The examples and perspective in this articledeal primarily with the United States and do not represent aworldwide viewof the subject.(May 2022) |
Roadless area conservationis aconservationpolicy limitingroad constructionand the resultingenvironmental impacton designated areas ofpublic land.In the United States, roadless area conservation has centered onU.S. Forest Serviceareas known asinventoried roadless areas.The most significant effort to support the conservation of these efforts was the Forest Service 2001 Roadless Area Conservation Rule (Roadless Rule).
Concept
editAccess roads provide important access to emergency services, convenient access for industry as well as for a variety of recreational activities, such as sightseeing, fishing, hunting, andoff-roading.However, these activities can causeerosion,pollution,species loss,[1]and loss of aesthetic appeal. In addition, thebuilding of roadscan lead to further development of "splinter roads" that take off from them, and the encroachment of human settlement and development in sensitive areas.
In the United States, about 30%, of National Forest lands in 38 states andPuerto Ricoare roadless areas, making up 58.5 million acres (237,000 km2). These areas provide critical habitat for more than 1,600 threatened, endangered, or sensitive plant and animal species.[2]Roadless rules are also seen as a way to save taxpayers money. America's National Forests are currently covered with 386,000 miles (621,000 km) of roads, enough to encircle the earth 15 times. A $4.5-billion maintenance backlog exists on National Forest roads, according to the agency's own estimates.[3]
One example of roadless area conservation isAlaska'sDenali National Park,which is prized for its expansive roadless area. There is but one 90-mile (140 km) access road into the park; only official vehicles are permitted after 30 miles (48 km).[4]
Political conflict in the U.S.
editRoadless area conservation is not without criticism—especially fromminingandlumberindustry officials, as well as from politicians,libertarianandfederalistpolitical groups, andORVenthusiasts.
On January 12, 2001, after nearly three years of analysis, the U.S. Forest Service adopted the Roadless Area Conservation Rule to conserve 58.5 million acres (237,000 km2) of pristine National Forests and Grasslands from most logging and road construction.[5]When he entered office, the U.S. president at that time,George W. Bush,modified these regulations to allow a more autonomous approach, wherein state governments would be permitted to designate their own roadless areas.
On September 20, 2006,U.S. Magistrate JudgeElizabeth Laporte ruled against the Bush administration's plan to reverse the Clinton-era regulations, saying that the Bush plan "established a new regime in which management of roadless areas within the national forests would, for the first time, vary not just forest by forest but state by state. This new approach raises a substantial question about the rule's potential effect on the environment."[6]
On November 29, 2006, Judge Laporte issued an order to ban road construction on 327 oil and gas leases issued by the Bush administration since January 2001, most of them in Colorado, Utah, and North Dakota—areas that were already protected before the Bush administration's reversal of the 2001 law.[7]
On May 28, 2009, Secretary of AgricultureTom Vilsackissued a directive giving the secretary of agriculture final authority on most road development and timber activity in National Forests, for a period of one year.[8][9]
In 2011, a federal appeals court in Denver, Colorado, upheld the government's authority to prohibit Western states from building roads on public land. The unanimous ruling, issued by a three-judge panel, said a lower court had erred in finding for the State of Wyoming, the plaintiff in the case, and ordered that the rule be put into force nationally. Wyoming had argued that preventing road construction into or on national forests or other lands is a de facto wilderness designation, something that only Congress can do, and that the Forest Service had exceeded its own authority in trying to put the system into effect. "The Forest Service did not usurp Congressional authority because the roadless rule did not establish de facto wilderness," the court said in a decision written by Judge Jerome A. Holmes, who was nominated to the court by President George W. Bush.[10]
The roadless rule is the law of the land after surviving its final legal challenge on March 25, 2013, when the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia rejected the state of Alaska's challenge that, while aimed at theTongass National Forest,would have nullified the national rule. The Alaska case was the final litigation challenging the rule nationwide. The court held that no further challenges are allowed, because the statute of limitations has run out.
Trump's Forest Service removed most of the Tongass National Forest from roadless area designation in October 2020, allowing road construction and logging in more than 9.3 million acres of forest.[11]Clear-cut lands lose thecarbon sinkofold-growth forest,habitat for wildlife, and soil stability, causing landslides.[11]
In January 2023, the USDA and Forest Service under the Biden administration restored protections of the Tongass National Forest under the roadless rule. In a statement announcing the finalization of the restoration of environmental protections, the agency wrote: "The Forest Service received about 112,000 comment documents -- the vast majority of which were in favor of restoring roadless protections. The agency reviewed, analyzed and applied this input, alongside the input received during the October 2020 rulemaking, to inform USDA’s final decision. USDA also consulted with Southeast Alaska Tribal Nations."[12]
In literature
editA notableAmericanproponent of roadless wilderness areas was writerEdward Abbeyin his bookDesert Solitaire.In his essay "Industrial Tourism and the National Parks", Abbey describes road construction as "unnecessary or destructive development" and the loss of wilderness as a consequence of what he called "industrial tourism", where once-secludednaturalareas become popularized anddegraded.[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^BLM restricts off-road travel on southern Utah badlands
- ^National Forest Roadless Areas,The Wilderness Society (United States)
- ^USFS Budget Justification 2006
- ^Denali National Park and Preserve Denali Park Road Open to Mile 30nps.gov
- ^National Forest Roadless Areas
- ^Judge Axes Bush Reversal of Roadless Rule
- ^U.S. Court Bans Oil and Gas Roads on Roadless National Forests
- ^"Authority to Approve Road Construction and Timber Harvesting in Certain Lands Administered by the Forest Service"(PDF).United States Department of Agriculture.Retrieved2010-01-17.
- ^"AGRICULTURE SECRETARY VILSACK ANNOUNCES INTERIM DIRECTIVE COVERING ROADLESS AREAS IN NATIONAL FORESTS".United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-05-28.Retrieved2010-01-17.
- ^Johnson, Kirk (October 21, 2011)."Ruling Backs Forest Service in Limiting Roads in the Wild".New York Times.Retrieved22 October2011.
- ^abEilperin, Juliet."Trump to strip protections from Tongass National Forest, one of the biggest intact temperate rainforests".Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.Retrieved2020-10-28.
- ^"Biden-Harris Administration Finalizes Protections for Tongass National Forest".United States Department of Agriculture.Retrieved2023-01-25.
- ^POLEMIC: INDUSTRIAL TOURISM AND THE NATIONAL PARKS