You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding articlein Italian.(October 2023)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Salerno(UK:/sæˈlɛərnoʊ/,[3]US:/səˈ-,sɑːˈ-,səˈlɜːrnoʊ/;[4][5][6]Italian:[saˈlɛrno];Neapolitan:Salierno[saˈljernə]) is an ancient city andcomune(municipality) inCampania,southwestern Italy, and is the capital of thenamesake province,being the second largest city in the region by number of inhabitants, afterNaples.[7]It is located on theGulf of Salernoon theTyrrhenian Sea.In recent history the city hostedVictor Emmanuel III,theKing of Italy,who moved from Rome in 1943 after Italynegotiated a peacewith the Allies inWorld War II,making Salerno the capital of the "Government of the South" (Regno del Sud) and therefore provisional government seat for six months. Some of theAlliedlandings duringOperation Avalanche(the invasion of Italy) occurred near Salerno.
Salerno
Salierno(Neapolitan) | |
|---|---|
| Comune di Salerno | |
 Panorama of Salerno | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
 Salerno within the Province of Salerno and Campania | |
Location of Salerno  | |
  Salerno Location of Salerno in Italy  Salerno Salerno (Campania) | |
| Coordinates:40°40′50″N14°45′34″E/ 40.68056°N 14.75944°E | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Campania |
| Province | Salerno(SA) |
| Founded | 197 BC |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Vincenzo Napoli(PD) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 58.96 km2(22.76 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Population (30 November 2014)[2] | |
| • Total | 133,199 |
| • Density | 2,300/km2(5,900/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Salernitano |
| Time zone | UTC+1(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2(CEST) |
| Postal code | 84121–84135 |
| Dialing code | 089 |
| Patron saint | Saint Matthew |
| Website | Official website |
Human settlement at Salerno has a rich and vibrant past, dating back to pre-historic times. In theearly Middle Agesit was an independent Lombard principality, thePrincipality of Salerno,which around the 11th century comprised most of Southern Italy. During this time, theSchola Medica Salernitana,the first medical school in the world, was founded. The Normans in 1077 made Salerno the capital of their rule in all continental southern Italy. In the 16th century, under theSanseverinofamily, among the most powerful feudal lords in southern Italy, the city became a great centre of learning, culture and the arts, and the family hired several of the greatest intellectuals of the time.[8]Later, in 1694, the city was struck by several catastrophic earthquakes and plagues.[8]During a period of Spanish rule the city suffered a crisis which would last until the 18th century, but underNapoleonSalerno became part of theParthenopean Republic.[8]In the 19th century Salerno supported ideas of theRisorgimentoand welcomedGaribaldiin 1861.
The city is divided into three distinct zones: the medieval sector, the 19th century sector and the more densely populated post-war area, with its several apartment blocks.[8]Apatron saintof Salerno isSaint Matthew,theApostle,whoserelicsare kept here at thecryptofSalerno Cathedral.
History
editPrehistory and antiquity
editThe area of what is now Salerno has been continuously settled sincepre-historicaltimes, as the discoveries of Neolithic mummy remains documents.[9]Inhabited byOscan-speakingpopulations, the region was colonized by theEtruscans,who founded the city ofIrnthiin the 6th century BC, across the Irno river, in what is today city quarter of Fratte, as a part of theirDodecapolispolitical model they essentially replicated inCampania.This settlement represented an important base for Etruscan trade with the nearby Greek colonies ofPosidoniaandElea.It was occupied by theSamnitesaround the 5th century BC as a consequence of theBattle of Cumae(474 BC) as part of theSyracusansphere of influence.
With theRomanadvance in Campania, Irna began to lose its importance, being supplanted by the new Roman colony (197 BC) ofSalernum,developing around an initialcastrum.The new city, which gradually lost its military function in favour of its role as a trade centre, was connected to Rome by theVia Popilia,which ran towardsLucaniaandReggio Calabria.
Archaeological remains, although fragmentary, suggest the idea of a flourishing and lively city. Under the EmperorDiocletian,in the late 3rd century AD, Salernum became the administrative centre of the "Lucania and Bruttii" province.
