Santander(UK:/ˌsæntənˈdɛər,-tæn-/SAN-tən-DAIR,-tan-,US:/ˌsɑːntɑːnˈdɛər/SAHN-tahn-DAIR;[3][4]Spanish:[santanˈdeɾ]) is the capital of theautonomous communityofCantabria,Spain. It has a population of 172,000 (2017).[5]It is aport citylocated in the northern coast of theIberian Peninsula,facing theCantabrian Sea.
Santander | |
|---|---|
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
 Location of Santander | |
| Coordinates:43°27′46″N3°48′18″W/ 43.46278°N 3.80500°W | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Cantabria |
| Founded | 26 BC, asPortus Victoriae Iuliobrigensium 9 January 1755, granting the title of city |
| Government | |
| •Mayor | Gema Igual(2016) (PP) |
| Area | |
• Total | 36 km2(14 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 15 m (49 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 108 m (354 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2018)[1] | |
• Total | 172,044 |
| • Density | 4,800/km2(12,000/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Santanderine |
| GDP | |
| • Metro | €12.839 billion (2020) |
| Time zone | UTC+1(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2(CEST) |
| Postal code | 39001-39012 |
| Official language(s) | Spanish |
| Website | Official website |
It is believed to have been a port since ancient times, due to its favourable location, and is documented as far back as the 11th century. Much of the medieval city was lost in theGreat Fire of 1941.Today, its remaining old town, beach and other attractions are popular with tourists and other visitors and its economy is mainly service based. The port is still very active and a regular ferry service operates to theUnited Kingdom.Fish and seafood dominate the local cuisine. Santander notably houses the headquarters of multinational bankBanco Santander,which was founded there. The city has amild climatetypical of the Spanish northern coastline with frequent rainfall and stable temperatures. Cold snaps and heat waves are very rare.
History
editOrigins, Roman period and Middle Ages
editThe origin of the earliest human settlements in the current Santander is not easy to establish because there is little written and little archaeological data. However, there would appear to be good practical reasons for ancient settlers to have chosen the north side of the bay, sheltered from it and safer from the storms of theBay of Biscay,on the north side of the promontory ofSomorrostroand along the ancientBecedoestuary. Moreover, the hillside provided good visibility for spotting potential attackers, making this the ideal place for the foundation of a stable settlement, which was to evolve throughout theMiddle Ages.[6]
Although it is mentioned for the first time in 1068, in a draft document made byKing Sancho II,in the 9th centuryAlfonso II the Chastefounded theAbadía de los Cuerpos Santos( "Abbey of the Holy Bodies" ) in the existing chapel on the hill of Somorrostro, housing as holy relics the heads ofSaint EmeteriusandSaint Celedoniusand the graves of other unknown martyrs, giving the abbey its name.[7]
Alfonso VIII of Castilegranted the city afuero(charter) in 1187.[8]
During the 12th and 13th centuries the population was contained within the walls of two different pueblas. La Puebla, the older, on the hill overlooking the city facing the bay, included the old castle, the Abbey of the Holy Bodies and the cloister. It had three rows of houses, separated by Rua Carnicerias and Rua Mayor, where the homes of prominent people of the town were, as well as those of the Abbot's canons. Meanwhile, the Puebla Nueva contained the convent of Santa Clara and San Francisco, which gave its name to one of the main streets; other important streets were the Rua de la Sal, The cavalcade Palace, Ribera, Don Gutierre, Puerta de la Sierra, Gallows and the Arcillero Rua. The two pueblas were joined by a bridge over the river that divided Becedo and flowed down to the shipyards, which were ordered by the king to take timber from the Cantabrian forests for shipbuilding. The villa was required to give the monarchy a ship per year.[citation needed]
By the end of the 15th century Santander had a population of about 4,000 or 5,000 inhabitants.[9]
The city owes its existence to the excellent harbour of theBay of Santander.Santander was an important port forCastilein the later Middle Ages, and also for trade with theNew World.It officially became a city in 1755.[10]
Cabo Machichacoexplosions
edit
On 3 November 1893 a steamship,Cabo Machichaco,caught fire while she was being unloaded at a pier in the heart of the city. A crowd of 2,000 to 3,000 people watched as crew and firefighters fought the fire. About 40 tonnes of dynamite being carried in her forward holds exploded, killing about 590 people, injuring about 2,000, sinking the ship and destroying at least 65 buildings near the harbour.[11]
On 21 March 1894 asalvage diverworking to salvage cargo fromCabo Machichaco's wreck accidentally detonated about 11 tonnes of dynamite that were submerged in the after hold of the ship. 18 people were killed and 11 injured.[11]
Great Fire of 1941
editSantander fell victim to agreat firein 1941.[12]Fanned by a strong south wind, the fire burned for two days. The fire started in Cádiz Street, next to the harbour, the Cathedral and the medieval quarter.[13]The fire destroyed the Old Town Hall, Jesús de Monasterio and Vargas streets and Atarazanas square buildings. It led to a major change in the architecture of Santander, away from the older small stone and wood buildings with balconies to the enormous blocks of flats built during the reconstruction.[citation needed]
There was only one casualty of the fire, a firefighter from Madrid killed in the line of duty, but thousands of families were left homeless and the city was plunged into chaos. The fire destroyed the greater part of themedievaltown centre and gutted the city'sRomanesquecathedral.[14]
Geography
editThe city is located on the northern side of theBay of Santander.[15]
Climate
editThe city of Santander has anoceanic climate(Köppen climate classificationCfb), the annual thermal oscillation of the average monthly temperatures reaching around 10 °C (18 °F).[citation needed]Due to the relatively mild winters (with average temperatures staying near 10 °C (18 °F)), it is technically classified as maritime subtropical (Cfbl/Cfbk) by the Trewartha climate classification.
