Wikipedia

Satellite state

Asatellite stateordependent stateis acountrythat is formally independent but under heavypolitical,economic,andmilitaryinfluence or control from another country.[1]The term was coined by analogy to planetary objectsorbitinga larger object, such as smaller moons revolving around larger planets, and is used mainly to refer toCentralandEastern Europeanmember states of theWarsaw Pactduring theCold War,[2]as well as toMongoliaandTuvabetween 1924 and 1990,[3]all of which were economically, culturally, and politicallydominatedby theSoviet Union.While primarily referring to the Soviet-controlled states in Central and Eastern Europe or Asia, in some contexts the term also refers to other countries underSoviet hegemonyduring the Cold War, such asNorth Korea(especially in the years surrounding theKorean Warof 1950–1953),Cuba(particularly after it joined theComeconin 1972), and some countries in the American sphere of influence, such asSouth Vietnam(particularly during theVietnam War). In Western usage, the term has seldom been applied to states other than those in the Soviet orbit. In Soviet usage, the term applied to states in the orbit ofNazi Germany,Fascist Italy,andImperial Japan,whereas in the West the term to refer to those has typically beenclient states.[citation needed]

TheOxford English Dictionarytraces the phrasesatellite statein English back as early as 1916.[citation needed]In times ofwaror political tension, satellite states sometimes served asbuffersbetween an enemy country and the nation exerting control over the satellites.[4]

Soviet satellite states

edit

Interwar period

edit

When theMongolian Revolution of 1921broke out, Mongolian revolutionaries expelled the RussianWhite Guards(during theRussian Civil Warof 1917–1923 following theOctober Revolutionof 1917) from Mongolia, with the assistance of the SovietRed Army.The revolution also officially ended Manchurian sovereignty over Mongolia, which had existed since 1691.[5]Although thetheocraticBogd Khanate of Mongoliastill nominally continued, with successive series of violent struggles, Soviet influence grew stronger. In 1924, after theBogd Khandied oflaryngeal cancer[6]or, as some sources suggest, at the hands of Soviet spies,[7]theMongolian People's Republicwas proclaimed on November 26, 1924. A nominally independent and sovereign country, it has been described as being a satellite state of the Soviet Union in the years from 1924until 1990.This is supported by the fact that the Mongolian PR collapsed less than two months after thedissolution of the Soviet Union.[3][8]

During the Russian Civil War, Red Army troops occupiedTuvain January 1920, which had also been part of theQing Empireof China and aprotectorateofImperial Russia.TheTuvan People's Republicwas proclaimed a nominally independent state in 1921, although it was tightly controlled by Moscow and is considered a satellite state of the Soviet Union until 1944, when the USSR annexed it into theRussian SFSR.[8]

Another early Soviet satellite state inAsiawas the short-livedFar Eastern Republicin Siberia.[8]

Post-World War II

edit

At the end ofWorld War II,most Eastern and Central European countries were occupied by the Soviet Union,[9]and along with the Soviet Union made up what is called theSoviet empire.Soviet forces remained in these countries after the war's end.[10]Through a series of coalition governments includingcommunist parties,and then a forced liquidation of coalition members opposed by the Soviets,Stalinistsystems were established in each country.[10]Stalinists gained control of existing governments, police, press and radio outlets in these countries.[10]Soviet satellite states of the Cold War included:[10][11][12][13]

Albania, Romania, and Yugoslavia ceased to be satellites before therevolutions of 1989.[14]TheFederal People's Republic of Yugoslaviais considered an early Soviet satellite,[10][11]as it broke from Soviet orbit in the 1948Tito–Stalin split,with theCominformoffices being moved fromBelgradetoBucharest,and Yugoslavia subsequently formed theNon-Aligned Movement.ThePeople's Socialist Republic of Albania,under the leadership ofEnver Hoxha,broke ties with the Soviet Union in theAlbanian–Soviet splitfollowing the Sovietde-Stalinisationprocess,[15]and removed itself from Soviet influence in 1961.[14]Romania'sde-satellization processstarted in 1956 and ended by 1965,[16]with serious economic disagreements with Moscow resulting in a final rejection of Soviet hegemony in 1964.[17]

From 1945 to 1948North Koreawas underSoviet Civil Administration,following this provisional governments were established under theProvisional People's Committee of North KoreaandPeople's Committee of North Korearesulting in the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Some scholars consider North Korea a satellite state under the Soviet Union from 1948 until the 1958August faction incident.[18]

