 1530. Old Thomas later became a popular symbol of the city.

City skyline of Tallinn (Reval) and the harbour in 1650

In the early years of theProtestant Reformation,the city converted toLutheranism.In 1561, Reval (Tallinn) became adominionof Sweden.

During the 1700–1721Great Northern War,plague-strickenTallinn along with Swedish Estonia and LivoniacapitulatedtoTsardom of Russia(Muscovy) in 1710, but the local self-government institutions (Magistracyof Reval andEstonian Knighthood) retained their cultural and economical autonomy within Imperial Russia as theGovernorate of Estonia.The Magistracy of Reval was abolished in 1889. The 19th century brought industrialisation of the city and the port kept its importance.

On 24 February 1918, theEstonian Declaration of Independencewas proclaimed in Tallinn. It was followed byImperial Germanoccupationuntil the end ofWorld War Iin November 1918, after which Tallinn became the capital of independent Estonia. DuringWorld War II,Estonia was firstoccupiedby the Soviet army and annexed into the USSR in the summer of 1940, thenoccupiedbyNazi Germanyfrom 1941 to 1944. During the German occupation Tallinn suffered from many instances ofaerial bombingby theSoviet air force.During the most destructive Sovietbombing raid on 9–10 March 1944,over a thousand incendiary bombs were dropped on the town, causing widespread fires, killing 757 people, and leaving over 20,000 residents of Tallinn without shelter. After the German retreat in September 1944, the city wasoccupied again by the Soviet Union.

Harju Street in Tallinn old town after theSoviet aerial bombing in March 1944

During the1980 Summer Olympics,thesailing (then known as yachting)events were held atPirita,north-east of central Tallinn. Many buildings, such as theTallinn TV Tower,"Olümpia" hotel, the new Main Post Office building, and the Regatta Centre, were built for the Olympics.

In 1991, the independent democratic Estonian nation was restored and a period of quick development as a modern European capital ensued. Tallinn became the capital of ade factoindependent country once again on 20 August 1991. The Old Town became aWorld Heritage Sitein 1997,[35]and the city hosted the2002 Eurovision Song Contest.[36]Tallinn was the 2011European Capital of Culture,and is the recipient of the 2023European Green Capital Award.[37]The city has pledged to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030 and takes pride in its biodiversity and high air quality.[38][39]But critics say that the award was received on false promises since it won the title with its "15-minute city"concept, according to which key facilities and services should be accessible within a 15-minute walk or bike ride but the concept was left out of the green capital program and other parts of the 12 million euro program amount to a collection of temporary and one-off projects without any structural and lasting changes.[40]

Geography

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Härjapeariver, 1889

Tallinn is situated on the southern coast of theGulf of Finland,in north-western Estonia.

The largest lake in Tallinn isLake Ülemiste(9.44 km2(3.6 sq mi)), which serves as the main source of the city's drinking water.Lake Harkuis the second-largest lake within the borders of Tallinn and its area is 1.6 km2(0.6 sq mi). The only significant river in Tallinn nowadays is thePiritariver, in the eponymousPiritacity district. Historically, a smaller river, calledHärjapea,flowed from Lake Ülemiste through the town into the sea, but the river was diverted into underground sewerage system in the 1930s and has since completely disappeared from the cityscape. References to it still remain in the street names Jõe (fromjõgi,river) and Kivisilla (fromkivi sild,stone bridge).

The length of the seaside coast is 46 km (29 mi), comprising three larger (Kopli,Paljassaare,andKakumäe)peninsulas.The city has a number of public beaches, including those at Pirita, Stroomi, Kakumäe, Harku, and Pikakari.[41]

The highest point in Tallinn, at 64 m (about 200 ft) above sea level, is situated inHiiu,NõmmeDistrict, in the south-west of the city. A largelimestonecliff runs through the city. It can be seen at Toompea,Lasnamäe,andAstangu.However, the hill at Toompea is not geologically part of the larger limestone cliff.

