Wikipedia

Rick Rubin

Frederick Jay Rubin(/ˈruːbɪn/,ROO-bin;born March 10, 1963) is an American record producer. He is a co-founder ofDef Jam Recordings,founder ofAmerican Recordings,and former co-president ofColumbia Records.

Rick Rubin
Rubin in 2006
Rubin in 2006
Background information
Birth nameFrederick Jay Rubin
Also known as
  • DJ Double R
  • The Loudness King
Born(1963-03-10)March 10, 1963(age 61)
Long Beach, New York,U.S.
OriginHempstead, New York,U.S.
Genres
Occupations
  • Record producer
  • record executive
Years active1981–present
Labels

Rubin helped popularizehip hopby producing records for acts such as theBeastie Boys,Geto Boys,Run-DMC,Public Enemy,andLL Cool J.He has also produced hit records for acts from a variety of other genres, such aspop(Kesha,Adele,andLady Gaga),heavy metal(Danzig,MetallicaandSlayer),alternative rock(The Cult,Red Hot Chili Peppers,Rage Against the Machine,the StrokesandWeezer),hard rock(AudioslaveandAerosmith),nu metal(Linkin Park,System of a Down,Slipknot), andcountry(Johnny Cash,The Avett Brothers,andthe Chicks).

In 2021 he co-starred in the six-part documentary miniseriesMcCartney 3,2,1which explores the career ofPaul McCartney.[1]

In 2007, Rubin was called "the most important producer of the last 20 years" byMTV[2]and was named onTime'slist of the "100 Most Influential People in the World".[3]

Early life

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Frederick Jay Rubin was born into aJewishfamily inLong Beach, New York,on March 10, 1963,[4]the son of housewife Linda and shoe wholesaler Michael Rubin.[5]He grew up inLido Beach.While a student atLong Beach High School,Rubin befriended the school's audiovisual department director, who gave him a few lessons in guitar playing and songwriting.[6]He then played in a band with three friends, performing at garage gigs and school shows until a teacher helped him create apunkband called the Pricks. Their biggest claim to fame was being thrown off the stage atCBGBafter performing two songs due to brawling with hecklers, which had actually been instigated by friends of the band who had been instructed to do so to get the show shut down and create a buzz.[7]Although he had no authority inNew York City,his father traveled toManhattanwearing his Long Beachauxiliary policeuniform as he attempted to "shut down" the show.[citation needed]

Career

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See also:Rick Rubin production discography

Def Jam

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Rubin foundedDef Jam Recordingswhile in college at New York University.[8]He moved on to form the bandHose,influenced by San Francisco'sFlipper,where he played guitar. In 1982, a Hose track became Def Jam's first release, a 45 rpm 7 "vinyl single in a brown paper bag, and no label.[9]The band played in and around the NYC punk scene, toured the Midwest and California, and played with seminalhardcorebands likeMeat Puppets,Hüsker Dü,Circle Jerks,Butthole Surfers,andMinor Threat,becoming friends withFugazifrontman andDischord RecordsownerIan MacKaye.The band broke up in 1984 as Rubin's passion moved toward the NYC hip hop scene.[9]

Having befriendedZulu Nation'sDJ Jazzy Jay,Rubin began to learn abouthip hop production.By 1983, the two had produced "It's Yours" for Bronx rapperT La Rock,and released it on Def Jam. ProducerArthur Bakerhelped to distribute the record worldwide on Baker's Streetwise Records in 1984. Jazzy Jay introduced Rubin to concert promoter/artist managerRussell Simmonsin the Negril club, and Rubin explained he needed help getting Def Jam off the ground. Simmons and Rubin edged out Jazzy Jay and the official Def Jam record label was founded while Rubin was attendingNew York Universityin 1984. Its first release wasLL Cool J's "I Need a Beat". Rubin went on to find more hip-hop acts outsidethe Bronx,Brooklyn,andHarlem,including rappers fromQueens,Staten Island,andLong Island,which eventually led to Def Jam's signing ofPublic Enemy.Rubin was instrumental in pointing the members of the Beastie Boys away from their punk roots and into rap, resulting inKate Schellenbach's departure from the group.[10]The Beastie Boys' 1985 "Rock Hard" / "Party's Gettin' Rough" / "Beastie Groove" EP came out on the success of Rubin's production work with breakthrough actRun-DMC,of which previous recordings were produced by Simmons and Orange Krush's musician Larry Smith. His productions were characterized by occasionally fusing rap withheavy rock.Rubin tappedAdam DubinandRic Menelloto co-direct the videos for the Beastie Boys' "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)"and"No Sleep till Brooklyn",effectively launching the band's mainstream hip hop career.[11][12]