The short-livedEast Turkestan Republic(1944–1949) was a Soviet satellite untilit was absorbed intothePeople's Republic of China.Between 1945 and theIran crisis of 1946theAzerbaijan People's GovernmentandRepublic of Mahabadexisted as satellite states in Soviet-occupied Iran. TheDemocratic Republic of Afghanistanwas a satellite regime of the Soviet Union from 1978 to 1991. Between 1979 and 1989, Afghanistan was also underSoviet military occupation.[19][20][21]

Post-Cold War usage of the term

edit

Some commentators have expressed concern thatUnited Statesmilitary and diplomatic interventions in theBalkansand in theMiddle Eastand elsewhere might lead, or perhaps have already led, to the existence of American satellite states.[22][23]William Pfaffwarned that a permanent American presence inIraqwould "turn Iraq into an American satellite state".[24]The term has also been used in the past to describe the relationship betweenLebanonandSyria,as Syria has been accused of intervening in Lebanese political affairs.[25]In addition,EswatiniandLesothohave both been described as satellite states ofSouth Africa.[26]In Europe,Belarushas been described as a satellite state of theRussian Federation.[27]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^Betts, R. R. (January 1945). "The European Satellite States: Their War Contribution and Present Position".International Affairs.21(1): 15–29.doi:10.2307/3018989.JSTOR3018989.
  2. ^"Source: NATO website 2nd Footnote at bottom".nato.int.Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2017.Retrieved9 May2018.
  3. ^abSik, Ko Swan (1990).Nationality and International Law in Asian Perspective.Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 39.ISBN978-0-7923-0876-8.
  4. ^Wood, Alan (2005) [1990].Stalin and Stalinism.Routledge.p. 62.ISBN978-0-415-30732-1.Retrieved2009-09-10.
  5. ^"History of the U.S. and Mongolia".U.S. Embassy in Mongolia.
  6. ^Кузьмин, С.Л.; [Kuzmin, S.L.]; Оюунчимэг, Ж.; [Oyunchimeg, J.]."Буддизм и революция в Монголии"[Buddhism and the revolution in Mongolia] (in Russian). Archived fromthe originalon March 6, 2016.
  7. ^Догсомын Бодоо 1/2onYouTube(Mongolian)
  8. ^abcNarangoa, Li; Cribb, Robert B (2003).Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia: 1895–1945.Psychology Press. pp. 13, 66.ISBN978-0-7007-1482-7.
  9. ^Wettig 2008,p. 69
  10. ^abcdeRao 2006,p. 280
  11. ^abLangley 2006,p. 30
  12. ^Merkl 2004,p. 53
  13. ^Rajagopal 2003,p. 75
  14. ^abSchmid, Alex Peter (October 19, 1985).Social Defence and Soviet Military Power: An Inquiry Into the Relevance of an Alternative Defence Concept: Report.Center for the Study of Social Conflict (C.O.M.T.), State University of Leiden.ISBN9789034607386– via Google Books.
  15. ^Olsen 2000,p. 19
  16. ^Crampton, R. J. (July 15, 2014).The Balkans Since the Second World War.Routledge.ISBN9781317891178– via Google Books.
  17. ^Political Handbook of the World 1998.Springer. February 1, 2016.ISBN9781349149513– via Google Books.
  18. ^Armstrong, Charles K. (20 December 2010)."The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960"(PDF).The Asia-Pacific Journal.8(51). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 16 January 2022.Retrieved13 September2019.
  19. ^Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986)."Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979".Armed Forces & Society.12(3). Sage Publishing: 343, 344.doi:10.1177/0095327X8601200301.JSTOR45304853– via JSTOR.
  20. ^Amstutz, J. Bruce (1 July 1994).Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation.DIANE Publishing. pp. 52, 59, 190, 343.ISBN9780788111112.
  21. ^Cordovez, S. Harrison, Deigo, Selig; S. Harrison, Selig (1995).Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal.New York, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 29.ISBN0-19-506294-9.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^"Serbia Says U.S. Wants Kosovo To Be 'Satellite State'".Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.15 August 2007.
  23. ^Bailes, Jon; Aksan, Cihan (28 November 2008)."On Israel: An Interview with Norman Finkelstein".State of Nature: an Online Journal of Radical Ideas.Archived fromthe originalon 2010-11-28.
  24. ^Cooley, John (18 June 2008)."How to silence that Iran war drumbeat".The Christian Science Monitor.
  25. ^Wachter, Paul (January 26, 2002)."Who killed Elie Hobeika?".Salon.Archived fromthe originalon May 23, 2010.
  26. ^Mehran Kamrava (2008).Understanding Comparative Politics: A Framework for Analysis.Routledge.p. 73.ISBN978-0-415-77304-1.
  27. ^Silva, Chirani (1 November 2022)."Belarus: The Final Satellite State?".Project Patriarchy.Archived fromthe originalon 8 November 2022.

References

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satellite_state&oldid=1242317579"