Wikipedia

Robinhood Markets

Robinhood Markets, Inc.is an American financial services company headquartered inMenlo Park, California.The company provides anelectronic trading platformaccessible viamobile appthat facilitatescommission-free trades ofstocks,exchange-traded fundsandcryptocurrency,as well ascryptocurrency wallets,credit cardsand other banking services.[1]The company's revenue comes from transaction-based revenues (includingpayment for order flowand markups on cryptocurrency; 50% of Q3 2024 revenues), net interest income (primarily frommarginlending, interest earned on customers' cash balances, and credit cards; 43% of Q3 2024 revenues), andsubscription fees(7% of Q3 2024 revenues).[2][1]The company has 24.3 million funded customers, 11.0 million monthly active users, and $152 billion in assets under custody.[2]

Robinhood Markets, Inc.
Company typePublic
IndustryFinancial services
FoundedApril 18, 2013;11 years ago(2013-04-18)
Founders
Headquarters
Menlo Park, California
,
U.S.
Area served
  • United States
  • United Kingdom
Key people
Vladimir Tenev(CEO)
Services
RevenueIncreaseUS$1.865 billion(2023)
Negative increaseUS$−536 million(2023)
Negative increaseUS$−541 million(2023)
Total assetsIncreaseUS$32.33 billion(2023)
Total equityDecreaseUS$6.696 billion(2023)
Owners
Number of employees
c. 2,200(2023)
Websiterobinhood.com
sherwood.news
Footnotes / references
[1]
Co-founder of RobinhoodVladimir Tenevspeaks onstage duringTechCrunch DisruptNY 2016 at Brooklyn Cruise Terminal on May 10, 2016, in New York City.
Robinhood co-founderBaiju Bhatt(left) and moderator Josh Constine (right) speak onstage during Day 2 ofTechCrunch DisruptSF 2018 at theMoscone Centeron September 6, 2018, inSan Francisco, California.

The company is named afterRobin Hood,based on its mission to "provide everyone with access to the financial markets, not just the wealthy", with no commissions or minimum account balances.[3][4]The company has been referred to as an innovator in zero-commission stock trading, as it relies on other sources of revenues.[5]Robinhood has targetedmillennialsas customers; in 2022, the average age of its customers was 32.[6]

History

Robinhood was founded in April 2013 byVladimir TenevandBaiju Bhatt,who had previously builthigh-frequency tradingplatforms for financial institutions in New York City.[4]They aimed to design amobile appthat was free, easy to use, and addictive.[3][7]

The founders presented the mobile app atLA Hacksin April 2014 and launched abeta releaselater that year. The mobile app was launched officially in March 2015.[3][8][9]

In February 2018, the company announced that it would be moving its headquarters fromPalo Altoto the former headquarters ofSunsetmagazine inMenlo Park.[10]

In the second quarter of 2020, during the2020 stock market crash,compared to the first quarter of 2020, trading volumes increased 139%, more than any other major brokerage.[7]

In March 2024, Robinhood launched service in the United Kingdom.[11][12][13]

Acquisitions

In August 2021, Robinhood acquired Say Technologies, which helps shareholders vote proxies and ask questions of management, for $140 million.[14]

In December 2021, Robinhood acquired Cove Markets, a developer of cryptocurrency trading platforms.[15]

In June 2023, Robinhood acquired X1, a credit card issuance startup that offers a no-fee, income-based credit card with rewards, for $95 million, which was rebranded as Robinhood Card.[16][17]

In December 2023, Robinhood acquired Chartr, a publisher of a daily financial newsletter.[18]

In March 2024, Robinhood acquired Marex FCM, a US futures executing broker, with the goal of offering trading infutures contracts.[19]

Layoffs history

In April 2022, Robinhood cut its workforce by 9%.[20]In August that year, the company announced additional layoffs of 23% of its workforce, mostly in operations, marketing and program management.[21][22]

In June 2023, Robinhood announced layoffs of 150 employees or about 7% of its staff.[23][24]

Financing history

In September 2014, Robinhood raised $13 million, bringing its total equity financing to $16 million. Investors includedIndex Ventures,Ribbit Capital,Howard Lindzon,Aaron Levie,Dave Morin,Jared Leto,Snoop Dogg,andNas.[25][26]