It was the idea of Rubin's friend Sue Cummings, an editor atSpinmagazine, to have Run-DMC andAerosmithcollaborate on acoverof Aerosmith's "Walk This Way".This 1986 production is often credited with both introducingrap hard rockto mainstream ears and revitalizing Aerosmith's career.[13]In 1986, he worked with Aerosmith again on demos for their forthcoming album, but their collaboration ended early and resulted in only rough studio jams. In the same year, Rubin began his long musical partnership withSlayer,producingReign in Blood,considered a classic of the heavy metal genre. This was his first work with a metal band.

In 1987,the Cultreleased its pivotal third album,Electric.Produced by Rubin, the album remains one of the Cult's trademark and classic works. Rubin worked with the Cult again on the 1992 single "The Witch". He is credited as music supervisor for the filmLess than Zeroand as the producer ofits soundtrack.Rubin portrayed a character based on himself in the 1985 hip-hop motion pictureKrush Groove,which was inspired by the early days of Simmons's career as an artist manager and music producer. He then directed and co-wrote (withRic Menello) a second Run–DMC film,Tougher Than Leatherin 1988.[citation needed][14]

In 1988, Rubin and Simmons went their separate ways after Rubin had a falling out with then Def Jam presidentLyor Cohen.Rubin left forLos Angelesto start Def American Records, while Simmons remained at Def Jam in New York. In Los Angeles, Rubin signed a number of rock and heavy metal acts, includingDanzig,Masters of Reality,the Four Horsemen,andWolfsbane,as well as alternative rock groupthe Jesus and Mary Chainand stand-up comedianAndrew Dice Clay.Though Rubin's work at this time focused mainly on rock and metal, he still retained a close association with rap, signing theGeto Boysand continuing to work with Public Enemy, LL Cool J, and Run-DMC.[15][16][17]

American Recordings

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Rubin had originally given his new label the name "Def American Recordings". In 1993, he found that the word "def"had been accepted into the standardized dictionary and held an actual funeral for the word, complete with a casket, grave, celebrity mourners, and a eulogy byAl Sharpton.[5][18]Def American becameAmerican Recordings.Rubin has said: "When advertisers and the fashion world co-opted the image of hippies, a group of the original hippies in San Francisco literally buried the image of the hippie. When 'def' went from street lingo to mainstream, it defeated its purpose."[19]

The first major project on the renamed label wasJohnny Cash'sAmerican Recordings(1994), a record including six cover songs and new material written by others for Cash at Rubin's request. The album was a critical and commercial success, and helped revive Cash's career after a fallow period. The formula was repeated for five more Cash albums:Unchained(on whichTom Petty and the Heartbreakersserved as the backing band),Solitary Man,The Man Comes Around(the last album released before Cash's death),A Hundred Highways,andAin't No Grave.The Man Comes Aroundearned a 2003GrammyforBest Male Country Vocal Performance( "Give My Love to Rose" ) and a nomination forBest Country Collaboration with Vocals( "Bridge over Troubled Water"withFiona Apple). Rubin introduced Cash toNine Inch Nails' "Hurt",and the resulting cover version of it onThe Man Comes Aroundbecame a defining song of Cash's later years. Rubin also produced two ofJoe Strummer's final songs, "Long Shadow", a song Strummer wrote for Cash to record although he never did, and a cover ofBob Marley's "Redemption Song".Both were released on Strummer's final album,Streetcore,which was released after his death. Rubin also produced a version of "Redemption Song" with Strummer and Cash together, which was featured in Cash's posthumous box set,Unearthed.

