Wikipedia

Rosacea

For other uses, seeRosacea (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withPityriasis roseaorRoseola.

Rosaceais along-termskin conditionthat typically affects the face.[2][3]It results inredness,pimples,swelling,andsmall and superficial dilated blood vessels.[2]Often, the nose, cheeks, forehead, and chin are most involved.[3]A red, enlarged nose may occur in severe disease, a condition known asrhinophyma.[3]

Rosacea
Other namesAcne rosacea
Rosacea over the cheeks and nose[1]
Pronunciation
SpecialtyDermatology
SymptomsFacialredness,swelling,andsmall and superficial dilated blood vessels[2][3]
ComplicationsRhinophyma[3]
Usual onset30–50 years old[2]
DurationLong term[2]
TypesErythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous,ocular[2]
CausesUnknown[2]
Risk factorsFamily history[3]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms[2]
Differential diagnosisAcne,perioral dermatitis,seborrhoeic dermatitis,dermatomyositis,lupus[2]
MedicationAntibioticseither by mouth or applied to the skin[3]
Frequency~5%[2]

The cause of rosacea is unknown.[2]Risk factors are believed to include a family history of the condition.[3]Factors that may potentially worsen the condition include heat, exercise, sunlight, cold, spicy food, alcohol,menopause,psychological stress,orsteroid creamon the face.[3]Diagnosis is based on symptoms.[2]

While not curable, treatment usually improves symptoms.[3]Treatment is typically withmetronidazole,doxycycline,minocycline,ortetracycline.[4]When the eyes are affected,azithromycineye drops may help.[5]Other treatments with tentative benefit includebrimonidinecream,ivermectincream, andisotretinoin.[4]Dermabrasionorlaser surgerymay also be used.[3]The use ofsunscreenis typically recommended.[3]

Rosacea affects between 1% and 10% of people.[2]Those affected are most often 30 to 50 years old and female.[2]Fair-skinned people seem to be more commonly affected.[6]The condition was described inThe Canterbury Talesin the 1300s, and possibly as early as the 200s BC byTheocritus.[7][8]

Signs and symptoms

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Commonly affected zones[9]

Rosacea typically begins withreddening (flushing)of the skin in symmetrical patches near the center of the face.[10]Common signs can depend on age and sex:flushingandred swollen patchesare common in the young,small and visible dilated blood vesselsin older individuals, andswelling of the noseis common in men.[10]Other signs include lumps on the skin (papulesorpustules) andswellingof the face.[10]Many people experience stinging or burning pain and rarely itching.[10]

Skin problems tend to be aggravated by particular trigger factors, that differ for different people. Common triggers areultravioletlight, heat, cold, or certain foods or beverages.[10]

Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea

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Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea[11](also known as "vascular rosacea"[11]) is characterized by prominent history of prolonged (over 10 minutes)flushingreaction to variousstimuli,such asemotional stress,hot drinks, alcohol, spicy foods,exercise,cold or hot weather, or hotbathsandshowers.[12]

Glandular rosacea

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In glandular rosacea, men with thick sebaceous skin predominate, a disease in which the papules areedematous,and the pustules are often 0.5 to 1.0 cm in size, with nodulocystic lesions often present.[12]

Cause

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Topical steroid-induced rosacea(left);after steroid withdrawal and photobiomodulation therapy(right)

The exact cause of rosacea is unknown.[2]Triggers that cause episodes of flushing and blushing play a part in its development. Exposure to temperature extremes, strenuous exercise, heat from sunlight, severesunburn,stress, anxiety, cold wind, and moving to a warm or hot environment from a cold one, such as heated shops and offices during the winter, can each cause the face to become flushed.[2]Certain foods and drinks can also trigger flushing, such as alcohol, foods and beverages containingcaffeine(especially hot tea and coffee), foods high inhistamines,andspicy foods.[13]

Medications and topical irritants have also been known to trigger rosacea flares. Someacneand wrinkle treatments reported to cause rosacea includemicrodermabrasionandchemical peels,as well as high dosages ofisotretinoin,benzoyl peroxide,andtretinoin.

Steroid-induced rosacea is caused by the use of topicalsteroids.[14]These steroids are often prescribed forseborrheic dermatitis.Dosage should be slowly decreased and not immediately stopped to avoid a flare-up.

