Wikipedia

Roadrunner

This article is about the bird. For other uses, seeRoadrunner (disambiguation).

Theroadrunners(genusGeococcyx), also known aschaparral birdsorchaparral cocks,are two species of fast-running groundcuckooswith long tails and crests. They are found in thesouthwesternand south-central United States,MexicoandCentral America,[2][3]usually in the desert. Although capable of flight, roadrunners generally run away from predators. On the ground, some have been measured at 32 km/h (20 mph).

Roadrunner
Greater roadrunner
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Cuculiformes
Family: Cuculidae
Subfamily: Neomorphinae
Genus: Geococcyx
Wagler,1831
Type species
Geococcyx variegata[1]
Wagler, 1831
Species

G. californianus
G. velox

Species

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The subfamilyNeomorphinae,the New World ground cuckoos, includes 11 species of birds,[4]while the genusGeococcyxhas just two:[5]

GenusGeococcyx–Wagler,1831– two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Greater roadrunner

Geococcyx californianus
(Lesson, 1829) 		Mexicoand the southwestern and south-centralUnited States[6]
 Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		LC


Lesser roadrunner

Geococcyx velox
(Wagner, 1836) 		Mexico andCentral America[7]
 Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		LC


Morphology

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Three views of the same specimen

The roadrunner generally ranges in size from 56 to 61 cm (22 to 24 in) from tail tobeak.The average weight is about 230–430 g (8–15 oz).[8]The roadrunner is a large, slender, black-brown and white-streaked ground bird with a distinctive headcrest.It has long legs, strong feet, and an oversized darkbill.The tail is broad with white tips on the three outer tail feathers. The bird has a bare patch of skin behind each eye; this patch is shaded blue anterior to red posterior. The lesser roadrunner is slightly smaller, not as streaky, and has a smaller bill. Both the lesser roadrunner and the greater roadrunner leave behind very distinct "X" track marks appearing as if they are travelling in both directions.[9]

Roadrunners and other members of the cuckoo family havezygodactylfeet. The roadrunner can run at speeds of up to 32 km/h (20 mph)[10]and generally prefer sprinting to flying, though it will fly to escapepredators.[11]During flight, the short, rounded wings reveal a white crescent in theprimary feathers.

Vocalization

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Roadrunner beak clatter

The roadrunner has a slow and descending dove-like "coo". It also makes a rapid, vocalized clattering sound with its beak.[12]

Geographic range

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Roadrunners inhabit theSouthwestern United States,to parts of Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana, as well asMexicoandCentral America.They live inaridlowland or mountainousshrublandorwoodland.They are non-migratory, staying in their breeding area year-round.[13]The greater roadrunner is not currentlyconsidered threatenedin the US,but is habitat-limited.[14]

Food and foraging habits

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Greater roadrunnerwith a lizard

The roadrunner is an opportunisticomnivore.Its diet normally consists ofinsects(such asgrasshoppers,crickets,caterpillars,andbeetles), smallreptiles(such aslizardsandsnakes,includingrattlesnakes),[15]rodentsand other smallmammals,spiders(includingtarantulas),scorpions,centipedes,snails,small birds (andnestlings), eggs, and fruits and seeds like those fromprickly pear cactusesandsumacs.The lesser roadrunner eats mainly insects. The roadrunner forages on the ground and, when hunting, usually runs after prey from under cover. It may leap to catch insects, and commonly batters certain prey against the ground. The roadrunner is one of the few animals that preys upon rattlesnakes;[16]it is also the only real predator oftarantula hawk wasps.[13]

Behavior and breeding

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Greater roadrunners often become habituated to the presence of people.

