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Sandomierz

Sandomierz(pronounced:[sanˈdɔmjɛʂ]ⓘ;Latin:Sandomiria,Yiddish:צויזמר, צוזמיר,romanized:Tsouzmer, Tsoyzmer[3]) is a historic town in south-easternPolandwith 23,863 inhabitants (as of 2017), situated on theVistula Rivernear its confluence with theSan,in theSandomierz Basin.It has been part ofŚwiętokrzyskie Voivodeship(Holy Cross Province) since its transfer from theTarnobrzegVoivodeship in 1999. It is the capital ofSandomierz County.Sandomierz is known for its preserved Old Town, a major cultural and tourist attraction which the President of Poland declared aNational Monument of Polandin 2017.

Sandomierz
Town Hall
St. Michael's Church
Old townhouses at the Market Square
Flag of Sandomierz
Flag
Coat of arms of Sandomierz
Coat of arms
Sandomierz is located in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Sandomierz
Sandomierz
Sandomierz is located in Poland
Sandomierz
Sandomierz
Coordinates:50°41′N21°45′E/ 50.683°N 21.750°E/50.683; 21.750
CountryPoland
VoivodeshipŚwiętokrzyskie
CountySandomierz County
GminaSandomierz(urban gmina)
Town rightsbefore 1227
Government
• MayorPaweł Niedźwiedź (PSL)
Area
• Total28.8 km2(11.1 sq mi)
Elevation
200 m (700 ft)
Population
(2017[1])
• Total23,863
• Density830/km2(2,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
Postal code
27-600
Area code+48 15
Car platesTSA
National roads
Websitewww.sandomierz.pl
Map
Designated2017-11-22
Reference no.Dz. U. z 2017 r. poz. 2273[2]

In the past, Sandomierz was one of the most important urban centers not only ofLesser Poland,but also of the whole country. It was aroyal cityof thePolish Crownand functioned as a regional administrative centre from theHigh Middle Agesto the 19th century.

Etymology

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The name of the city might have originated from theOld PolishSędomir,composed ofSędzi-(from the verbsądzić"to judge" ) andmir( "peace" ), or more likely from the antiquatedgiven nameSędzimir, once popular in several Slavic languages.[4]Sandomierz is known inLatinasSandomiriaand inYiddishasצויזמיר(Tzoyzmir). Sandomir is also a name, with connection to the Name Sandor/Sander which is short form of Aleksander. “Mierz” is also a Polish word for “Measure” giving the probable conclusion this place was “Sandor’s Measure.”

History

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Early history

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Opatów Gate

Sandomierz is one of the oldest and historically most significant cities in Poland. Archeological finds around the city indicate that humans have inhabited the area sinceneolithictimes. The city came into existence in the earlyMiddle Ages,taking advantage of an excellent location at the junction ofVistulaandSanrivers, and on the path of important trade routes. The first known historical mention of the city comes from the early 12th-century, when the chroniclerGallus Anonymusranked it together withKrakówandWrocławas one of the main cities of Poland. Thetestament(ca 1115–1118) ofBolesław III Wrymouth,in which he divided Poland among his sons, designated Sandomierz as the capital of one of the resulting principalities, theDuchy of Sandomierz.

In the early 13th century, the second oldest Dominican monastery in Poland (afterKraków) and one of the oldest in Europe was founded in Sandomierz. In the course of the 13th century the city suffered grievous damage during the raids byMongolsin1241,1260and 1287. The old wooden buildings of the town were completely destroyed. As a result, in 1286 theHigh Duke of PolandLeszek II the Black,effectively refounded the city underMagdeburg Lawand grantedstaple right.[5]The city archives preserve the founding document. (An important note: in 1260, as the Tartars invaded Christian Sandomir, a community of Dominicans was praying Matins while a novice read the martyrology for the next day: "the 49 martyrs of Sandomir".When the friars realized they were being warned of their death, they spent the remainder of the night and all the next day preparing to meet the Lord. At last, after the brethren had finished praying Compline, and as they processed singing theSalve Reginato Mary, the Tartars broke through the church door. While the Tartars intended to bring death to these Dominicans, they actually brought them great gifts - crowns of martyrdom. Ever since, at the death of every Dominican a song to his Beloved Mother is sung to usher him into her arms - theSalve Regina(orHail, Holy Queen).[6]