Cathelicidins

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In 2007,Richard Galloand colleagues noticed that patients with rosacea had high levels ofcathelicidin,anantimicrobial peptide,[15]and elevated levels ofstratum corneumtrypticenzymes(SCTEs).Antibioticshave been used in the past to treat rosacea, but they may only work because they inhibit some SCTEs.[15]

Demodex folliculitis andDemodexmites

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Studies of rosacea andDemodexmites have revealed that some people with rosacea have increased numbers of the mite,[13]especially those with steroid-induced rosacea.Demodex folliculitis(demodicidosis, also known as "mange" in animals) is a condition that may have a "rosacea-like" appearance.[16]

A 2007,National Rosacea Society-funded study demonstrated thatDemodex folliculorummites may be a cause or exacerbating factor in rosacea.[17]The researchers identifiedBacillus oleroniusas a distinct bacterium associated withDemodexmites. When analyzing blood samples using a peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation assay, they discovered thatB. oleroniusstimulated an immune system response in 79 percent of 22 patients with subtype 2 (papulopustular) rosacea, compared with only 29% of 17 subjects without the disorder. They concluded, "The immune response results in inflammation, as evident in the papules (bumps) andpustules(pimples) of subtype 2 rosacea. This suggests that theB. oleroniusbacteria found in the mites could be responsible for the inflammation associated with the condition. "[17]

Intestinal bacteria

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Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth(SIBO) was demonstrated to have greater prevalence in rosacea patients and treating it with locally acting antibiotics led to rosacea lesion improvement in two studies. Conversely in rosacea patients who were SIBO negative, antibiotic therapy had no effect.[18]The effectiveness of treating SIBO in rosacea patients may suggest that gut bacteria play a role in the pathogenesis of rosacea lesions.

Diagnosis

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Most people with rosacea have only mild redness and are never formally diagnosed or treated. No test for rosacea is known. In many cases, simple visual inspection by a trained health-care professional is sufficient for diagnosis. In other cases, particularly when pimples or redness on less-common parts of the face is present, a trial of common treatments is useful for confirming a suspected diagnosis. The disorder can be confused or co-exist withacne vulgarisorseborrheic dermatitis.The presence of a rash on the scalp or ears suggests a different or co-existing diagnosis because rosacea is primarily a facial diagnosis, although it may occasionally appear in these other areas.

Classification

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Rosacea on the face
Micrographshowing rosacea as enlarged, dilated capillaries and venules located in the upper dermis, angulated telangiectasias, perivascular and perifollicular lymphocytic infiltration, and superficial dermal edema[19]

Four rosacea subtypes exist,[20]and a patient may have more than one subtype:[21]: 176 

  1. Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea exhibits permanent redness (erythema) with a tendency to flush andblusheasily.[13]Also small, widened blood vessels visible near the surface of the skin (telangiectasias) and possibly intense burning, stinging, and itching are common.[13]People with this type often have sensitive skin. Skin can also become very dry and flaky. In addition to the face, signs can also appear on the ears, neck, chest, upper back, and scalp.[22]
  2. Papulopustular rosacea presents with some permanent redness with red bumps (papules); some pus-filled pustules can last 1–4 days or longer. This subtype is often confused with acne.
  3. Phymatous rosacea is most commonly associated withrhinophyma,an enlargement of the nose. Signs include thickening skin, irregular surface nodularities, and enlargement. Phymatous rosacea can also affect the chin (gnathophyma), forehead (metophyma), cheeks, eyelids (blepharophyma), and ears (otophyma).[23]Telangiectasias may be present.
  4. Inocular rosacea,affected eyes and eyelids may appear red due totelangiectasiasand inflammation, and may feel dry, irritated, or gritty. Other symptoms include foreign-body sensations, itching, burning, stinging, andsensitivity to light.[24]Eyes can become more susceptible to infection. About half of the people with subtypes 1–3 also have eye symptoms.Keratitisis a rare complication which is characterized by blurry vision and vision loss as thecorneais affected.[24][25]

Variants

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Variants of rosacea include:[26]: 689 

  • Pyoderma faciale, also known as rosacea fulminans,[26]is a conglobate, nodular disease that arises abruptly on the face.[11][26]
  • Rosacea conglobata is a severe rosacea that can mimicacne conglobata,with hemorrhagic nodular abscesses and indurated plaques.[26]
  • Phymatous rosacea is acutaneous conditioncharacterized by overgrowth ofsebaceous glands.[11]PhymaisGreekfor swelling, mass, or bulb, and these can occur on the face and ears.[26]: 693 

Treatment

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The type of rosacea that a person has will indicate the choice of treatment.[27]Mild cases are often not treated at all, or are simply covered up withnormal cosmetics.