In the following century, during theGothic Wars,the Goths were defeated by theByzantines,and the Salerno briefly returned to the control of Constantinople (from 553 to 568), before theLombardsinvaded almost the whole peninsula. Like many coastal cities of southern Italy (Gaeta,Sorrento,Amalfi), Salerno initially remained untouched by the newcomers, falling only in 646. It subsequently became part of theDuchy of Benevento.
Middle Ages to early modern age
edit
Under the Lombard dukes Salerno enjoyed the most splendid period of its history.
In 774Arechis II of Beneventotransferred the seat of the Duchy of Benevento to Salerno, in order to eludeCharlemagne's offensive and to secure for himself the control of a strategic area, the centre of coastal and internal communications in Campania.
With Arechis II, Salerno became a centre of studies with its famousMedical School.The Lombard prince ordered the city to be fortified; the Castle on the Bonadies mountain had already been built with walls and towers. In 839 Salerno declared independence from Benevento, becoming the capital of a flourishing principality stretching out toCapua,northernCalabriaandApuliaup toTaranto.In 871–872, theAghlabidsbesieged Salerno,but the city was relieved byLouis II of Italy.
Around the year 1000 princeGuaimar IVannexedAmalfi,Sorrento,Gaetaand the whole duchy of Apulia and Calabria, starting to conceive a future unification of the whole southern Italy under Salerno's arms. The coins minted in the city circulated all over the Mediterranean, with theOpulenta Salernumwording to certify its richness.
However, the stability of the Principate was continually shaken by theSaracenattacks and, most of all, by internal struggles. In 1056, one of the numerous plots led to the fall of Guaimar. His weaker sonGisulf IIsucceeded him, but the decline of the principality had begun. In 1077 Salerno reached its zenith but soon lost all its territory to the Normans.
On 13 December 1076, the Norman conquerorRobert Guiscard,who had married Guaimar IV's daughterSikelgaita,besieged Salerno and defeated his brother-in-law Gisulf. In this period the royal palace of Castel Terracena and thecathedralwere built, and science was boosted as theSchola Medica Salernitana,open towomenlikeTrota of SalernoandMercuriadealso, considered the most ancient medical institution of the European West, reached its maximum splendour with text likeTrotula.At this time in the late 11th century, the city was home to 50,000 people.[10]
In 1100, Salerno was made the capital of Norman southern Italy, afterMelfi.
Salerno was the most important city of the Normans for half a century, but with theNorman conquest of southern Italy,the city of Palermo started to substitute Salerno as the most important city for the Normans. Indeed, Salerno played a little part in the fall of theCounty of Sicily,after theEmperor Henry VI's invasion on behalf of his wife,Constance,the heiress to the kingdom, in 1191, Salerno surrendered and promised loyalty on the mere news of an incoming army.
This so disgusted the archbishop,Nicolò d'Aiello(from Naples), that he abandoned the city and fled toNaples,which held out in a siege. In 1194, the situation reversed itself: Naples capitulated, along with most other cities of the Mezzogiorno, and only Salerno resisted. It was sacked and pillaged, much reducing its importance and prosperity.
Henry had his reasons, though. He had entrusted Constance to some important Salerno citizens (advised & "ruled" by the archbishop d'Aiello) and after his retreat from invasion in 1191 they had received letters about the events from Nicolò D'Aiello and so betrayed Henry, attacked Constance at Castel Terracena and handed her over to KingTancred of Sicily,making the Empress captive for nearly one year. The combined treachery and stubbornness of D'Aiello and his followers cost Salerno much after theHohenstaufenconquest: Henry's son,Frederick II,moreover, issued a series of edicts that reduced Salerno's role in favour of Naples (in particular, the foundation of theUniversity of Naplesin that city).
AtCharles II of Naples,his fatherCharles I of Anjougranted the Principality of Salerno in the Kingdom of Sicily (or Regno) in 1272.