The rocks and sediments underneath Tallinn are of different composition and age. Youngest are theQuaternarydeposits. The materials of these deposits aretill,varvedclay,sand, gravel, and pebbles that are ofglacial,marine and lacustrine origin. Some of the Quaternary deposits are valuable as they constituteaquifers,or as in the case of gravels and sands, are used as construction materials. The Quaternary deposits are the fill of valleys that are now buried. Theburied valleysof Tallinn are carved into older rock likely by ancient rivers to be later modified by glaciers. While the valley fill is made up of Quaternary sediments the valleys themselves originated from erosion that took place before the Quaternary.[42]The substrate into which the buried valleys were carved is made up of hardsedimentary rockofEdiacaran,CambrianandOrdovicianage. Only the upper layer of Ordovician rocks protrudes from the cover of younger deposits,cropping outin theBaltic Klintat the coast and at a few places inland. The Ordovician rocks are made up from top to bottom of a thick layer of limestone andmarlstone,then a first layer ofargillitefollowed by first layer of sandstone and siltstone and then another layer of argillite also followed by sandstone and siltstone. In other places of the city, hard sedimentary rock is only to be found beneath Quaternary sediments at depths reaching as much as 120 m below sea level. Underlying the sedimentary rock are the rocks of theFennoscandianCraton includinggneissesand othermetamorphic rockswith volcanic rockprotolithsandrapakivi granites.These rocks are much older than the rest (Paleoproterozoicage) and do not crop out anywhere in Estonia.[42]

Climate

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Tallinn'sOld Townon a September morning.

Tallinn has ahumid continental climate(Köppen climate classificationDfb) with warm, rainy summers and cold, snowy winters.[43]

Winters are cold, but mild for its latitude, owing to its coastal location. The average temperature in February, the coldest month, is −3.6 °C (25.5 °F). During the winters, temperatures tend to hover close to freezing, but mild spells of weather can push temperatures above 0 °C (32 °F), occasionally reaching above 5 °C (41 °F) while cold air masses can push temperatures below −18 °C (0 °F) an average of 6 days a year. Snowfall is common during the winters, which are cloudy[44]and characterised by low amounts of sunshine, ranging from only 20.7 hours of sunshine per month in December to 58.8 hours in February.[45]At thewinter solstice,daylight lasts for less than 6 hours and 5 minutes.[46]

Spring starts out cool, with freezing temperatures common in March and April, but gradually becomes warmer and sunnier in May, when daytime temperatures average 15.4 °C (59.7 °F), although nighttime temperatures still remain cool, averaging −3.7 to 5.2 °C (25.3 to 41.4 °F) from March to May.[47]In early spring, freezing temperatures are common in March and snowfall can occur in April.[44]

Summers are warm with daytime temperatures hovering around 19.2 to 22.2 °C (66.6 to 72.0 °F) and nighttime temperatures averaging between 9.8 to 13.1 °C (49.6 to 55.6 °F) from June to August.[47]The warmest month is usually July, with an average of 17.6 °C (63.7 °F).[47]During summer, partly cloudy or clear days are common[44]and it is the sunniest season, ranging from 255.6 hours of sunshine in August to 312.1 hours in July although precipitation is higher during these months.[48][45]At thesummer solstice,daylight lasts for more than 18 hours and 40 minutes.[46]

Autumn starts out mild, with a September average daily mean of 12.0 °C (53.6 °F) and increasingly becomes cooler and cloudier in November.[44]In the early parts of autumn, temperatures commonly reach 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) and at least one day above 21 °C (70 °F) in September. In late autumn, snowfall can occur in October and freezing temperatures become more common in November.

Tallinn receives 700 mm (28 in) of precipitation annually, which is evenly distributed throughout the year although March, April and May are the driest months, averaging about 35 to 37 mm (1.4 to 1.5 in), while July and August are the wettest months with 82 to 85 mm (3.2 to 3.3 in) of precipitation.[48]The average humidity is 81%, ranging from a high of 89% to a low of 69% in May.[49]Tallinn has an average windspeed of 3.3 m/s (11 ft/s) with winters being the windiest (around 3.7 m/s (12 ft/s) in January) and summers being the least windy at around 2.7 m/s (8.9 ft/s) in August.[44]Extremes range from −32.2 °C (−26.0 °F) on 31 December 1978 to 34.3 °C (93.7 °F) on 30 July 1994.[50]

According to a 2021 study commissioned by the British price comparison site Uswitch.com, Tallinn is the most unpredictable of European capitals in terms of weather conditions, with a total score of 69/100; the high score is mainly due to the location between a more maritime and a more continental climate and the variation in the duration of sunshine as a consequence of its high latitude.RigaandHelsinkitook second and third places.[51][52][53]