In May 2015, the company raised $50 million in a Series B round led byNew Enterprise Associates.[27][28][29][30]

In April 2017, Robinhood raised $110 million in a Series C round at a $1.3 billion valuation, bringing its total funding raised to $176 million. Investors includedYuri MilnerofDST Global,Greenoaks Capital, andThrive Capital.[31][32][33]

In May 2018, Robinhood closed a $363 million Series D financing round led byDST Global,bringing its total equity funding to $539 million.[34][35]

In July 2019, Robinhood raised $323 million in a Series E venture funding round led byDST Global.[36]

In May 2020, Robinhood raised $280 million in a Series F venture funding round led bySequoia Capitalat a pre-money valuation of $8.3 billion.[37][38][39]

In August 2020, the company announced a $200 million Series G funding round from a new investor,D1 Capital Partners.[40][41][42][43]

The company became apublic companyvia aninitial public offeringon theNasdaqon July 29, 2021.[44][45][46]

In November 2022, as part of thebankruptcy of FTX,the U.S. government seized the 7.6% stake in Robinhood owned byAlameda Research,which were used as partial collateral for a transfer of at least $4 billion fromFTX.The shares were sold back to Robinhood for $605 million, or $10.96 per share.[47][48][49]

Products

Stock and ETF trading

Robinhood's first product wascommission-free trades ofstocksandexchange-traded funds.

The company added functionality including instant deposits in February 2016,[50][51]margintrading and market analytics via asubscription business modelcalled Robinhood Gold in September 2016,[52]optionstrading in December 2017,[53][54]trading inamerican depositary receiptsin August 2018,[55]support for purchasing fractional shares anddividend reinvestment plansin December 2019,[56][57]systematic investment plansin May 2020,[58]access toinitial public offering(IPO) shares in May 2021,[59]extended-hours tradingin March 2022,[60]securities lendingin May 2022,[61]andindividual retirement accountsin January 2023.[62][63][64][65]

Cryptocurrency trading

In February 2018, after amassing a waitlist of over 2 million customers, Robinhood launched commission-freecryptocurrencytrading ofbitcoinandEthereumin several states; availability was expanded later that year. By 2021, cryptocurrency trading was available in every U.S. state except Hawaii and Nevada.[66][67][68][69]

By 2021, the company added trading forBitcoin Cash,Dogecoin,Ethereum Classic,andLitecoin.[70]In September 2021, automatic recurring investments in cryptocurrency was introduced.[71][72]

In April 2022, after amassing a waitlist of over 2 million customers, Robinhood issuedcryptocurrency walletsto those on the waitlist, and added trading forShiba Inu,Solana,Compound,Chainlinkand Polygon.[73][74]

Also in April 2022, the company announced integration of bitcoin'sLightning Networkto enable faster transactions involving the cryptocurrency.[75]

In April 2023, Robinhood launched Robinhood Connect, allowing users to trade cryptocurrency using other cryptocurrency wallets.[76]

In June 2023, Robinhood delisted Solana, Cardano and Polygon after theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commissiondetermined that they are unregistered securities and subject to additional regulations.[77][78]

In December 2023, Robinhood expanded its cryptocurrency trading to theEuropean Union.[79][80][81][82]

Robinhood received aWells noticefrom theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commissionin May 2024 alleging that the company had violated securities laws over crypto tokens traded on its platform; Robinhood countered that cryptocurrencies are not securities and are not covered by securities laws.[83]

In September 2024, Robinhood paid $3.9 million to settle claims by the State of California that customers could not make timely withdrawals of cryptocurrency in their accounts from 2018 to 2022.[84][85]

Banking

In December 2018, Robinhood launched a waitlist to sign up for newtransaction accountsandsavings accounts,includingdebit cards,with market-leading interest rates, which it claimed would be insured by theSecurities Investor Protection Corporation(SIPC). However, after the SIPC said that it had not been contacted by Robinhood and that the accounts would not be insured, the company was forced to suspend sign-ups for the new accounts.[86][87][88]