From the 14th century onwards, most of the Salerno province became the territory of the Princes ofSanseverino,powerful feudal lords who acted as real owners of the region. They accumulated enormous political and administrative power and attracted artists and men of letters in their own princely palace. In the 15th century, the city was the scene of battles between theAngevinand theAragoneseroyal houses with whom the local lords took sides alternatingly.
In the first decades of the 16th century, the last descendant of the Sanseverino princes,Ferdinando Sanseverino,was in conflict with the viceroy of the king ofSpain,mainly because of his opposition to theInquisition,causing the ruin of the whole family and the beginning of a long period of decadence for the city.
A slow renewal of the city occurred in the 18th century with the end of the Spanish dominion and the construction of many refined houses and churches characterising the main streets of the historical centre. In 1799 Salerno was incorporated into theParthenopean Republic.During theNapoleonic era,firstJoseph Bonaparteand thenJoachim Muratascended the Neapolitan throne. The latter decreed the closing of the Schola Medica Salernitana, which had been declining for decades to the level of a theoretical school. In the same period, even the religious orders were suppressed and numerous ecclesiastical properties were confiscated.
The city expanded beyond the ancient walls and sea connections were potentiated as they represented an important road network that crossed the town connecting the eastern plain with the area leading to Vietri andNaples.
Late modern and contemporary
editSalerno was an active center ofCarbonariactivities supporting the unification of Italy in the 19th century.[11]The majority of the population of Salerno supported ideas of theRisorgimentoagainst theBourbon,and in 1861 many of them joinedGaribaldiin his struggle for unification.[12]
After theunification of Italy,a slow urban development continued, many suburban areas were enlarged and large public and private buildings were created. The city went on developing untilWorld War II.Its population rose from 20,000 people around 1861s unification to 80,000 in the early 20th century.
During the 19th century, foreign industries started settling in Salerno: in 1830 the first textile mill was established by the Swiss entrepreneur Züblin Vonwiller, followed by Schlaepfer-Wenner's textile mills and dye factories; the Wenner family settled permanently in Salerno. In 1877 the city was the site of as many as 21 textile mills employing around ten thousand workers; in comparison with the four thousand employed in Turin's textile industry, Salerno was sometimes referred to as the "Manchesterof the two Sicilies ".
In September 1943, during World War II, Salerno was the scene ofOperation Avalanche,theinvasion of Italylaunched by theAllies of World War II,and suffered a great deal of damage.Henry Wellesley, 6th Duke of Wellington,who was killed in action during the fighting, is buried in Salerno War Cemetery.[13]From 12 February to 17 July 1944, it hosted the Government of MarshalPietro Badoglio.In those months Salerno was the provisional government seat of theKingdom of Italy,and the KingVittorio Emanuele IIIlived in a mansion in its outskirts.
After the war the population of the city doubled in a few years, going from 80,000 in 1946 to nearly 160,000 in 1976.
Geography
editThe city is situated at the northwestern end of the plain of theSele River,at the exact beginning of theAmalfi coast.The small river Irno crosses through the central section of Salerno. The highest point is "Monte Stella" with its 953 metres (3,127 ft).[14]
Climate
editSalerno has aMediterranean climate,with a hot and relatively dry summer (highs of 31 °C (88 °F) in July and August) and a rainy fall and winter (highs of 13 °C (55 °F) in January). Usually there is nearly 1,000 mm (39 in) of rain every year. The strong wind that comes from the mountains toward theGulf of Salernomakes the city very windy (mainly in winter). However, this gives Salerno the advantage of being one of the sunniest towns in Italy.