After the re-unification of the Polish lands in the 14th century, the former principality became theSandomierz Voivodeship,incorporating large areas of southeastern Poland. Until 1474, it was one of two voivodeships (administrative area/province) of Lesser Poland, together withKraków Voivodeship.In 1474,Lublin Voivodeshipwas created from eastern part of Sandomierz Voivodeship. At this time Sandomierz had about 3,000 inhabitants and was one of the largest Polish cities. In the middle of the 14th century the city was burned again during a raid by theLithuanians.It was rebuilt during the rule of kingCasimir III of Poland,who extended its privileges.[7]The layout of the city has survived practically unchanged since that time until the present day. In 1389 in Sandomierz the newly appointed prince of theNovgorod Republic,Lithuanian princeLengvenis,paid homage to Polish KingWładysław II Jagiełło,thus making Novgorod a fiefdom of theKingdom of Poland.[8]

Modern era

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BaroqueSaint Michael the Archangel's Church

Over centuries, Sandomierz was in competition with the nearby town of Opatòw for the seat of regional administrations.[9]In 1570 an alliance of non-Catholic Polish Churches, the Lutherans, theReformed,and theBohemian Brethren,drew up what is known as theSandomierz Agreement,effecting a confederation of the work in order to stave off defeat at the hands of the Roman Church. Thanks to the efforts of the localstarostHieronim Gostomski, theJesuitssettled in the city and founded theCollegium Gostomianum,[7]one Poland's oldesthigh schools,at the beginning of the 17th century.

The early modern period, running until the middle of the 17th century, was quite prosperous for the city.[citation needed]The most important historical buildings were built during this period. This golden age came to an end in 1655 whenSwedishforces captured the city in the course of theDeluge.After briefly holding out in the city, the withdrawing Swedes blew up the castle and caused heavy damage to other buildings. In the next 100 years the economy of Poland suffered a decline, which also affected the city. A great fire in 1757 and theThird Partition of Polandin 1795, which placed Sandomierz inAustria,further reduced its status. As a result, Sandomierz lost its role as an administrative capital. In 1774, the oldest extant Polish piano was constructed in Sandomierz.[10]The 3rd Polish National Cavalry Brigade was stationed in Sandomierz in 1792.[11]

Fighting of theAustro-Polish Warof 1809 caused damage to the city. Following the Polish victory, it became part of the short-lived PolishDuchy of Warsawand after 1815 it found itself in theRussian Empire(Congress Poland). At this point it had just 2640 inhabitants.

Sandomierz Cathedral and St Paul's Church blood painting

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This cathedral contains a series of paintings built into the church's wooden panelling depicting theMartyrologium Romanum.The third painting shows the scene which, it is claimed:[12]"...depicts ritual murders committed in Sandomierz by Jews on Christian children. The inscription above the painting readsfilius apothecary ab infidelibus judaeis sandomiriensibus occisus(son of an apothecary, by infidel Sandomierz Jews killed)[13]

The St Paul's Church contains a different series of paintings including one in the chancel, depicting the torment of Jerzy Krassowski who was allegedly strangled by the Jews. Discussion on these pictures has taken place with the participation of the Polish Jewish Community. "The Polish Council of Christians and Jews has offered to finance a plaque with explanations of the painting and information about the official statements by various Popes".[14]This plaque is now displayed in the St Paul's Church next to the picture in question.

The world wars

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1914. Wounded in action Austro-Hungarian soldiers in Sandomierz duringWorld War I

The city again suffered damage duringWorld War I.In 1918, it again became part of independent Poland. In the 1930s, due to the massive public works project known as theCentral Industrial Area,Sandomierz began to grow quickly. It was projected to become capital of theSandomierz Voivodeship,and local authorities planned fast development of the city. TheGreater Sandomierzwas to turn in the 1940s into a city of 120,000.

In September 1939, following the Germaninvasion of Poland,the city wasoccupied by Germanyand made part of theGeneral Government.The Polish and Jewish population were subjected tovarious crimes.Polesexpelledin late 1939 by the Germans fromZłoczew,which was directly annexed by Germany, were deported to Sandomierz.[15]Others were conscripted forforced labourand many were sent to labor camps. The largest mass arrests of Poles, including teachers, local officials and activists, were carried out in March 1940.[16]Poles were then held in the local prison and deported toNazi concentration camps.[16]In June 1940 in Brzask Forest, Germans murdered 760 Poles as part of theGerman AB-Aktion in Polanddirected to exterminate Polishintelligentsia.Bodies were buried in an unnamed mass grave. That was the largest massacre in the Kielce Region. At the same time, the nearby village ofGóry Wysokiewas the site a massacre of 117 Poles from the region.[17]Despite this, thePolish underground resistance movementwas active in Sandomierz, and in late 1940 it even launched a secret printing house in Sandomierz and issued the Polish underground newspaperOdwet,which was also distributed to nearby villages.[18]In March 1942, the Germans carried out mass arrests of around 150 members of the Polish resistance.[19]Among those arrested was local Polish writer Roman Koseła, one of several Polish writers murdered in theAuschwitz concentration camp.[20]