Therapy for the treatment of rosacea is not curative, and is best measured in terms of reduction in the amount of facial redness and inflammatory lesions, a decrease in the number, duration, and intensity of flares, and concomitant symptoms of itching, burning, and tenderness. The two primary modalities of rosacea treatment are topical and oral antibiotic agents.[28]Laser therapy has also been classified as a form of treatment.[28]While medications often produce a temporary remission of redness within a few weeks, the redness typically returns shortly after treatment is suspended. Long-term treatment, usually 1–2 years, may result in permanent control of the condition for some patients.[28][29]Lifelong treatment is often necessary, although some cases resolve after a while and go into a permanent remission.[29]Other cases, if left untreated, worsen over time.[30]Some people have also reported better results after changing diet. This is not confirmed by medical studies, even though some studies relate the histamine production to outbreak of rosacea.[31]

Behavior

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Certain behavioral changes may improve the symptoms of rosacea or help to prevent exacerbations. Keeping a symptoms diary to document potential symptom triggers and avoiding those triggers is recommended.[25]Common exacerbating triggers include ultraviolet light and irritant cosmetics, therefore it is recommended that those with rosacea wearsunscreen(with a sun factor protection (SPF) of 30 or greater) and avoid cosmetics.[25]If using cosmetics or makeup is desired, then oil free foundation and concealer should be used.[25]Skin astringents, products that can dry the skin and impair the skin barrier, including products with alcohol, menthol, peppermint, camphor, or eucalyptus oil, should generally be avoided. People should avoid using exfoliating skin scrubs, cosmetics or soaps containingsodium laureth sulfate,or waterproof makeup to the affected area as these products can compromise the skin barrier protection and be difficult to remove.[25]Using soap-free cleansers and non-oily moisturizers are preferred if used on the affected area. Many skin care products have been specifically formulated for those with sensitive skin or for those with conditions such as rosacea.[25]Ocular rosacea may be treated with daily gentle eyelid washing using warm water, and artificial tears to lubricate the eye.[25]

Managing pre-trigger events such as prolonged exposure to cool environments can directly influence warm-room flushing.[32]

Medications

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Medications with good evidence include topicalmetronidazole,[33]ivermectinandazelaic acid.[34]Good evidence medications taken by mouth includebrimonidine,anddoxycyclineandisotretinoin.[34]Lesser evidence supportstetracyclineby mouth.[34]Isotretinoin and tetracycline antibiotics, which may be used in more severe cases of inflammatory rosacea, are absolutely contraindicated in women who are pregnant, may become pregnant or lactating as they are highlyteratogenic(associated with birth defects). Contraception is required for women of child-bearing age who are using these medications.[25]

Metronidazole is thought to act through anti-inflammatory mechanisms, while azelaic acid is thought to decrease cathelicidin production. Oral antibiotics of thetetracyclineclass such as doxycycline, minocycline, andoxytetracyclineare also commonly used and thought to reduce papulopustular lesions through anti-inflammatory actions rather than through their antibacterial capabilities.[13]

Topical minocycline applied as a foam is a newer treatment option for rosacea that the FDA has approved. Minocycline shows a targeted approach for managing inflammatory lesions of rosacea while minimizing systemic side effects commonly associated with oral antibiotic use. It is available in foam formulation and is applied to the affected areas once daily. Minocycline belongs to the tetracycline family of antibiotics and exhibits antimicrobial properties and anti-inflammatory activity, similar to other members of this class, such as doxycycline. Topical minocycline reduces inflammatory lesions associated with rosacea; however, rare adverse events such as folliculitis have been reported.[33]

Topical metronidazole is a commonly used treatment for rosacea; it is available in various formulations such as creams, gels, or lotions and applied to clean, dry skin once or twice daily. Topical metronidazole has been shown to effectively reduce inflammatory lesions and perilesional erythema associated with rosacea by inhibiting both microbial growth and pro-inflammatory mediators generated by neutrophils. Benefits of topical metronidazole include its effectiveness in reducing symptoms, extensive clinical experience supporting its use, and generally good tolerability with minimal systemic side effects; still, some patients may experience mild local irritation upon initial use, and it may have limited impact on persistent facial redness (erythema).[33]

Topical azelaic acid is available in gel or cream formulations; it exerts its effects by reducing inflammation through its activity on the cathelicidin pathway, which is upregulated in rosacea-affected skin; it also reduces inflammatory lesions and improves overall symptoms of rosacea; it has been well-studied and shown to be effective in clinical trials; still, some patients may experience mild local irritation during the first few weeks of use.[33]