Climate data for Tallinn, Estonia (normals 1991–2020 and extremes 1805–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		27.2
(81.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		32.6
(90.7) 		34.3
(93.7) 		34.2
(93.6) 		28.0
(82.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		34.3
(93.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		2.8
(37.0) 		9.5
(49.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		19.2
(66.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		16.1
(61.0) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.1
(39.4) 		1.2
(34.2) 		9.9
(49.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		4.8
(40.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		17.6
(63.7) 		16.5
(61.7) 		12.0
(53.6) 		6.5
(43.7) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		6.4
(43.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.5
(22.1) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		0.7
(33.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.8
(49.6) 		13.1
(55.6) 		12.3
(54.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		2.9
(37.2)
Record low °C (°F) −31.4
(−24.5) 		−28.7
(−19.7) 		−24.5
(−12.1) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−18.8
(−1.8) 		−32.2
(−26.0) 		−32.2
(−26.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 56
(2.2) 		40
(1.6) 		37
(1.5) 		35
(1.4) 		37
(1.5) 		68
(2.7) 		82
(3.2) 		85
(3.3) 		58
(2.3) 		78
(3.1) 		66
(2.6) 		59
(2.3) 		700
(27.6)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 12.7 10.6 9.0 7.5 7.3 9.5 9.1 10.3 10.1 12.9 12.3 13.1 124.4
Averagerelative humidity(%) 89 86 80 72 69 74 76 79 82 85 89 89 81
Mean monthlysunshine hours 29.7 58.8 148.4 217.3 306.0 294.3 312.1 255.6 162.3 88.3 29.1 20.7 1,922.7
Averageultraviolet index 0 1 1 3 4 5 5 4 3 1 0 0 2
Source 1:Estonian Weather Service[47][48][49][45][50]
Source 2:NOAA/NCEI(average precipitation days 1991-2020)[44]Weather Atlas (average ultraviolet index),[54]
Wind speed for Tallinn
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average wind speed m/s (ft/s) 3.7
(12.1) 		3.5
(11.5) 		3.4
(11.2) 		3.3
(10.8) 		3.1
(10.2) 		3.0
(9.8) 		2.8
(9.2) 		2.7
(8.9) 		3.0
(9.8) 		3.3
(10.8) 		3.6
(11.8) 		3.8
(12.5) 		3.3
(10.8)
Source 1:NOAA/NCEI[44]
Coastal temperature data for Tallinn
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		0.1
(32.2) 		0.1
(32.2) 		1.7
(35.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		18.8
(65.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		15.8
(60.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.1
(39.4) 		8.2
(46.8)
Source 1: Seatemperature.org[55]

Administrative districts

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Administrative districts of Tallinn

.

District Flag Arms Population
(2022)[56] 		Area Density
Haabersti 47,980 22.26 km2(8.6 sq mi) 2,157.2/km² (5,587.1/sq mi)
Kesklinn(centre) 65,041 30.56 km2(11.8 sq mi) 2,128.3/km² (5,512.4/sq mi)
Kristiine 32,725 7.84 km2(3.0 sq mi) 4,175.4/km² (10,814.4/sq mi)
Lasnamäe 117,230 27.47 km2(10.6 sq mi) 4,269.0/km² (11,056.6/sq mi)
Mustamäe 65,978 8.09 km2(3.1 sq mi) 8,156.1/km² (21,124.3/sq mi)
Nõmme 37,402 29.17 km2(11.3 sq mi) 1,282.1/km² (3,320.6/sq mi)
Pirita 19,034 18.73 km2(7.2 sq mi) 1,016.1/km² (2,631.7/sq mi)
Põhja-Tallinn 59,612 15.9 km2(6.1 sq mi) 3,751.6/km² (9,717.6/sq mi)

Tallinn is subdivided into eight administrativelinnaosa(districts). Each district has alinnaosa valitsus(district government) which is managed by alinnaosavanem(district elder) who is appointed by the city government. The function of the "district governments", however, is not directly governing, but just limited to providing advice to the city government and the city council on issues related to the administration of respective districts.

The districts are administratively further divided into 84asum(subdistricts or "neighbourhoods" with officially defined borders).[57]

Government

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The city is governed by theTallinn City Councilwhich consists of 79 members elected to four year terms via party list. The mayor is elected by the city council.

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
13723,250—
17726,954+114.0%
181612,000+72.6%
183415,300+27.5%
185124,000+56.9%
188145,900+91.3%
189758,800+28.1%
1925119,800+103.7%
1959283,071+136.3%
1970362,706+28.1%
1979428,537+18.1%
1989478,974+11.8%
2000400,150−16.5%
2011393,222−1.7%
2021437,817+11.3%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

The population of Tallinn on 1 January 2024 was 461,346.[2]It is theprimateandmost populouscity in Estonia, the3rd most populouscity in the threeBaltic States(Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), as well as the59th most populouscity in theEuropean Union.