Memorial plaque at the site of the former secret printing house of thePolish resistance movement

In May 1942, the Jewish and Polish population were confined to aghettoarea and hundreds of Jews and Poles from around the region were brought there, increasing the population to more than 5000. In October 1942, about 3,000 prisoners were sent toBełżecwhere they were immediately gassed. After that deportation, hundreds of Jews came out of hiding and others were sent to Sandomierz from elsewhere. Now the population was more than 6000 confined to another ghetto where as many as twelve people shared each room and some lived in the streets. Sanitary conditions were horrid and many became ill. Those who reported to the hospital were usually shot after a few days. Some prisoners during this time were sent to labor camps, but in January 1943, theSSand German police,[citation needed]surrounded the ghetto, set some houses on fire and bombed others. They rounded up 7,000 people, send a few hundred to a labor camp, and escorted the rest to the railway station, shooting hundreds en route. The trains took the prisoners toTreblinkawhere they were murdered by gas the same day. Poles who were not sent to camps were persecuted forhelping Jews,some were even imprisoned for barely "transporting Jews illegally".[21]The city was captured by the Red Army in August 1944.

No major industrial development took place in Sandomierz during the communist era, thus preserving its look of a charming, small city full of historical monuments among the unspoiled landscape.

Climate

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The city experiences ahumid continental climatewith notably warm summers (Köppen:Dfb), much more consistently pronounced ineastern Poland.Precipitation, especially in the form of rains, is concentrated in the summer, reducing until the end of winter. Sandomierz has four well defined seasons of the year, hot summers (sometimes), usually bearable and cold winters but with slightly moderate extremes.[22]

Climate data for Sandomierz (Chwałki), elevation: 217 m, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.4
(54.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		29.7
(85.5) 		31.9
(89.4) 		34.2
(93.6) 		35.9
(96.6) 		37.1
(98.8) 		33.9
(93.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		37.1
(98.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1) 		2.6
(36.7) 		7.5
(45.5) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.0
(73.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		19.1
(66.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		6.8
(44.2) 		1.7
(35.1) 		13.2
(55.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.1
(28.2) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		3.2
(37.8) 		9.3
(48.7) 		14.2
(57.6) 		17.6
(63.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.0
(57.2) 		8.6
(47.5) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		8.8
(47.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.5
(23.9) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		4.5
(40.1) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.6
(54.7) 		14.4
(57.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.6
(49.3) 		5.0
(41.0) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		4.9
(40.8)
Record low °C (°F) −27.3
(−17.1) 		−28.6
(−19.5) 		−22.1
(−7.8) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		0.2
(32.4) 		5.4
(41.7) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−18.0
(−0.4) 		−26.4
(−15.5) 		−28.6
(−19.5)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 24.3
(0.96) 		20.9
(0.82) 		30.8
(1.21) 		40.5
(1.59) 		67.3
(2.65) 		63.0
(2.48) 		90.3
(3.56) 		55.7
(2.19) 		58.4
(2.30) 		46.2
(1.82) 		29.4
(1.16) 		24.4
(0.96) 		551.3
(21.70)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 7.3
(2.9) 		8.0
(3.1) 		4.9
(1.9) 		1.5
(0.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.0
(0.4) 		3.6
(1.4) 		4.8
(1.9) 		8.0
(3.1)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) 15.50 13.44 13.97 12.33 13.73 13.23 14.00 11.03 11.57 13.48 13.97 15.13 161.39
Average snowy days(≥ 0 cm) 17.5 16.9 7.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 4.9 14.3 63.3
Averagerelative humidity(%) 87.2 83.9 76.3 68.6 71.0 72.7 73.0 73.1 79.6 84.3 88.5 89.1 79.0
Mean monthlysunshine hours 55.7 70.9 130.6 184.4 243.4 255.3 255.6 248.4 168.1 117.1 55.9 42.0 1,827.2
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[31][32][33]

Points of interest

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Panorama of Sandomierz, landmarks seen from the left:Royal Castle,Cathedral Basilica,Jan DługoszHouse, cathedral bell tower,Collegium Gostomianum,Old Town with the town hall in the middle and the Opatowska Gate on the right end
Virgin and Child with Saint Catherine of Alexandria,(1518-1520) byLucas Cranach the Elderin the Diocesan Museum

Education

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Collegium Gostomianum,one of the oldest schools in Poland
  • Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-PrzyrodniczaStudium Generale Sandomiriense
  • Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Sandomierzu
  • 1 Liceum OgolnoksztalcaceCollegium Gostomianum
  • 2 Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Tadeusza Kościuszki
  • Zespół Szkół Gastronomicznych i Hotelarskich
  • Zespół Szkół Technicznych i Ogólnokształcących

Sports

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The localfootballteam isWisła Sandomierz[pl].It competes in the lower leagues.