| Climate data for Salerno,Italy | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.4 (56.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.6 (76.3) |
28.5 (83.3) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.3 (88.3) |
28.3 (82.9) |
23.9 (75.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
14.9 (58.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
23.6 (74.5) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.1 (79.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
15.1 (59.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
18.0 (64.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
11.8 (53.2) |
15.2 (59.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
8.9 (48.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 138 (5.4) |
110 (4.3) |
102 (4.0) |
85 (3.3) |
42 (1.7) |
32 (1.3) |
24 (0.9) |
50 (2.0) |
78 (3.1) |
132 (5.2) |
171 (6.7) |
150 (5.9) |
1,114 (43.8) |
| Average precipitation days | 12 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 108 |
| Source: globopix[15] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1861 | 26,681 | — |
| 1871 | 27,579 | +3.4% |
| 1881 | 30,929 | +12.1% |
| 1901 | 42,466 | +37.3% |
| 1911 | 46,235 | +8.9% |
| 1921 | 53,785 | +16.3% |
| 1931 | 61,141 | +13.7% |
| 1936 | 67,186 | +9.9% |
| 1951 | 90,970 | +35.4% |
| 1961 | 117,363 | +29.0% |
| 1971 | 155,496 | +32.5% |
| 1981 | 157,385 | +1.2% |
| 1991 | 148,932 | −5.4% |
| 2001 | 144,078 | −3.3% |
| 2011 | 132,608 | −8.0% |
| 2021 | 128,136 | −3.4% |
| Source:ISTAT | ||
In 2007, there were 140,580 people residing in Salerno, located in the province of Salerno,Campania,of whom 46.7% were male and 53.3% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 19.61 per cent of the population compared to pensioners who number 21.86 per cent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 per cent (minors) and 19.94 per cent (pensioners). The average age of Salerno residents is 42 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Salerno grew by 2.02 per cent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85 per cent.[16]The current birth rate of Salerno is 7.77 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.
As of 31 December 2010, there were 4,355 foreigners in Salerno. The largest immigrant group came from other European countries (mainly Ukraine and Romania).[17]The population is overwhelminglyRoman Catholic.
Economy
editThe economy of Salerno is mainly based on services and tourism, as most of the city's manufacturing base did not survive the economic crisis of the 1970s. The remaining ones are connected topotteryand food production and treatment.[clarification needed]
ThePort of Salernois one of the most active of theTyrrhenian Sea.It handles about 10 million tons of cargo per year, 60% of which is made up by containers.[18]
Transport
editSalerno is connected to theA2,Autostrada A3andAutostrada A30motorways.
Salerno stationis the main railway station of the city. It is connected to thehigh-speed railway networkvia the Milan-Salerno corridor. The main bus stop of Salerno is also at the train station, with both CSTP buses and SITA buses.
Ametro light rail lineconnects the train station withStadio Arechi,with seven intermediate stops.[19]
A new Maritime Terminal Station, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects, was completed in 2016 and was opened for the 2017 cruise season.[20]Salerno features three marinas: Manfredi Pier, Masuccio Salernitano, and Marina di Arechi (opened in 2015).[21]The commercial port of Manfredi is connected with the Amalfi coast and the islands of Gulf ofNaples.[22]
Salerno Airportis located in the neighboring towns ofPontecagnano FaianoandBellizzi.
Education
editSalerno hosted the oldest medical school in the world, theScuola Medica Salernitana,the most important source of medical knowledge in Europe in the early Middle Ages. It was closed in 1811 byJoachim Murat.
In 1944 kingVittorio Emanuele IIIestablished Istituto Universitario di Magistero "Giovanni Cuomo".In 1968 the university became state-controlled.[23]TodayUniversity of Salernois located in the neighboring town ofFiscianoand has about 34,000 students[24]and ten faculties: Arts and Philosophy, Economics, Education, Engineering, Foreign language and literature, Law, Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences, Medicine, Pharmacy and Political Science.[25]
Sport
edit
The city's mainfootballteam isU.S. Salernitana 1919,that plays inSerie A(the first highest football division in Italy).[26]Their home stadium isStadio Arechi,opened in 1990 and with a capacity of 37,245.
The most successful team in the city is the women'shandballteam PDO Handball Team Salerno, with its four national titles, four national cups and two national supercups; other noteworthy teams are Arechi inrugbyand Rari Nantes Salerno inwater polo.
The city has also a tradition in motorsport.