According toEurostat,in 2004, Tallinn had one of the largest number of non-EU nationals of all EU member states' capital cities. Ethnic Russians are a significant minority in Tallinn, as around a third of the city's residents are first and second generation immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union; a majority of the Soviet-era immigrants now hold Estonian citizenship.[58]

Ethnic Estonians made up over 80% of Tallinn's population before World War II. As of 2022, ethnic Estonians made up over 53% of the population. Tallinn was one of the urban areas with industrial and military significance in northern Estonia that during the period ofSoviet occupationunderwent extensive changes in its ethnic composition due to large influx of immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former USSR. Whole new city districts were built where the main intent of the then Soviet authorities was to accommodate Russian-speaking immigrants: Mustamäe, Väike-Õismäe, Pelguranna, and most notably, Lasnamäe, which in 1980s became, and is to this day, the most populous district of Tallinn.

The official language of Tallinn is Estonian. As of 2011, 50.1% of the city's residents were native speakers of Estonian, whereas 46.7% had Russian as theirfirst language.While English is the most frequently used foreign language by the residents of Tallinn, there are also a significant number of native speakers ofUkrainianandFinnish.[59]

Ethnic composition 1922-2021
Ethnicity 1922[60] 1934[61] 1941[62] 1959[63] 1970[63] 1979[63] 1989[63] 2000[64] 2011[65] 2021[66]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Estonians 102,568 83.9 117,918 85.6 132,396 94.0 169,697 60.2 201,908 55.7 222,218 51.9 227,245 47.4 215,114 53.7 217,601 55.3 233,520 53.3
Russians 7,513 6.14 7,888 5.72 5,689 4.04 90,594 32.2 127,103 35.0 162,714 38.0 197,187 41.2 146,208 36.5 144,721 36.8 149,883 34.2
Ukrainians – – 35 0.03 – – 7,277 2.58 13,309 3.67 17,507 4.09 22,856 4.77 14,699 3.67 11,565 2.94 15,450 3.53
Belarusians – – – – – – 3,683 1.31 7,158 1.97 10,261 2.39 12,515 2.61 7,938 1.98 6,229 1.58 6,154 1.41
Finns – – 304 0.22 214 0.15 1,650 0.59 2,852 0.79 2,996 0.70 3,271 0.68 2,436 0.61 2,062 0.52 3,431 0.78
Jews 1,929 1.58 2,203 1.60 0 0.00 3,714 1.32 3,750 1.03 3,737 0.87 3,620 0.76 1,598 0.40 1,460 0.37 1,405 0.32
Latvians – – 572 0.42 340 0.24 702 0.25 1,007 0.28 1,259 0.29 1,032 0.22 827 0.21 628 0.16 1,500 0.34
Germans 6,904 5.65 6,575 4.77 – – 125 0.04 217 0.06 332 0.08 516 0.11 516 0.13 492 0.13 1,219 0.28
Tatars – – 75 0.05 – – 745 0.26 1,055 0.29 1,500 0.35 1,975 0.41 1,265 0.32 1,012 0.26 1,033 0.24
Poles – – 599 0.43 502 0.36 759 0.27 967 0.27 1,084 0.25 1,240 0.26 936 0.23 768 0.20 940 0.21
Lithuanians – – 92 0.07 97 0.07 594 0.21 852 0.23 905 0.21 1,052 0.22 949 0.24 795 0.20 1,092 0.25
Unknown/Not stated 0 0.00 368 0.27 150 0.11 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 7 0.00 3,694 0.92 709 0.18 4,317 0.99
Other 3,354 2.74 1163 0.84 1,523 1.08 2,174 0.77 2,528 0.70 4,023 0.94 6,458 1.35 4,198 1.05 5,180 1.32 17,873 4.08
Total 122,268 100 137,792 100 140,911 100 281,714 100 362,706 100 428,537 100 478,974 100 400,378 100 393,222 100 437,817 100
Largest ethnic groups[67]
Ethnic group Population (2022) %
Estonians 233,518 53.34
Russians 149,878 34.23
Ukrainians 15,449 3.53
Belarusians 6,153 1.40
Finns 3,431 0.78
Jews 1,405 0.32
Latvians 1,343 0.34
Germans 1,219 0.28
Lithuanians 1,092 0.25
Armenians 1,043 0.24
Tatars 1,033 0.24
Azerbaijanis 1,029 0.23
Poles 940 0.21
Other 15,960 3.64
Unknown 4,318 0.99

Religion

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Religion in Tallinn (2021)[1]