The roadrunner usually lives alone or in pairs. Breeding pairs are monogamous and mate for life,[17]and pairs may hold a territory all year. During thecourtship display,the male bows, alternately lifting and dropping his wings and spreading his tail. He parades in front of the female with his head high and his tail and wings drooped, and may bring an offering of food. Thereproductive seasonis spring to mid-summer (depending on geographic location and species).[13]

The roadrunner'snestis often composed of sticks, and may sometimes contain leaves, feathers, snakeskins, or dung.[18]It is commonly placed 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 feet) above ground level[19]in a low tree, bush, orcactus.Roadrunnereggsare generally white. The greater roadrunner generally lays 2–6 eggs perclutch,but the lesser roadrunner's clutches are typically smaller. Hatching is asynchronous. Both sexes incubate the nest (with males incubating the nest at night) and feed the hatchlings. For the first one to two weeks after the young hatch, one parent remains at the nest. The young leave the nest at two to three weeks old, foraging with parents for a few days after.[13]

Thermoregulation

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Greater roadrunner warming itself in the sun, exposing the dark skin and feathers on its back

During the cold desert night, the roadrunner lowers its body temperature slightly, going into a slighttorporto conserve energy. To warm itself during the day, the roadrunner exposes dark patches of skin on its back to the sun.[13]

Indigenous lore

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TheHopiand otherPueblotribes believed roadrunners were medicine birds, capable of warding off evil spirits. The X-shaped footprints of roadrunners were seen as sacred symbols, believed to confuse evil spirits by concealing the bird's direction of travel. Stylized roadrunner tracks have been found in the rock art of ancestral Southwestern tribes like the Mogollon cultures. Roadrunner feathers were used to decorate Pueblo cradleboards for spiritual protection. Among Mexican Indian and American Indian tribes, such as thePima,seeing a roadrunner is considered good luck. While some Mexican tribes revered the roadrunner and never killed it, most used its meat as a folk remedy for illness or to boost stamina and strength.[20]

Central American Indigenous peoples have various beliefs about the roadrunner. TheCh’orti’,known to call it t’unk’u’x or mu’, have taboos against harming the bird.[21]TheCh'olMayabelieve roadrunners possess special powers, calling it ajkumtz’u’ due to its call, which is believed to induce tiredness in listeners.[22]

The word for roadrunner in theO'odham languageistaḏai,which is the name of a transit center inTucson, Arizona.[23][24]In the O'odham tradition, the roadrunner is also credited with bringing fire to the people.

In media

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The roadrunner is the state bird of New Mexico.[25]The roadrunner was made popular by theWarner Bros.cartoon charactersWile E. Coyote and the Road Runner,created in 1949, and the subject of a long-running series of theatrical cartoon shorts. In each episode, the cunning, insidious, and constantly hungry Wile E. Coyote repeatedly attempts to catch and subsequently eat the Road Runner, but is never successful. The cartoons led to a misconception that the call of the roadrunner is "meep, meep" because the roadrunner in this cartoon series made that sound instead of the aforementioned sound of a real roadrunner. In some shorts, the Road Runner makes a noise while sticking his tongue out at Wile E. Coyote, which resembles its actual call. The cartoons rely on a misconception that a roadrunner is much faster than a coyote. In fact, a coyote's fastest sprinting speed is 64 km/h (40 mph),[26]which is twice that of a roadrunner's at 32 km/h (20 mph).[10]