The maximum temperature reached in Santander Airport was 37.8 °C (100 °F) on 27 June 2009, and the minimum temperature −5.4 °C (22 °F) on 21 January 1957. The highest maximum daytime average for a month was in August 2003, with 27.1 °C (80.8 °F).[16]Warm months (mean above 22 °C (72 °F)) are however rare. The highest temperature recorded in downtown is 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) in August 1940.[17]
Sunshine hours are very low by comparison with the rest of mainland and southern Spain. Even compared with other areas of northern Spain, such asGalicia,which have many more hours of sunshine in coastal cities such asVigoorPontevedra.With annual averages of approximately 1650 hours of sunshine, Santander's southern areas are about as sunny asLondonandParis,and quite a bit less sunny than most of England's south coastal regions. The area closer to the coast has higher sunshine time but lower summer afternoon temperatures.
| Climate data for Santander, downtown, 64 m (1991–2020), extremes since 1877 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.2 (73.8) |
26.6 (79.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
33.4 (92.1) |
35.8 (96.4) |
37.4 (99.3) |
36.2 (97.2) |
40.2 (104.4) |
36.8 (98.2) |
32.4 (90.3) |
26.7 (80.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
40.2 (104.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.2 (55.8) |
13.3 (55.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
19.8 (67.6) |
16.0 (60.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) |
10.5 (50.9) |
11.9 (53.4) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.8 (67.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
16.8 (62.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
15.0 (59.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.1 (46.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
12.3 (54.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
17.8 (64.0) |
16.0 (60.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.6 (27.3) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
1.6 (34.9) |
3.6 (38.5) |
7.5 (45.5) |
5.2 (41.4) |
11.4 (52.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
4.4 (39.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 108.2 (4.26) |
74.3 (2.93) |
76.3 (3.00) |
86.4 (3.40) |
71.1 (2.80) |
61.9 (2.44) |
48.8 (1.92) |
60.0 (2.36) |
89.2 (3.51) |
115.1 (4.53) |
152.5 (6.00) |
130.3 (5.13) |
1,074.1 (42.28) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1 mm) | 12.8 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 11.6 | 10.4 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 9.3 | 11.2 | 14.7 | 13.1 | 128.4 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 91 | 121 | 164 | 174 | 209 | 212 | 224 | 202 | 176 | 148 | 93 | 86 | 1,900 |
| Source 1: Météo Climat[18] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Météo Climat (extremes)[19] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Santander Airport (1981–2010) Record Temperatures (1954–2016) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 25.1 (77.2) |
29.0 (84.2) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
36.8 (98.2) |
37.8 (100.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
37.3 (99.1) |
37.6 (99.7) |
33.5 (92.3) |
28.0 (82.4) |
25.4 (77.7) |
37.8 (100.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.6 (56.5) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.7 (60.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.2 (75.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
20.3 (68.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
18.5 (65.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.7 (49.5) |
9.8 (49.6) |
11.3 (52.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
19.8 (67.6) |
20.3 (68.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.1 (61.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
10.5 (50.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.8 (42.4) |
5.7 (42.3) |
7.0 (44.6) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
16.0 (60.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
8.7 (47.7) |
6.7 (44.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5.4 (22.3) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
0.6 (33.1) |
2.6 (36.7) |
5.6 (42.1) |
6.0 (42.8) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.8 (37.0) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 106 (4.2) |
92 (3.6) |
88 (3.5) |
102 (4.0) |
78 (3.1) |
58 (2.3) |
52 (2.0) |
73 (2.9) |
83 (3.3) |
120 (4.7) |
157 (6.2) |
118 (4.6) |
1,129 (44.4) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1 mm) | 12.3 | 11.1 | 9.9 | 11.9 | 10.4 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 8.9 | 11.1 | 13.3 | 12.1 | 123.5 |