Unaffiliated (64.4%)
Orthodox & Old Believers (23.8%)
Lutheran (6.0%)
Catholic (1.15%)
Others Christian (1.7%)
Muslims (1.15%)
Others Religions or Unknown (1.8%)

Economy

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Rotermann business district
See also:List of companies based in Tallinn

Tallinn has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in information technology, tourism and logistics. More than half of Estonia's GDP is created in Tallinn.[68]In 2008, the GDP per capita of Tallinn stood at 172% of the Estonian average.[69] In addition to longtime functions as seaport and capital city, Tallinn has seen development of an information technology sector; in its 13 December 2005, edition,The New York Timescharacterised Estonia as "a sort ofSilicon Valleyon the Baltic Sea ".[70]One of Tallinn's sister cities is the Silicon Valley town ofLos Gatos, California.Skype is one of the best-known of several Estonian start-ups originating from Tallinn. Many start-ups have originated from theInstitute of Cybernetics.In recent years,[when?]Tallinn has gradually been becoming one of the main IT centres of Europe, with theCooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence(CCD COE) ofNATO,eu-LISA,the EU Digital Agency and the IT development centres of large corporations, such asTeliaSoneraandKuehne + Nagelbeing based in the city. Smaller start-up incubators like Garage48 and Game Founders have helped to provide support to teams from Estonia and around the world looking for support, development and networking opportunities.[71]

Tallinn receives 4.3 million visitors annually,[72]a figure that has grown steadily over the past decade. TheFinnsare especially a common sight in Tallinn;[73]on average, about 20,000–40,000 Finnish tourists visit the city between June and October.[74]Most of the visitors come from Europe, though Tallinn has also become increasingly visited by tourists from the Asia-Pacific region.[75] Tallinn Passenger Portis one of the busiest cruise destinations on the Baltic Sea, it served more than 520,000 cruise passengers in 2013.[76]

The state-owned energy companyEesti Energia,the nationwide electric power transmission system operatorElering,the natural gas distributorEesti Gaas,and the country's largest private energy company,Alexela Group,all have their headquarters in Tallinn.

Tallinn is the financial centre of Estonia and also an important economic centre in theBaltoscandianregion. Many major banks, such asSEB,Swedbank,andNordea,have their local offices in Tallinn.LHV Pank,an Estonian investment bank, has its corporate headquarters in Tallinn.Tallinn Stock Exchange,part ofNASDAQ OMX Group,is the only regulated exchange in Estonia.

Port of Tallinnis one of the biggest ports in the Baltic sea region, whereas the largest cargo port of Estonia, thePort of Muuga,which is operated by the same business entity, is located in the neighboring town ofMaardu.[77]Old City Harbour has been known as a convenient harbour since the medieval times, but nowadays the cargo operations are shifted to Muuga Cargo Port andPaldiski South Harbour.As of 2010, there was still a small fleet ofoceangoing trawlersthat operated out of Tallinn.[78] Tallinn's industries include shipbuilding, machine building, metal processing, electronics, textile manufacturing.BLRT Grupphas its headquarters and some subsidiaries in Tallinn.Air Maintenance EstoniaandAS Panaviatic Maintenance,both based in Tallinn Airport, provideMROservices for aircraft, largely expanding their operations in recent years. Liviko,the maker of the internationally-knownVana Tallinnliqueur, is similarly based in Tallinn. The headquarters ofKalev,a confectionery company and part of the industrial conglomerateOrkla Group,is located inLehmja,near the city's southeastern boundary. Estonia is ranked third in Europe in terms of shopping centre space per inhabitant, ahead of Sweden and being surpassed only byNorwayandLuxembourg.[79]

Notable headquarters

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Among others:

Education

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The buildings ofTallinn University of Technology

Institutions of higher education and science include:

Culture

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Tallinn was aEuropean Capital of Culturefor 2011, along withTurku,Finland.

Museums

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See also:List of museums in Estonia
Estonian Art MuseuminKadriorg Palace
Tallinn is home to more than 60 museums and galleries.[88]Most of them are located inKesklinn,the central district of the city, and cover Tallinn's rich history.