The accounts were finally launched with insurance from theFederal Deposit Insurance Corporationin December 2019.[89][90]In March 2022, Robinhood launched the Robinhood Cash Card, a debit card that allows users to round up purchases and automatically invest the additional amount in stocks and cryptocurrency.[91]

Sherwood News

In April 2024, Robinhood launched its "Sherwood News" website and a rebrand of its financial newsletter Snacks, with the goal to be a revenue-driving business.[92]

Controversies

Payment for order flow and order execution

Robinhood receives a significant portion of its revenue frompayment for order flowand relies on this source of revenue more than its rivals. This has been criticized as a "backdoor commission" orkickback.It has also been criticized for undisclosed markups on cryptocurrency transactions.[93][1]

The company has been criticized for routing orders tomarket makersthat pay the most instead of those that offer the best order execution. TheFinancial Industry Regulatory Authorityfined Robinhood $1.25 million in December 2019 for failing to ensure that its customers received the best price for orders, instead routing orders based on payments that it receives from market makers.[94][95]

In December 2020, Robinhood was sued in aclass actionlawsuit for failing to disclose to customers that it received payment for order flow.[96]

That month, the company paid $65 million to settle accusations by theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commissionthat it failed to disclose these kickbacks, that Robinhood customers' orders were executed at prices that were inferior to other brokers' prices, and that Robinhood made false and misleading statements to the contrary.[97][98]

Lack of product availability

The company does not offer trading inmutual fundsand bonds.[93]

Robinhood has prohibited its users from purchasing some high-riskpenny stocks,such as banning purchases ofHelios and Matheson Analytics,the owner ofMoviePass,in August 2018.[99]

The company also has significant restrictions for trading in options on their expiration dates.[100]

Access to only low-quality IPOs

Robinhood began offering its clients access toinitial public offering(IPO) shares in May 2021.[59]However, by November 2022, all 23 of the IPOs which Robinhood customers had access to had declined by over 10%.[101]

Security breaches (2019-2021)

In July 2019, Robinhood admitted to storing some customer passwords in an unencrypted cleartext format.[102]

In October 2020, Robinhood found that almost 2,000 Robinhood accounts were compromised and that the hackers had siphoned off customer funds.[103]

In November 2021, avoice phishingscheme on a Robinhood employee resulted in about 5 million customers having their email addresses stolen, 2 million customers' having their full names disclosed and three hundred customers having their dates of birth disclosed.[104]It is believed that Conor Brian Fitzpatrick, owner ofBreachForums,who was responsible for the2021 FBI email hackand was arrested in March 2023, was responsible for the breach.[105][106]

Infinite leverage glitch (November 2019)

In November 2019, a user on ther/WallStreetBetssubredditshared a glitch that allowed Robinhood Gold users to borrow unlimited funds via sellingcovered callswhere the shares had been bought usingleverage,and thepremiumfrom the call was used to access additional leverage to buy more shares in order to sell more calls and so on. The loophole was closed shortly thereafter and the accounts that exploited it were suspended; however, by then some accounts recorded six figure losses by using what WallStreetBets users dubbed the "infinite money cheat code."[107][108][109]

Mobile app outages (March 2020)

On Monday, March 2, 2020, during theCOVID-19 pandemic,likely due to high trading volumes, Robinhood suffered a systemwide, all-day outage that prevented users from accessing the mobile app during the largest daily point gain of theDow Jones Industrial Averagesince 2009 and a day when theS&P 500climbed more than 4.6%.[110][111][112]Robinhood offered compensation on a case-by-case basis.[113]Robinhood experienced another major systemwide outage on March 9.[114]In late June 2021, Robinhood was fined $57 million by theFinancial Industry Regulatory Authority(FINRA) and was ordered to pay $13 million in restitution to clients affected by outages and misleading communications in March 2020 in the largest penalty ever issued by the agency.[115]In March 2023, the company agreed to pay $10 million to settleclass actionlawsuits regarding trading losses due to the outages.[116][117][118]

Suicide of Alexander E. Kearns (June 2020)

"Alex Kearns" redirects here. For the photographer, seeAlex Cearns.