International relations

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See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns — Sister cities

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Sandomierz istwinnedwith:

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Notable residents

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Mikołaj Trąba, first Primate of Poland

Webcams

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Virtual walks

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See also

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References

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  1. ^"Sandomierz (świętokrzyskie)".Polska w liczbach(in Polish).Retrieved3 November2019.
  2. ^Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 22 listopada 2017 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Sandomierz - historyczny zespół architektoniczno-krajobrazowy",Dz. U., 2017, No. 2273
  3. ^Beider, Alexander (2012)."Eastern Yiddish Toponyms of German Origin"(PDF).Yiddish Studies Today.ISBN 978-3-943460-09-4, ISSN 2194-8879 (düsseldorf university press, Düsseldorf 2012).Retrieved26 December2023.
  4. ^Stanisław Rospond,Słownik etymologiczny miast i gmin PRL,Wrocław 1984,ISBN83-04-01090-9.
  5. ^Stan Lewicki,Historja handlu w Polsce na tle przywilejów handlowych: (prawo składu),Warszawa 1920, p. 134 (in Polish)
  6. ^ Blessed Sadoc and Companions "the 49 martyrs of Sandomir"http://www.sistersofmary.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105&Itemid=76
  7. ^ab"Sandomierski skład soli".Sandomierz.pl(in Polish).Retrieved8 November2019.
  8. ^"Jagiełło".Na stronach ksiąg i Internetu. Bitwa pod Grunwaldem przez wieki(in Polish).Retrieved3 November2019.
  9. ^Radoslaw, Kubicki."The city of Opatow and Opatöw landed estates under Austrian rule (1794 - 1809)"(PDF).Retrieved2023-03-31.
  10. ^Vogel, Beniamin (2016).Kolekcja Zabytkowych Fortepianów im. Andrzeja Szwalbego w Ostromecku(in Polish and English).Bydgoszcz:Miejskie Centrum Kultury w Bydgoszczy. pp. 13, 21.ISBN978-83-64942-08-2.
  11. ^Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925).Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831(in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. p. 8.
  12. ^Fr Edward Górecki Ph.D,A Guide to Sandomierz Cathedral.
  13. ^Joanna Toarska-Bakir Ph.D.,Sandomierz Blood-Libel Myths.Final Report 2006 by University of Warsaw.
  14. ^Poland and the Jews p.199, Stanislaw Krajewski, Kraków 2005
  15. ^Wardzyńska, Maria (2017).Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945(in Polish). Warszawa:IPN.pp. 182–183.ISBN978-83-8098-174-4.
  16. ^abWardzyńska, Maria (2009).Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion(in Polish). Warszawa:IPN.p. 251.
  17. ^Wardzyńska, Maria (2009).Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion.p. 252.
  18. ^Gruszczyński, Włodzimierz (2011).Odwet i Jędrusie(in Polish). Zagnańsk. pp. 32, 215.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^Gruszczyński, pp. 63–64
  20. ^Sierotwiński, Stanisław (1966). "Kronika życia literackiego w Polsce pod okupacją hitlerowską: próba przeglądu zdarzeń w układzie chronologicznym".Rocznik Naukowo-Dydaktyczny(in Polish) (24). WydawnictwoWyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznejw Krakowie: 22.
  21. ^Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej(in Polish). Warszawa:IPN.2014. pp. 148, 166.
  22. ^"Sandomierz climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Sandomierz weather averages - Climate-Data.org".en.climate-data.org.Retrieved2019-01-13.
  23. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived fromthe originalon 3 December 2021.Retrieved28 February2022.
  24. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2022.Retrieved28 February2022.
  25. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2022.Retrieved28 February2022.
  26. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived fromthe originalon 9 January 2022.Retrieved28 February2022.
  27. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2022.Retrieved28 February2022.
  28. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2022.Retrieved28 February2022.
  29. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived fromthe originalon 21 January 2022.Retrieved28 February2022.
  30. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2022.Retrieved28 February2022.
  31. ^ "Sandomierz Absolutna temperatura maksymalna"(in Polish). Meteomodel.pl.Retrieved28 February2022.
  32. ^ "Sandomierz Absolutna temperatura minimalna"(in Polish). Meteomodel.pl.Retrieved28 February2022.
  33. ^ "Sandomierz Średnia wilgotność"(in Polish). Meteomodel.pl.Retrieved28 February2022.
  34. ^ab"Home".newarktwinning.co.uk.2009.Retrieved29 August2011.
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