Citations

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  1. ^"Cuculidae".aviansystematics.org.The Trust for Avian Systematics.Retrieved2023-08-05.
  2. ^"roadrunner".The Free Dictionary.Farlex.Retrieved3 May2012.
  3. ^"roadrunner".Merriam Webster.Retrieved3 May2012.
  4. ^Myers, P. R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A."Neomorphinae (New World ground cuckoos)".Animal Diversity Web.University of Michigan.Retrieved2009-08-12.
  5. ^Avian Web."Roadrunners".Retrieved3 May2012.
  6. ^"Greater Roadrunners".Avian Web.Retrieved3 May2012.
  7. ^"Lesser Roadrunners".Avian Web.Retrieved3 May2012.
  8. ^"Roadrunner".Desert Animals.The Animal Spot.Retrieved3 May2012.
  9. ^Elbroch, M.; Marks, E.; Boretos, D.C. (2001).Bird Tracks & Sign: A Guide to North American Species.Stackpole Books.p. 160.ISBN978-0-8117-4253-5.Retrieved2019-09-04.
  10. ^abLockwood, Mark (January 2010).Basic Texas birds: a field guide.Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 168–169.ISBN978-0-292-71349-9.
  11. ^"Greater Roadrunner Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology".Online bird guide, bird ID help, life history, bird sounds from Cornell.Retrieved2019-09-02.
  12. ^"Bird Sounds".
  13. ^abcde"Roadrunners".Avian Web.Retrieved3 May2012.
  14. ^Famolaro, Pete."Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus)".California Partners in Flight Coastal Scrub and Chaparral Bird Conservation Plan.Point Blue. Archived fromthe originalon 5 November 2004.Retrieved21 Aug2015.No federal or state [management] status. No other special status. Unitt (1984) indicates that roadrunners are habitat limited and have experienced a reduction in numbers due to urbanization.
  15. ^ "roadrunner vs rattlesnake".YouTube.20 March 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-22.
  16. ^"The Roadrunner".Desert USA.Retrieved3 May2012.
  17. ^"With the exception of breeding pairs, roadrunners are solitary (Hughes 1996). Pairs mate for life (Terres 1980)."
  18. ^"Information on the Roadrunner | The Nature Conservancy".Nature.org. 2016-07-15.Retrieved2016-09-14.
  19. ^"Usually 1-3 meters above ground; infrequently higher than 3 meters (Hughes 1996)."
  20. ^"Native American Indian Roadrunner Legends, Meaning and Symbolism from the Myths of Many Tribes".www.native-languages.org.Retrieved2017-06-26.
  21. ^Hull, Kerry; Fergus, Rob (1 December 2017). "Birds as Seers: an Ethno-Ornithological Approach to Omens and Prognostication Among the Ch'Orti' Maya of Guatemala".Journal of Ethnobiology.37(4): 617.doi:10.2993/0278-0771-37.4.604.S2CID89743087.
  22. ^Hull, Kerry (2015-08-03)."Ethno-ornithological Perspectives on the Ch'ol Maya".Reitaku Review.17:42–92.Retrieved2019-09-02.
  23. ^"TOHONO 'O'ODHAM-ENGLISH DICTIONARY"(PDF).University at Buffalo.
  24. ^"Tohono Tadai Transit Center - Transit.Wiki".www.transit.wiki.29 June 2012.Retrieved2017-06-26.
  25. ^"State Bird | Maggie Toulouse Oliver - New Mexico Secretary of State".Retrieved2023-08-28.
  26. ^U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service."The Coyote".Big Bend National Park.Retrieved9 June2022.

General references

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  • Alsop, Fred J. III (2002).Birds of North America(1st American ed.). New York: DK.ISBN0-7894-8001-8.
  • del Hoyo, Josep; Baptista, Luis, eds. (1997).Sandgrouse to cuckoos.Barcelona: Lynx Ed.ISBN84-87334-22-9.
  • Harrison, George (2005). "Comical Cuckoo".Birder's World.19:56–58.
  • Hutchins, Michael, ed. (2003).Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia(2nd ed.). Detroit: Gale.ISBN0-7876-5785-9.
  • Meinzer, Wyman (1993). "Beep! Beep! Better pull over, folks – it's the roadrunner".Smithsonian.23:58.
  • Perrins, Christopher M., ed. (1990).The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds: The Definitive Reference to Birds of The World(1st Prentice Hall Press ed.). New York: Prentice Hall Editions.ISBN0-13-083635-4.
  • National Geographic Society (2002).Field Guide to the Birds of North America(4th ed.). Washington D.C.: National Geographic. p. 244.ISBN0792268776.
  • Wetmore, Alexander; Kellog, Peter Paul (1965).Water, Prey, and Game Birds of North America.Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society.

Further reading

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