One of the most visited historical museums in Tallinn is theEstonian History Museum,located in Great Guild Hall atVanalinn,the old part of the city.[89]It covers Estonia's history from prehistoric times up until the end of the 20th century.[90]It features film and hands-on displays that show how Estonian dwellers lived and survived.[90]

Mikkel Museum

TheEstonian Maritime Museumprovides an overview of nation's seafaring past. The museum is located in the Old Town, inside one of Tallinn's former defensive structures – Fat Margaret's Tower.[91]Another historical museum that can be found at city's Old Town, just behind theTown Hall,is Tallinn City Museum. It covers Tallinn's history from pre-history until 1991, when Estonia regained its independence.[92]Tallinn City Museum owns nine more departments and museums around the city,[92]one of which is Tallinn's Museum of Photography, also located just behind theTown Hall.It features permanent exhibition that covers 100 years of photography in Estonia.[93]

Estonia'sVabamu Museum of Occupations and Freedomis located inKesklinn(the Central district). It covers the 51 years (1940–1991) when Estonia was occupied by the former Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.[94]Not far away is another museum related to the Soviet occupation of Estonia, the KGB Museum, which occupies the 23rd floor ofSokos Hotel Viru.It features equipment, uniforms, and documents of Russian Secret Service agents.[95]

The city is also home toEstonian Museum of Natural Historyand theEstonian Health Museum,both located in Old Town. The Museum of Natural History features several themed exhibitions that provide an overview of the wildlife of Estonia and the world.[96]The Estonian Health Museum has exhibitions covering human anatomy, health care, and the history of medicine in Estonia on display.[97]

Tallinn is home to several art and design museums. TheEstonian Art Museum,the largest art museum in Estonia, consists of four branches –Kumu Art Museum,Kadriorg Art Museum,Mikkel Museum,andNiguliste Museum.Kumu Art Museum features the country's largest collection of contemporary and modern art. It also displays Estonian art starting from the early 18th century.[98]Those who are interested in Western European and Russian art may enjoy Kadriorg Art Museum collections, located inKadriorg Palace,a beautifulBaroquebuilding erected byPeter the Great.It stores and displays about 9,000 works of art from the 16th to 20th centuries.[99]TheMikkel Museum,in Kadriorg Park, displays a collection of mainly Western art – ceramics and Chinese porcelain donated by Johannes Mikkel in 1994. The Niguliste Museum occupies formerSt. Nicholas' Church;it displays collections of historical ecclesiastical art spanning nearly seven centuries from the Middle Ages to post-Reformation art.

Those who are interested in design and applied art may enjoy theEstonian Museum of Applied Art and Designcollection of Estonian contemporary designs. It displays up to 15.000 pieces of work made of textile art, ceramics, porcelain, leather, glass, jewellery, metalwork, furniture, and product design.[100]To experience more relaxed, culture-oriented exhibits, one may turn to Museum of Estonian Drinking Culture. This museum showcases the historic Luscher & Matiesen Distillery as well as the history of Estonian alcohol production.[101]

Danse MacabrebyBernt Notkeon display atSt. Nicholas' Church

Lauluväljak

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Main article:Estonian Song Festival
TheTallinn Song Festival Grounds(Lauluväljak)

TheEstonian Song Festival(in Estonian:Laulupidu) is one of the largestchoralevents in the world[verification needed],listed by theUNESCOas aMasterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.It is held every five years in July on theTallinn Song Festival Grounds(Lauluväljak) simultaneously with theEstonian Dance Festival.[102]The joint choir has comprised more than 30,000 singers performing to an audience of 80,000.[102][103]

Estonians have one of the biggest collections of folk songs in the world[verification needed],with written records of about 133,000 folk songs.[104]From 1987, a cycle of massdemonstrationsfeaturing spontaneous singing of national songs andhymnsthat were strictly forbidden during the years of the Soviet occupation to peacefully resist the oppression. In September 1988, a record 300,000 people, more than a quarter of allEstonians,gathered in Tallinn for a song festival.[105]

Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival

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Main article:Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival

Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival (Estonian: Pimedate Ööde Filmifestival, or PÖFF), is an annual film festival held since 1997 in Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia. PÖFF is the only festival in the Nordic and Baltic region with aFIAPF(International Federation of Film Producers Association) accreditation for holding an international competition programme in the Nordic and Baltic region with 14 other non-specialised festivals, such asCannes,Berlin,Venice.With over 250 feature films screened each year and over 77500 attendances (2014), PÖFF is one of the largest film events of Northern Europe and cultural events in Estonia in the winter season. During its 19th edition in 2015 the festival screened more than 600 films (including 250+ feature-length films from 80 countries), bringing over 900 screenings to an audience of over 80, 000 people as well as over 700 accredited guests and journalists from 50 countries. In 2010 the festival held theEuropean Film Awardsceremony in Tallinn.