Rubin has also produced a number of records with other artists, which were released on labels other than American. Arguably his biggest success as a producer came from working with theRed Hot Chili Peppers,with whom Rubin produced six studio albums from 1991 to 2011, starting with the band's fifth release,Blood Sugar Sex Magik,which launched the band to mainstream success thanks to the hit singles "Give It Away"and"Under the Bridge".Other albums include One Hot Minute, Californication, By the Way, Stadium Arcadium and I'm With You. The six albums with the Chili Peppers also spawned 12 number-one singles on theBillboardAlternative Songschart, a record the band as of 2015 still holds, and various awards, including 16 Grammy nominations (with six wins), and a Producer of the Year Grammy award for 2006'sStadium Arcadium,which was also nominated for Album of the Year. The band has sold over 80 million albums worldwide, most of which are the Rubin-produced albums. Various members of the Chili Peppers have also been used on other projects by Rubin, John Frusciante featured on Johnny Cash and Chad Smith featured on the Chicks. After 24 years of working with Rubin, the band announced in late 2014 that it would be working withDanger Mouseon its 11th studio album. Rubin returned to the role of producer for the band's two albums released in 2022, seven months apart from one another:Unlimited LoveandReturn of the Dream Canteen.Again these two albums both featured no.1 singles on the Alternative Songs chart.

Rubin also producedMick Jagger's 1993Wandering Spiritalbum,Lords of Acid's 1994Voodoo-Ualbum,Tom Petty's 1994Wildflowers,AC/DC's 1995Ballbreaker,Donovan's 1996Sutras,System of a Down's 1998System of a Down,andMetallica's 2008Death Magnetic.In 2005, Rubin executive-producedShakira's two-album projectFijación Oral Vol. 1andOral Fixation, Vol. 2.He was to appear on theTalib Kweli's albumEardrum,[20]Clipse's albumTil the Casket Drops[21]andLil Jon's albumCrunk Rock.[22]Rubin also produced theJay-Ztrack "99 Problems",and was featured in the song's video. He also worked withEminemon the song and music video "Berzerk".

Rubin producedBlack Sabbath's 2013 album13[23]andBilly Corgan's comeback solo albumOgilala.

Universal Records

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In 2003 Rubin producedThe Mars Voltadebut albumDe-Loused in the Comatorium.

Columbia

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In May 2007, Rubin was named co-head of Columbia Records. He co-producedLinkin Park's 2007 albumMinutes to MidnightwithMike Shinoda.Rubin and Shinoda have since co-produced the band's 2010 albumA Thousand Sunsand its 2012 releaseLiving Things.

In 2007, Rubin won theGrammy AwardforProducer of the Year, Non-Classicalfor his work withthe Chicks,Michael Kranz,Red Hot Chili Peppers,U2,Green Day,and Johnny Cash released in 2006[24]Rubin won the award again in 2009, for production work forMetallica,Neil Diamond,Ours,Jakob Dylan,andWeezerin 2008.

In2007and2012,Rubin won theGrammy Award for Album of the Year.The former was for his work on the Chicks albumTaking the Long Wayand the latter came for his contribution toAdele's album21.

Post-Columbia

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Rubin left Columbia in 2012, and revived the American Recordings imprint through a deal withRepublic Records.The first albums released under this new deal wereZZ Top'sLa Futuraandthe Avett Brothers'The Carpenter.[25]

Rubin attempted to record acover albumwithCrosby, Stills & Nashin 2012, but the brief sessions were unsuccessful.Graham Nashcalled the sessions "irritable" and "not a great experience".[26]

In July 2021, Rubin signed withEndeavor Contentto further develop his home studio, Shangri-La Recording Studios.[27]

Other work

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Rubin has a chapter giving advice inTim Ferriss's bookTools of Titans,and often gives advice on creativity via hisInstagrampage.[28]

Rubin's debut book, published on January 17, 2023, byPenguin Press,isThe Creative Act: A Way of Being.It is a nonfiction work about creativity. He said, "I set out to write a book about what to do to make a great work of art. Instead, it revealed itself to be a book on how to be."[29][30]

In 2023, he started hosting apodcasttitled "Tetragrammaton" onApple Podcasts,which mainly featuredinterviews.[31]

Production style

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Praise

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Rubin's biggest trademark as a producer has been a "stripped-down" sound, which involves eliminating production elements such asstring sections,backup vocals, andreverb,and instead having naked vocals and bare instrumentation. But by the 2000s, Rubin's style[32]included such elements, as noted inThe Washington Post:"As the track reaches a crescendo and [Neil] Diamond's portentous baritone soars over a swelling string arrangement, Rubin leans back, as though floored by the emotional power of the song."[33]