| Average snowy days | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 72 | 72 | 71 | 72 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 73 | 74 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 85 | 104 | 135 | 149 | 172 | 178 | 187 | 180 | 160 | 129 | 93 | 74 | 1,649 |
| Source:Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[20] | |||||||||||||
Tourism and sights
editThe bars and restaurants of the old town are popular with tourists, as well as theEl Sardinerobeach a couple of kilometres away.[21]
TheCathedral of Santander:The lower temple, called "cripta del Cristo" was built around 1200 on other earlierRomanbuildings. It is 31 metres (102 ft) long and 18 metres (59 ft) wide, organised into three naves. Its style is a transition fromRomanesquetoGothic.[22]
The Lighthouse of Cabo Mayor presides over the entrance to the Bay of Santander.[23]
Parque de la Vaguada de las Llamas is one of the largest parks in northern Spain, covering 11 hectares (27 acres) of the city.[24]
Santander is pilot for asmart city.It is embedded with 12,000 sensors.[25][26]
- Sights of Santander
-
-
Beach ofEl Sardinero -
Mouro Island -
La Magdalena royal palace -
Playa del Camello -
Palacio del Embarcadero -
Hotel Real
Politics and government
editThePeople's Partywere the leading party in the municipal elections of 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, and 2019.[27]
Economy
edit
As a service centre at the regional level, Santander contains important public institutions and private organisations with a large number of employees, includingMarqués de Valdecilla University Hospital,theUniversity of CantabriaandGrupo Santander.Activities related to culture, leisure andtourismare an important part of the city's economy, and the regional and municipal authorities look to augment the summer tourist trade with additional offerings, including conventions, conferences,cultural festivalsand cruises.Banco Santander,Spain's largest bank and corporation, has had its legal headquarters located in the city since its foundation.
Transport
editThere are ferry services to and fromPortsmouthandPlymouthin theUnited KingdomandCorkinIreland,all operated byBrittany Ferries.[28][29]Santander railway stationserves three million annual passengers.
The city is served by theSeve Ballesteros–Santander Airport(SDR), located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the city centre.
Education
edit
- University of Cantabriais the largest university inCantabria.
- European University of the Atlanticis a private university founded in 2013.
- Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo(UIMP) specializes in teachingSpanishandcultureto foreign students.
- Central Library of Cantabria,founded in 1839
Culture
editSantander has a great tradition and cultural activity, with events that play an important role in cultural and social life of the city. UIMP is a major international summer university and organizes largefestivalsofmusicanddance.TheFestival Internacional de Santander(FIS), Festival Internacional de Música de Órgano (FiMÓC), Encuentro de Música y Academia and thePaloma O'Shea International Piano Competitionare main cultural events.
Diet
edit
Santander'scuisineis characteristic of Cantabria in that it is based mainly onseafood.Popularshellfishincludealmejas(clams) andmuergos(razor clams); fish includeseabream,red mullet,anchovies,seabassandsardines;andsquidandcuttlefishare also commonly eaten.
Some typical dishes from the city of Santander are the fried calamari calledrabas,double donuts, bean stew calledcocido montañés,andseafooddishes ranging fromseabassandsardineto products such asmorguera.[citation needed]
Notable people
editHistorical figures
edit- Francisco Marroquín(1499–1563), first bishop of Guatemala and provisional Governor of Guatemala
- Toribio de Peñalva(c.1606-c.1685), Spanish military man,Procurator GeneralofBuenos Airesduring theViceroyalty of Peru
- Manuel Pardo(1774–?), a Spanish soldier, the Interim Governor ofSpanish Texasin 1817
- José de Madrazo y Agudo(1781–1859), a Spanish painter and engraver, an exponent of theNeoclassical
19th century
edit- Jenaro Quesada, 1st Marquis of Miravalles(1818–1889)Grandee of Spainand Spanish soldier
- José Antonio Mijares(1819–1847) a Mexican Army Lieutenant who led the Mexican resistance force against the American garrison ofSan José del Caboin theBattle of San José del Cabo
- Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez(1820–1883) a Spanish Military Officer, politician, and statesman; Governor-General of the Philippines from 1871 to 1873
- Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola(1831–1888) a Spanish jurist, amateur archaeologist, owned the land of theCave of Altamira
- Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo(1856–1912) a Spanish scholar, historian and literary critic.