Attractions
edit
Salerno is located at the geographical center of a triangle nicknamedTourist Triangle of the 3 P's(namely a triangle with the corners inPompei,PaestumandPositano). This peculiarity gives Salerno special tourist characteristics that are increased by the many local points of tourist interest like theLungomare Trieste(Trieste Seafront Promenade), theCastello di Arechi(Arechis' Castle), theDuomo(cathedral) and theMuseo Didattico della Scuola Medica Salernitana(Educational Museum of theSalernitan Medical School).[27]
International relations
editTwin towns – sister cities
editSalerno istwinnedwith:
Bibliography
edit- Salerno. Le guide ai sapori e ai piaceri,La Repubblica,Gedi, 2021 (with articles byLucia Annunziata,Massimiliano e Doriana Fuksas,Franck Ribéry,Arturo Di Napoli,Peppe Barra, Andrea Di Maria, Vincenzo Boccia, Daniel Oren, Massimo Ghini, Diego De Silva, Benedetta Buccellato, Matteo Lorito, Corrado De Rosa,Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio,Rossella Gregorio, Yari Gugliucci, Dario Socci, Enrico Gallozzi, Vincenzo Dolce, Antonietta Di Martino, e Massimo de Divitiis).[34]ISBN9788883718588
- Bonfanti, Giuseppe.Dalla Svolta di Salerno al 18 aprile 1948.Editrice La Scuola. Brescia 1979.
- Crisci, Generoso.Salerno sacra:ricerca storica.Edizioni della Curia arcivescovile. Salerno 1962.
- D'Episcopo, Francesco.Salerno. Sulla scia di Alfonso Gatto. Masuccio e l'Ottocento salernitano.Editrice Il Sapere. Ancona 2004.
- De Renzi, Salvatore.Storia documentata della Scuola Medica di Salerno.Tipografie Gaetano Nobile. Naples, 1857.
- Di Martino, Maristella.Le Ricette di Salerno. La cultura gastronomica della città.Editore Il Raggio di Luna. Salerno 2006.
- Errico, Ernesto.Cinquant'anni fa a Salerno.Ripostes Editore. Salerno 2004.
- Felici, Maria.Palazzi nobiliari a Salerno.Edizioni La Veglia. Salerno 1996.
- Fonzo, Erminio,Partiti ed elezioni in provincia di Salerno nella crisi dello Stato liberale (1919–1923)in Rassegna storica lucana, nn. 49–50, 2011, pp. 43–113.
- Fonzo, Erminio,Il fascismo conformista. Le origini del regime nella provincia di Salerno (1920–1926),Edizioni del Paguro, Mercato San Severino (SA), 2011.
- Giordano, Gaetano.Il Profeta della Grande Salerno. Cento anni di storia meridionale nei ricordi di Alfonso Menna.Avagliano Editore. Salerno 1999.
- Iannizzaro, Vincenzo.Salerno. La Cinta Muraria dai Romani agli Spagnoli.Editore Elea Press. Salerno 1999.
- Iovino, Giorgia.Riqualificazione urbana e sviluppo locale a Salerno. Attori, strumenti e risorse di una città in trasformazione.Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane. Naples, 2002.
- Mazzetti, Massimo.Salerno Capitale d'Italia.Edizioni del Paguro. Salerno 2000.
- Musi, Aurelio.Salerno moderna.Editore Avagliano. Salerno 1999.
- Ferraiolo MarcoStoria di un anno di anni fa – Racconti di vita salernitana degli anni 60–70.Edizioni Ripostes. Salerno 2005
- Roma, Adelia.I giardini di Salerno.Editore Elea Press. Salerno 1997.
- Seton-Watson, Christopher.Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925.John Murray Publishers. London, 1967.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011".Italian National Institute of Statistics.Retrieved16 March2019.
- ^"Bilancio demografico Anno 2014 (dati provvisori) Comune: Salerno"(in Italian).ISTAT.2014.Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2014.Retrieved1 April2015.
- ^"Salerno".LexicoUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon 22 March 2020.
- ^"Salerno".The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language(5th ed.). HarperCollins.Retrieved12 May2019.
- ^"Salerno".Collins English Dictionary.HarperCollins.Archivedfrom the original on 12 May 2019.Retrieved12 May2019.
- ^"Salerno".Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.Merriam-Webster.Retrieved12 May2019.