Of Rubin's production methods,Dan Charnas,a music journalist who worked as vice president of A&R (Artists & Repertoire) and marketing at American Recordings in the 1990s, said, "He's fantastic with sound and arrangements, and he's tremendous with artists. They love him. He shows them how to make it better, and he gets more honest and exciting performances out of people than anyone."[33]Natalie Mainesofthe Chickshas praised his production methods, saying, "He has the ability and the patience to let music be discovered, not manufactured. Come to think of it, maybe he is a guru."[34]ProducerDr. Drehas said that Rubin is "hands down, the dopest producer ever that anyone would ever want to be, ever".[35]

Despite having never worked with Rubin,[36]British bandMusepraised him for his "hands off" approach to production and credited him as an influence on its first self-produced album,The Resistance.[36]The album's lead single, "Uprising",was named UK Single of the Year at the 2010Music Producers Guild Awards,and Muse frontmanMatt Bellamywhile accepting the award said, "I'd like to thankJohn Leckiefor teaching us how to produce and Rick Rubin for teaching us how not to produce. "[37]The statement was initially interpreted as a criticism of Rubin,[38]but Bellamy later clarified it was meant as a self-deprecating comment on the band's similarly "hands-off" attitude to production.[36]

Criticism

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In 2014,SlipknotfrontmanCorey Taylorsaid that he met Rubin only four times during the entire recording process ofVol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses):"We were being charged horrendous amounts of money. And for me, if you're going to produce something, you're fucking there. I don't care who you are! [...] The Rick Rubin of today is a shadow of the Rick Rubin that he was. He is overrated, he is overpaid, and I will never work with him again."[39][40]Taylor expressed regret for those comments in 2016, and said he wanted to make amends with Rubin, attributing the friction to being "freshly sober [...] unsure of [himself]" and to never having previously worked with anyone whose methods were like Rubin's.[41]

In 2019, when comparing Rubin toGreg Fidelman(who had recently produced Slipknot's albumWe Are Not Your Kind), Taylor again criticized Rubin for his absences from the studio due to other work commitments. He said that Rubin was "a nice guy, absolutely nice guy" but claimed that "he just wasn't fucking there" and that the band did not see him more than once a week until they finished recording the vocals at his house.[42]

In 2022, Black Sabbath bassistGeezer Butlersaid of Rubin's production of the band's 2013 album13:"Some of it I liked, some of it I didn't like particularly. It was a weird experience, especially with being told to forget that you're a heavy metal band. That was the first thing [Rubin] said to us. He played us ourvery first album,and he said, 'Cast your mind back to then when there was no such thing as heavy metal or anything like that, and pretend it's the follow-up album to that,' which is a ridiculous thing to think. "[43][44]Butler also stated that vocalistOzzy Osbourneand guitaristTony Iommihad frustrations with Rubin's suggestions, and said: "I still don't know what [Rubin] did. It's, like, 'Yeah, that's good.' 'No, don't do that.' And you go, 'Why?' [And he'd say], 'Just don't do it.'"[43][44]

Loudness war

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Since at least 1999, listeners have criticized Rubin for contributing to a phenomenon in music known as theloudness war,in which thedynamic rangeof recorded music iscompressedand sometimesclippedin order to increase the general loudness. Albums Rubin produced that have been criticized for such treatment include:

  • Californicationby theRed Hot Chili Peppers(1999) – Tim Anderson ofThe Guardiancriticized its "excessive compression and distortion",[45]andStylus Magazinesaid it suffered from so much digital clipping that "even non-audiophileconsumers complained about it ".[46]
  • Death MagneticbyMetallica(2008)[47]– a remixed/remastered version of the entire album was released as downloadable content for the video gameGuitar Hero III: Legends of Rock.Songs that are used in rhythm games such asGuitar HeroandRock Bandare always remixed/remastered by the game studios, despite that this edition of the album was released for gameplay instead of casual listening, fans have said that the mix ofDeath Magneticfound on the game is preferred because it consequently is not subject to the same level of compression as the official commercially released record.[48][49][50]
  • 13byBlack Sabbath(2013) – Ben Ratliff ofThe New York Timessaid, "The new Black Sabbath album was produced by Rick Rubin, who some believe to be a prime offender in the recent history of highly compressed and loudly mastered music – a major cause of ear fatigue...13is mastered loudly, too... Your ears aren't given room to breathe. "[51]Jon Hadusek ofConsequence of Soundwrote, "Rubin... deserves disparagement for the way he mixed the audio levels, which are crushed by distortion and compression. Otherwise well-recorded songs are blemished, an affliction all too pervasive in the modern music industry".[52]