- Francisco Iturrino(1864–1924) a Spanish Post-impressionist painter of Basque ancestry, sometimes called aFauvist
- Concha Espina(c.1877–1955) a Spanish writer nominated for aNobel prize in literature25 times in nine years
- Marcial Solana González-Camino(1880–1958) a Spanish scholar, writer and politician; historian of philosophy
- María Gutiérrez Blanchard(1881–1932) a Spanish painter, developed a unique style ofCubism
- Ángel Herrera Oria(1886–1968) a Spanish journalist, Roman Catholic politician and later a cardinal
- Gerardo Diego(1896–1987) a Spanish poet, a member of theGeneration of '27
20th century
edit- Emilio Botín(1903–1993), a Spanish banker, the chairman of Santander Group from 1950 to 1986
- José Luis Zamanillo(1903–1980), aTraditionalistpolitician and leader ofCarlistparamilitaryRequetéstructures
- Francisco de Borbón y Borbón(1912–1995), a Spanish aristocrat, Lieutenant General of the cavalry in the Spanish army
- Matilde Camus(1919–2012), a Spanish poet who also wrote non-fiction
- Elena Quiroga(1921–1995), Spanish writer, explored the themes of childhood and adolescence
- Daniel Gil(1930–2004), one of the leading Spanishgraphic designersof the 20th century
- Emilio Botín(1934–2014), a Spanish banker, executive chairman of Spain'sGrupo Santander
- Juan Carlos Calderon(1938–2012), a Spanish singer-songwriter and musician
- Álvaro Pombo(born 1939), a Spanish poet, novelist and activist
- Juan Navarro Baldeweg(born 1939), architect and professor at theSuperior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid
- Alfonso Vallejo(1943–2021), playwright, poet, painter and neurologist
- Germán Gullón(born 1945), literary critic, writer and professor of Spanish literature at theUniversity of Amsterdam
- Domingo Sarrey(born 1948), a visual artist and video artist.
- José Antonio Rodríguez Vega(1957–2002), nicknamedEl Mataviejas(The Old Lady Killer), was a Spanish serial killer who raped and killed at least 16 elderly women in and around Santander between August 1987 and April 1988
- Paco San José(born 1958), Cantabrian music composer
- Álvaro Longoria(born 1968), a film director, executive producer and actor
Athletes
edit- Francisco "Paco" Gento López(21 October 1933 - 18 January 2022), nicknamed Paco, was a Spanish footballer or Spanish soccer player who made 437 appearances between Racing Santander and Real Madrid and scored a total of 129 goals in his senior career. He played for the National Spanish team in 43 appearances. and he scored 5 goals.
- Marcos Alonso Imaz(1933–2012), nicknamed Marquitos, was a Spanish footballer, with 272 pro appearances
- José Pérez Francés(1936–2021), a Spanish former professional road racing cyclist
- Francisco Javier Aguilar Garcia(1949–2020), a Spanish retired professional footballer with 300 pro appearances
- Seve Ballesteros(1957–2011), a Spanish professional golfer and World No. 1
- Quique Setién(born 1958), a Spanish retired footballer, with 518 pro appearances, former coach ofFC Barcelona
- Marcos Alonso Peña(1959–2023), a Spanish retired footballer, and a coach, with 309 pro appearances
- Iván Helguera(born 1975), a Spanish football player, 326 pro appearances
- Pedro Munitis(born 1975), a Spanish football player, with 475 pro appearances
- Iván de la Peña(born 1976), a Spanish football player, 331 pro appearances
- Mario Bermejo(born 1978), a Spanish retired professional footballer, 546 pro appearances
- Ruth Beitia(born 1979), high jumper, gold medallist at the 2016 Olympic Games
- Gonzalo Colsa(born 1979), a Spanish retired footballer with 394 pro appearances
- Mateo Joseph(born 2003), a Spanish footballer forLeeds Unitedand theSpain national under-21 football team.[30]
Sports
editRacing de Santanderis the mainfootballteam in the city, playing their home games at theCampos de Sport de El Sardinero.