Usingalpha-hydroxy acidpeels may help relieve redness caused by irritation, and reduce papules and pustules associated with rosacea.[35]

OralBeta-blockersare often used for those with flushing due to rosacea. These includenadolol,propranololorcarvedilol.The possible adverse reactions of the oral beta-blockers includelow blood pressure,low heart rateor dizziness.[25]The oralα-2 adrenergic receptor agonistclonidinecan also be used for flushing symptoms.[25]The flushing and blushing that typically accompany rosacea may also be treated with the topical application ofalpha agonistssuch as brimonidine which has vasoconstrictor activity and achieves maximal symptom improvement 3–6 hours after application, other topicals used for flushing or erythema includeoxymetazolineorxylometazoline.[13]

Topical ivermectin is a treatment option for rosacea that targets Demodex mites, which are associated with inflammation in the skin of patients with rosacea; the cream is applied once daily to clean, dry skin. Topical ivermectin has been shown to reduce Demodex mite density and improve cutaneous inflammatory markers in clinical studies; overall, it decreases Demodex mite density and improves the symptoms of inflammation associated with rosacea; however, some patients may experience transient burning or itching upon application. Topical ivermectin offers a targeted approach for managing rosacea by addressing the role of Demodex mites in the disease process.[33]A review found that ivermectin was more effective than alternatives for treatment of papulopustular acne rosacea.[36][37]An ivermectin cream has been approved by theFDA,as well as in Europe, for the treatment of inflammatorylesionsof rosacea. The treatment is based upon the hypothesis that parasitic mites of the genusDemodexplay a role in rosacea.[38]In a clinical study, ivermectin reduced lesions by 83% over 4 months, as compared to 74% under ametronidazolestandard therapy.[39]Quassia amara extract at 4% demonstrated to have clinical efficacy for rosacea.[40]When compared to metronidazole 0.75% as usual care in a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial, Quassia amara extract at 4% demonstrated earlier onset of action, including improvement in telangiectasia, flushing, and papules. Quassia amara showed a sustained reduction of symptoms at 42 days of treatment.[41]

Cyclosporineye drops have been shown to reduce symptoms in those with ocular rosacea. Cyclosporin should not be used in those with an active ocular infection.[25]Other options include topical metronidazole cream or topicalfusidic acidapplied to the eyelids, or oral doxycycline in more severe cases of ocular rosacea. If papules and pustules persist, then sometimes isotretinoin can be prescribed.[42]

Systemic doxycycline modified-release capsules are commonly used for the treatment of rosacea. The capsules are taken orally once daily, usually in a low dose, to achieve anti-inflammatory effects. Doxycycline acts by inhibiting inflammation and reducing the production of reactive oxygen species associated with rosacea symptoms. The benefits of systemic doxycycline include its effectiveness in reducing inflammatory lesions, improving erythema, and controlling symptoms related to ocular involvement in rosacea patients; it is also well-tolerated at lower doses compared to traditional higher-dose regimens used for other indications. However, potential cons include gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea or abdominal pain, photosensitivity reactions that require sun protection measures during treatment, and rare instances of antibiotic-associated diarrhea or bacterial resistance development with long-term use.[33]

Encapsulated benzoyl peroxide (E-BPO) cream, a newly FDA-approved topical agent for inflammatory lesions of rosacea, utilizes porous silica microcapsule technology to slow the absorption of benzoyl peroxide and diminish potential irritation.[33]

Laser

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Evidence for the use of laser and intense pulsed-light therapy in rosacea is poor.[43]

Outcomes

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The highly visible nature of rosacea symptoms are often psychologically challenging for those affected. People with rosacea can experience issues with self-esteem, socializing, and changes to their thoughts, feelings, and coping mechanisms.[10]

Epidemiology

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Rosacea affects around 5% of people worldwide.[10]Incidence varies by ethnicity, and is particularly prevalent in those ofCelticheritage.[10]Men and women are equally likely to develop rosacea.[10]

See also

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References

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  2. ^abcdefghijklmnopTüzün Y, Wolf R, Kutlubay Z, Karakuş O, Engin B (February 2014). "Rosacea and rhinophyma".Clinics in Dermatology.32(1):35–46.doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.024.PMID24314376.
  3. ^abcdefghijkl"Questions and Answers about Rosacea".www.niams.nih.gov.April 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 13 May 2017.Retrieved5 June2017.
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  43. ^van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Carter B, van der Linden MM, Charland L (28 April 2015)."Interventions for rosacea".The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2015(4): CD003262.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub5.PMC6481562.PMID25919144.
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