Personal life

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Rubin has practicedmeditationsince he was 14 years old.[53]

Rubin began dating former actress and model Mourielle Hurtado Herrera in 2010, and they were married at an unknown date.[54]They have a son born in 2017 and reside inMalibu, California.[55]

Rubin was aveganfor over 20 years, but later began eating meat again.[56]He is a fan ofprofessional wrestlingand held season tickets toWWEevents atMadison Square Gardenthroughout the 1970s and 1980s. He has cited wrestlersRoddy PiperandRic Flairas influences on his work, and has said thatvillainous wrestlerswere hugely influential in the development of theBeastie Boys' public image. He financially backed wrestling promoterJim Cornette's companySmoky Mountain Wrestlingfrom 1991 to 1995.[57]

Filmography

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Year Title Role Notes
1985 Krush Groove Himself
1987 "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)" Beastie Boysmusic video
1987 "Rhymin & Stealin"
1988 Tougher Than Leather Vic Ferrante Writer, director
1990 Men Don't Leave Craig
1991 Funky Monks Himself Documentary
2004 Fade to Black
2004 "99 Problems" Jay-Zmusic video
2005 "Twisted Transistor" Kornmusic video
2006 Dixie Chicks: Shut Up and Sing Documentary
2006 iTunes Originals – Red Hot Chili Peppers Virtual album
2007 Runnin' Down a Dream Documentary
2007 The Making of Minutes to Midnight
2010 The Meeting of a Thousand Suns
2012 Inside Living Things
2013 Sound City
2013 "Berzerk" Eminemmusic video
2013 Making13 Documentary
2014 Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways Documentary series
2016 I AmJohnny Cash Documentary
2017 Oh, Vita! Making an Album
2017 May It Last: A Portrait of the Avett Brothers
2017 "Seven Sticks of Dynamite"[58] Awolnationmusic video
2018 My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman 1 episode
2019 Shangri-La Documentary series
2021 McCartney 3,2,1
2021 Tom Petty, Somewhere You Feel Free Documentary[59]
2023 Circus Maximus| |

Discography

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Main article:Rick Rubin production discography

Published work

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  • Rick Rubin,The Creative Act: A Way of Being,Penguin Random House,432 pages,ISBN9780593652886,2023[60]