Cuisine

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See also:Estonian cuisine

The traditional cuisine of Tallinn reflects culinary traditions of north Estonia, the role of the city as a fishing port, and historical German influences. Numerous cafés have played a major role in a social life of the city since the 19th century, as have bars, especially in the Kesklinn district.

Themartsipanindustry in Tallinn has a very long history. The production ofmartsipanstarted in the Middle Ages, almost simultaneously in Tallinn (Reval) andLübeck,both member cities of the Hanseatic League. In 1695,marzipanwas mentioned as a medicine, under the designation ofPanis Martius,in the price lists of theTallinn Town Hall Pharmacy.[106]The modern era ofmartsipanin Tallinn began in 1806, when the Swiss confectioner Lorenz Caviezel set up his confectionery on Pikk Street. In 1864, it was bought and expanded by Georg Stude and now is known as theMaiasmokkcafé. In the late 19th centurymartsipanfigurines made by Tallinn's confectioners were supplied to the Russian imperial family.[107]

Arguably, the most symbolic seafood dish of Tallinn isvürtsikilu( "spicy sprat" ) – saltedspratspickled with a distinctive set of spices includingblack pepper,allspiceandcloves.The making of traditionalvürtsikiluis thought to have originated from the city's outskirts. In 1826, the merchants of Tallinn exported 40,000 cans ofvürtsikiluto Saint Petersburg.[108]A closely associated dish iskiluvõileib( "sprat-butter-bread" ) – a traditionalrye breadopen sandwich covered with a layer of butter andvürtsikiluas the topping. Boiled egg slices and culinary herbs are optional extra toppings. Alcoholic beverages produced in the city include beer, vodka, and liqueurs (such as the eponymousVana Tallinn). The number ofcraft beer brewerieshas expanded sharply in Tallinn over the last decade, entering local and regional markets.

Tourism

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What can arguably be considered to be Tallinn's main attractions are located in the Tallinn Old Town (divided into a "lower town" andToompeahill) which is easily explored on foot. The eastern parts of the city, notablyPirita(withPirita Convent) andKadriorg(withKadriorg Palace) districts, are also popular destinations, and theEstonian Open Air MuseuminRocca al Mare,west of the city, preserves aspects of Estonian rural culture and architecture. The historical wooded suburbs likeKalamaja,Pelgulinn,KassisabaandKelmikülaand revitalized industrial areas likeRotermanni Quarter,NoblessnerandDvigatelare also unique places to visit.

Toompea – Upper Town

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Toompea castle
Stenbock HouseonToompeahill is the official seat of theGovernment of Estonia.
Main article:Toompea

This area was once an almost separate town, heavily fortified, and has always been the seat of whatever power that has ruled Estonia. The hill occupies an easily defensible site overlooking the surrounding districts. The major attractions are the medievalToompea Castle(today housing the Estonian Parliament, theRiigikogu), the LutheranSt Mary's Cathedral,also known as the Dome Church (Estonian:Toomkirik), and the Russian OrthodoxAlexander Nevsky Cathedral.

All-linn – Lower Town

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This area is one of the best preserved medieval towns in Europe and the authorities are continuing its rehabilitation. Major sights include theTown Hall square(Estonian:Raekoja plats), thecity walland towers (notably "Fat Margaret"and"Kiek in de Kök") as well as a number of medieval churches, includingSt Olaf's,St. Nicholas'and theChurch of the Holy Ghost.The CatholicCathedral of St Peter and St Paulis also in the Lower Town.

Kadriorg

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Main article:Kadriorg

Kadriorg is 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) east of the city centre and is served by buses and trams.Kadriorg Palace,the former palace ofPeter the Great,built just after theGreat Northern War,now houses the foreign art department of theArt Museum of Estonia,the presidential residence and the surrounding grounds include formal gardens and woodland.

The main building of the Art Museum of Estonia,Kumu(Estonian:Kunstimuuseum,Art Museum), was built in 2006 and lies in Kadriorg park. It houses an encyclopaedic collection of Estonian art, including paintings byCarl Timoleon von Neff,Johann Köler,Eduard Ole,Jaan Koort,Konrad Mägi,Eduard Wiiralt,Henn Roode andAdamson-Eric,among others.

Pirita

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Main article:Pirita

This coastal district is a further 2 kilometres north-east of Kadriorg. The marina was built for theMoscow Olympicsof 1980, and boats can be hired on thePirita River.Two kilometres inland are theBotanic Gardensand theTallinn TV Tower.