In June 2020, 20-year oldUniversity of Nebraskastudent Alexander E. Kearns committed suicide after seeing a negative cash balance ofUS$730,000(equivalent to $859,442 in 2023) in his Robinhood margin trading account after the expiration, exercize, and assignment of options positions, likely abull spread.It was later discovered that this balance was not complete as it did not reflect settlement of an offsetting position.[119]In his suicide note, Kearns accused Robinhood of allowing him to take too much risk.[120]The company also was criticized for not responding timely to inquiries by Kearns about the negative balance. Robinhood revamped its options offering, including offering additional guidance and requiring additional criteria and education for customers seeking authorization to trade options.[121][122][123][124]Kearns' family filed and later settled a wrongful death lawsuit with the company.[125]

Violation of anti-money laundering rules (August 2022)

In August 2022, Robinhood's cryptocurrency division was fined $30 million by theNew York State Department of Financial Servicesfor allegedly violating anti-money-laundering and cybersecurity regulations, in the department's first cryptocurrency-related enforcement action.[126]

Bankruptcy tag added to AMC stock ticker (May 2023)

On May 1, 2023, Robinhood added a bankruptcy tag toAMC Theatresstock for three minutes.[127]AMC chairman and CEOAdam Aronsaid he was considering suing Robinhood for its "incomprehensible incompetence".[128]

Gamification accusations (December 2020)

On December 16, 2020, the Securities Division of theMassachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealthfiled an administrative complaint alleging violation of state securities laws by "marketing itself to Massachusetts investors without regard for the best interests of its customers and failing to maintain the infrastructures and procedures necessary to meet the demands of its rapidly growing customer base" and that Robinhood exploits novice investors withgamification.[129][130]In March 2022, in a win for Robinhood, the Suffolk County Superior Court declared that the new fiduciary duty rule underlying parts of the case was invalid.[131]In February 2024, the company paid $7.5 million and agreed to overhaul its digital engagement practices to settle the remaining claims.[132]

GameStop short squeeze and possible insolvency (January 2021)

Main article:GameStop short squeeze

On January 28, 2021, several stockbrokers, including Robinhood, restricted the trading of certain stocks, most notablyGameStop,to meet collateral requirements at itsclearing house,theNational Securities Clearing Corporation,following an effort by users of ther/wallstreetbetssubreddit to drive up share prices.[133][134][135]Robinhood faced an increase in its collateral requirement from $700 million to $3.7 billion, later reduced to $1.4 billion, and the inability to meet this requirement may have resulted in insolvency in a matter similar to thebankruptcy of Lehman Brothers.Robinhood was able to quickly raise funds to meet the reduced requirements.[136][137]The company began once again allowing trading in the affected stocks on January 29.[138]

The decision to halt trading was criticized by customers[139][140]as well as politicians includingTed CruzandAlexandria Ocasio-Cortez.[141][142][143]TheHouse Committee on Financial Servicesquestioned Robinhood CEOVladimir Tenevduring a hearing on February 18, 2021.[144]

Following the controversy, the Robinhood mobile app wasreview bombedon theGoogle Playapp store.[145]Google deleted at least 100,000 such reviews, calling them "coordinated or inorganic".[146][147]However, after additional negative reviews on the app that resulted in a 1.1-star rating, Google confirmed that the new reviews do not violate Google policies and will not be removed.[148]

Protests were held outside Robinhood headquarters inMenlo Park, California,at theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commissionheadquarters inWashington, D.C.,and theNew York Stock Exchange.[149]

On January 28, 2021, aclass-actionlawsuit against Robinhood was filed in theSouthern District of New Yorkallegingmarket manipulationand collusion withmarket makerCitadel Securitiesto deprive investors of the ability to invest in the open market in violation of Section 1 of theSherman Antitrust Act,which prohibits agreements in restraint of trade.[150][151]The case was dismissed by the Miami federal court in November 2021 on the grounds that the plaintiffs fell short of providing direct evidence of an antitrust conspiracy and that itsterms of serviceallowed the company to prohibit trading by customers.[152]In 2024, an appeals court affirmed the dismissal of the case.[153]

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  • Official website
  • Business data for Robinhood Markets, Inc.:
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