References

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  1. ^"'McCartney 3,2,1' First Trailer Arrives In Front Of Songwriter's Series Debut ".Deadline Hollywood.July 9, 2021.
  2. ^What's Up With That Bearded Guy From The '99 Problems' Video?ArchivedOctober 18, 2015, at theWayback Machine– MTV.com
  3. ^"The 2007 TIME 100".Time.RetrievedOctober 21,2022.
  4. ^"BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Rick Rubin, music producer".BBC.RetrievedOctober 23,2022.
  5. ^abHirschberg, Lynn."The Music Man"ArchivedMarch 18, 2017, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times Magazine,September 2, 2007.
  6. ^Winik, Marion (March 2, 2023)."Rick Rubin talks about 'The Creative Act,' growing up on LI".Newsday.RetrievedJuly 12,2023.
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  10. ^Rude BoysArchivedMarch 1, 2017, at theWayback Machine,Amos Barshad, New York magazine 2011 5, retr 2012 Oct
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  12. ^Hogan, Marc (March 5, 2013)."Ric Menello, Beastie Boys Video Director, Dies at 60".Spin Magazine.Archivedfrom the original on July 2, 2019.RetrievedMarch 17,2013.
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  17. ^Lincoln, Kevin."THE AGE OF RICK RUBIN: He Made Half The Records You've Ever Bought And Billions For The Music Industry".Business Insider.RetrievedMay 8,2022.
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  32. ^Jones, Lucy (August 1, 2013)."12 Reasons Why Rick Rubin's An Almighty Badass – NME".NME.Archivedfrom the original on June 12, 2018.RetrievedJune 19,2017.
  33. ^abThe 'Song Doctor' Is InArchivedDecember 28, 2017, at theWayback Machine– Washington Post
  34. ^Maines, Natalie (May 3, 2007)."The Time 100".Time.Archived fromthe originalon August 29, 2008.
  35. ^Why A Music Producer Holds The Key To Unlocking Growth At Your StartupArchivedDecember 28, 2017, at theWayback Machine– Forbes
  36. ^abc"Chris Moyles meets Muse".YouTube.Radio X.March 19, 2018.RetrievedApril 24,2023.
  37. ^Paul Stokes (February 11, 2010)."Muse thank Rick Rubin for teaching them 'how not to produce' at Music Producers Guild Awards".NME.RetrievedApril 24,2023.
  38. ^Helienne Lindvall (February 12, 2010)."Muse slate producer Rick Rubin at awards ceremony | Music".The Guardian.London. Archived fromthe originalon June 29, 2013.RetrievedFebruary 18,2014.
  39. ^Clarke, Patrick (January 10, 2019).""He just wasn't fucking there": Corey Taylor criticises working with Rick Rubin ahead of new Slipknot album sessions ".NME.Archivedfrom the original on November 28, 2020.RetrievedNovember 20,2020.
  40. ^"Corey Taylor on Rick Rubin: 'He Is Overrated, Overpaid, And I Will Never Work With Him Again'".Blabbermouth.net. November 22, 2011.Archivedfrom the original on November 26, 2021.RetrievedFebruary 18,2014.
  41. ^"Corey Taylor: I want to say sorry to Rick Rubin".November 18, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on July 11, 2021.RetrievedJuly 11,2021.
  42. ^""He just wasn't fucking there": Corey Taylor criticises working with Rick Rubin ahead of new Slipknot album sessions ".NME.January 10, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on November 28, 2020.RetrievedNovember 20,2020.
  43. ^ab"Black Sabbath's Geezer Butler Still Doesn't Know What Producer Rick Rubin Did On '13' Album".Blabbermouth.net.April 28, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 28,2023.
  44. ^abHadusek, Jon (April 29, 2022)."Geezer Butler on Working with Rick Rubin on Black Sabbath's 13:" I Still Don't Know What He Did "".Consequence.RetrievedSeptember 28,2023.
  45. ^Anderson, Tim (January 17, 2007)."How CDs are remastering the art of noise".The Guardian.London.Archivedfrom the original on May 20, 2007.RetrievedApril 20,2007.
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  47. ^"Was the Metallica album too loud for you?".The Guardian.September 17, 2008.Archivedfrom the original on November 16, 2019.RetrievedNovember 16,2019.
  48. ^Daniel Kreps (September 18, 2008)."Fans Complain After Death Magnetic Sounds Better on Guitar Hero Than CD | Music News".Rolling Stone.Archivedfrom the original on February 9, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 18,2014.
  49. ^"The WIRED Guide to Music in the Modern World | Underwire".Wired.March 28, 2013. Archived fromthe originalon February 12, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 18,2014.
  50. ^Sean Michaels (September 17, 2008)."Metallica album sounds better on Guitar Hero videogame | Music".The Guardian.London.Archivedfrom the original on October 30, 2013.RetrievedFebruary 18,2014.
  51. ^Ratliff, Ben (June 7, 2013)."Black Sabbath's New Album, '13'".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on June 13, 2013.RetrievedJune 13,2013.
  52. ^Hadusek, Jon (June 11, 2013)."Album Review: Black Sabbath – 13".Consequence of Sound.Archivedfrom the original on June 11, 2013.RetrievedJune 13,2013.
  53. ^"Rick Rubin on a Lifetime of Meditation and Music".Rolling Stone.February 28, 2014.
  54. ^"Joe Rogan Experience #1881".Spotify.October 12, 2022.
  55. ^Volner, Ian (April 18, 2017)."Music Producer Rick Rubin's Malibu Oasis".The Wall Street Journal.ISSN0099-9660.RetrievedFebruary 22,2022.
  56. ^"Rick Rubin: Legendary Music Producer | Lex Fridman Podcast #275".YouTube.April 10, 2022.
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  58. ^"Rick Rubin Stars in AWOLNATION's 'Seven Sticks of Dynamite' Video".Paper.December 6, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 21,2023.
  59. ^"Tom Petty Somewhere You Feel Free".IMDb.
  60. ^The Creative Act A WAY OF BEING By Rick RubinPenguin Random House
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