- ^"Bilancio demografico mensile".demo.istat.it.Archivedfrom the original on 29 October 2022.Retrieved21 December2022.
- ^abcd"Salerno – History, art and culture".Archived fromthe originalon 21 August 2007.
- ^"Eboli".Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2019.Retrieved15 January2019.
- ^Bairoch, Paul (1988).Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present.University of Chicago Press. p. 161.ISBN9780226034669.Archivedfrom the original on 17 October 2023.Retrieved9 May2014.
- ^Carmine Pinto (13 December 2010)."La rivoluzione vittoriosa e la nascita di un nuovo Stato".la Città(in Italian). Archived fromthe originalon 3 March 2012.Retrieved9 May2014.
- ^Seton-Watson, "Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925".
- ^"Casualty Details | CWGC".www.cwgc.org.Archivedfrom the original on 25 January 2021.Retrieved4 May2021.
- ^"Aggiornamento della carta dei vincoli"(PDF).comune.salerno.it(in Italian). 2011. p. 3.Archived(PDF)from the original on 3 September 2013.Retrieved9 May2014.
- ^"Climate Statistics for Salerno, Italy".Archivedfrom the original on 19 June 2020.Retrieved18 June2020.
- ^"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT".demo.istat.it.Archived fromthe originalon 26 April 2009.Retrieved7 July2008.
- ^"Cittadini Stranieri. Bilancio demografico anno 2010 e popolazione residente al 31 Dicembre – Tutti i paesi di cittadinanza Comune: Salerno".ISTAT(in Italian). 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 13 May 2014.Retrieved12 May2014.
- ^"Autorità Portuale di Salerno – Traffici Commerciali 2009–2013".porto.salerno.it(in Italian). Archived fromthe originalon 8 May 2014.Retrieved8 May2014.
- ^"Metropolitana di Salerno".metrosalerno.com(in Italian). 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 7 November 2013.Retrieved10 August2014.
- ^"Stazione Marittima di Salerno".livesalerno.com(in Italian). 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 7 March 2016.Retrieved13 February2016.
- ^"Autorità Portuale di Salerno – Marinas".www.porto.salerno.it.Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2021.Retrieved29 September2016.
- ^"Salerno ports".Archivedfrom the original on 31 March 2023.Retrieved31 March2023.
- ^"A short history of the university".unisa.it.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2014.Retrieved8 May2014.
- ^"Anagrafe Nazionale Studenti – Iscritti 2012/2013".MIUR(in Italian). 7 March 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 31 May 2019.Retrieved8 May2014.
- ^"Course organization".unisa.it.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2014.Retrieved8 May2014.
- ^"Serie B ConTe.it – Il campionato degli italiani".Lega Serie B.Archivedfrom the original on 10 July 2015.Retrieved1 January2021.
- ^"I rioni del centro storico"(in Italian). Archived fromthe originalon 16 July 2012.
- ^"Gemellaggio tra Salerno e la città giapponese di Tono".comune.salerno.it(in Italian). 4 March 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 25 August 2017.Retrieved9 May2017.
- ^"Salerno e Rouen unite da Linea d'ombra".la Repubblica(in Italian). 3 March 2004.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2014.Retrieved8 May2014.
- ^"SALERNO – DOMANI IMPORTANTE GEMELLAGGIO MEDICO-SPECIALISTICO".informazione.campania.it(in Italian). Archived fromthe originalon 24 September 2015.Retrieved8 May2014.
- ^"La presentazione in occasione del gemellaggio Baltimora-Salerno. La struttura diretta da Fasano L' iniziativa".la Repubblica(in Italian). 16 December 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2014.Retrieved8 May2014.
- ^"Gemellaggio interculturale Salerno-Pazardzhik (Bulgaria)".comune.salerno.it(in Italian). 27 September 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2014.Retrieved8 May2014.
- ^"La Lega sbarca al sud. Scambio con Salerno".L'Arena(in Italian). 23 July 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 8 May 2014.Retrieved8 May2014.
- ^"Repubblica pubblica una Guida interamente dedicata alla città di Salerno".cultura.comune.salerno.it.
External links
edit