Transport

ACAFtram in Tallinn (Pärnu maantee street) in 2018

City transport

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Main article:Public transport in Tallinn

The city operates a system of bus (73 lines),tram(5 lines) andtrolley-bus(4 lines) routes to all districts; the 33 kilometres (21 mi) longtram system[109]is the only tram network in Estonia.[110][111]A flat-fare system is used. The ticket-system is based on prepaid RFID cards available in kiosks and post offices. In January 2013, Tallinn became the first European capital to offer afare-free serviceon buses, trams and trolleybuses within the city limits. This service is available to residents who register with the municipality.[112]

Air

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TheLennart Meri Tallinn Airportis about 4 kilometres (2 miles) fromTown Hall square(Raekoja plats). There is a tram (Line Number: 4) and local bus connection between the airport and the edge of the city centre (bus no. 2). The nearest railway stationÜlemisteis only 1.5 km (0.9 mi) from the airport. The construction of the new section of the airport began in 2007 and was finished in summer 2008.

Ferry

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The port of Tallinnis one of the busiest cruise and passenger harbours in Northern Europe with over 10 million people passing through in 2016.
See also:Baltic Sea cruiseferries

Several ferry operators,Viking Line,TallinkandEckerö Line,connect Tallinn toHelsinki,Mariehamn,Stockholm, andSt. Petersburg.Passenger lines connect Tallinn toHelsinki(83 km (52 mi) north of Tallinn) in approximately 2–3.5 hours bycruiseferries,with up to eight daily crossings all year round.

Railroad

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Railway platform at theTallinn Baltic Station

TheElronrailway company operates train services from Tallinn toTartu,Valga,Türi,Viljandi,Tapa,Narva,Koidula.Buses are also available to all these and various other destinations in Estonia, as well as toSaint Petersburgin Russia andRiga,Latvia. TheRussian railwayscompany operated a daily international sleeper train service between Tallinn – Moscow, and was stopped in 2020.

Tallinn also has a commuter rail service running from Tallinn'smain rail stationin two main directions: east (Aegviidu) and to several western destinations (Pääsküla,Keila,Riisipere,Turba,Paldiski,andKloogaranna). These are electrified lines and are used by theElronrailroad company.Stadler FLIRTEMU and DMU units are in service since July 2013. The first electrified train service in Tallinn was opened in 1924 from Tallinn to Pääsküla, a distance of 11.2 km (7.0 mi).

TheRail Balticaproject, which will link Tallinn with Warsaw via Latvia and Lithuania, will connect Tallinn with the rest of the European rail network. Anundersea tunnelhas been proposed between Tallinn andHelsinki,[113]though it remains at a planning phase.

Roads

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TheVia Balticamotorway (part ofEuropean route E67fromHelsinkitoPrague) connects Tallinn to the Lithuanian-Polish border throughLatvia.

Notable people

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Pre-1900

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1900 to 1930

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1930 to 1950

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1950 to 1970

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1970 to date

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Architects and conductors

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Sport

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Twin towns – sister cities

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Tallinn istwinnedwith:[117]

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See also

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Other capitals of the Baltic states

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Notes

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  1. ^TheFinnicelement-linna,likeGermanic-burgandSlavic-grad/-gorod,originally meant "fortress", but has been used as a suffix in the formation of town names. TheEstonianwordlinnnowadays means "town" or "city".
  2. ^The Danish heritage is also evident in the city's lesser coat of arms, depicting theflag of Denmark(Dannebrog).

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Bibliography

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See also:Bibliography of the history of Tallinn

Books and articles

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  • Burch, Stuart.An unfolding signifier: London's Baltic exchange in Tallinn.Journal of Baltic Studies39.4 (2008): 451–473.
  • Hallas, Karin, ed.20th Century Architecture in Tallinn(Tallinn, The Museum of Estonian Architecture, 2000).
  • Helemäe, Karl.Tallinn, Olympic Regatta city.ASINB0006E5Y24.
  • Kattago, Siobhan.War memorials and the politics of memory: The Soviet war memorial in Tallinn.Constellations16.1 (2009): 150–166.online
  • Naum, Magdalena.Multi-ethnicity and material exchanges in Late Medieval Tallinn.European Journal of Archaeology17.4 (2014): 656–677.online[dead link]
  • Õunapuu, Piret.The Tallinn department of the Estonian National museum: History and developments.Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore48 (2011): 163–196.
  • Pullat, Raimo.Brief history of Tallinn(Estopol, 1999).
  • Tannu, Elena (1990).The living past of Tallinn.Perioodika Publishers.ISBN5-7979-0031-9.

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