Some elite teams of Santander:
| Club | Sport | Ligue | Stadium |
|---|---|---|---|
| Racing de Santander | Football | Segunda División | Campos de Sport de El Sardinero |
| GoFit Sinfín | Handball | Liga ASOBAL | Pabellón Municipal de La Albericia |
| CantbasketandCD Estela | Basketball | Liga EBA | Palacio de Deportes de Santander |
| Balonmano Pereda | Women's handball | División de Honor B | Pabellón de Numancia |
| Real Sociedad de Tenis de La Magdalena | Field hockey | Honour Division | La Albericia |
| Señor Independiente | Rugby Union | Honour Division | Mies de Cozada |
-
-
Sporting marina in Puertochico -
Mataleñas municipal golf fields, in Cape Menor
See also
edit- Nuevo Santander,a region of theViceroyalty of New Spainnamed after the city
- Hermandad de las Cuatro Villas
References
edit- Citations
- ^Municipal Register of Spain 2018.National Statistics Institute.
- ^"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions".ec.europa.eu.
- ^Wells, John C.(2008).Longman Pronunciation Dictionary(3rd ed.). Longman.ISBN978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^Jones, Daniel(2011).Roach, Peter;Setter, Jane;Esling, John(eds.).Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-15255-6.
- ^"Cifras Oficiales de Población de los Municipios Españoles: Revisión del Padrón Municipal – Población a 1 de enero de 2017".Instituto Nacional de Estadística.
- ^Fernández González, Lorena (2002).Santander una ciudad Medieval.Estvdio.ISBN9788495742056.
- ^"Catholic Encyclopedia: Santander".Newadvent.org. 1 February 1912.Retrieved14 April2011.
- ^Casado Soto 1985,p. 646.
- ^Casado Soto 1985,p. 648.
- ^Ringrose, David R. (2005).Toward a contemporary city: Santander, 1755–1910.Ed. Universidad de Cantabria. p. 7.ISBN9788481029772.
- ^abJar Torre, Luis (November 2009)."Un Desastre a la Española".Revista General de Marina(in Spanish).Retrieved14 September2022– via páginas personales de Juan Manuel Grijalvo.
- ^Aupí, Vicente (2005).El Incendio de 1941 en Santander.Guía del Clima en España. Omega. p. 75. Consultado el 16 de mayo de 2013.ISBN84-282-1370-4
- ^"Así ocurrió",El Diario Montañés(in Spanish), 12 February 2011,retrieved14 December2014
- ^"Balance de la tragedia",El Diario Montañés(in Spanish), 13 February 2011,retrieved14 December2014
- ^"Santander".Lonely Planet.Retrieved15 February2019.
- ^"Extreme values for Santander".Aemet.es.Retrieved22 July2015.
- ^"Météo climat stats Station Santander"(in French).Retrieved3 June2022.
- ^"Météo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Espagne (page 3)"(in French).Retrieved3 June2022.
- ^"Météo climat stats Station Santander/Données Météorologiques Gratuites"(in French).Retrieved3 June2022.
- ^"Valores Climatológicos Normales. Santander / Aeropuerto".July 2011.
- ^"Santander".Spain: Cantabria and Asturias.Rough Guides.Retrieved24 December2015.
- ^David de la Garma."Catedral de Santander"(in Spanish). Arteguias.com.Retrieved14 April2011.
- ^"Lighthouse of Cabo Mayor".Puertosantander.es.Retrieved14 April2011.
- ^"Parque de la Vaguada de Las Llamas en Santander, Cantabria"(in Spanish).El Mundo.Retrieved16 February2019.
- ^Santander: The Smartest Smart City.Governing, May 2014
- ^"SmartSantander".www.smartsantander.eu.
- ^"Resultados Electorales en Santander: Elecciones Municipales 2019".EL PAÍS(in Spanish).Retrieved2 January2023.
- ^Isabella Noble (14 October 2015)."36 Hours...in Santander".The Telegraph.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2022.Retrieved13 February2019.
- ^"Sail to Santander: Hop on board Ireland's first direct ferry to Spain".Independent.ie.
- ^"Mateo Joseph Makes Switch To Represent Spain's U21s".www.leedsunited.com.15 March 2024.Retrieved17 March2024.
- Bibliography
- Casado Soto, José Luis (1985)."Santander, el caso de una villa de desarrollo urbano bajomedieval paralizado en el siglo XVI".En la España Medieval.6.Madrid:Ediciones Complutense:641–670.ISSN0214-3038.
Bibliography
editExternal links
edit
- Official tourism website
- .Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 189–190.
- Webcams de Santander y Cantabria— Live webcams Santander and Cantabria.
- Ayuntamiento de Santander— Official website of the Santander City Council (InSpanish).
- Webcam en Puertochico— Live webcam of Santander's Puertochico district.