Wikipedia

Sauna

This article is about a small room or house. For a Finnish metal music festival, seeSauna Open Air Metal Festival.For other uses, seeSauna (disambiguation).

Asauna(/ˈsɔːnə,ˈsaʊnə/,[1][2]Finnish:[ˈsɑu̯nɑ],Estonian:[ˈsɑu̯n]) is a room or building designed as a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions, or an establishment with one or more of these facilities. The steam and high heat make the bathers perspire. Athermometerin a sauna is typically used to measure temperature; ahygrometercan be used to measure levels of humidity or steam.Infrared therapyis often referred to as a type of sauna, but according to theFinnish saunaorganizations, infrared is not a sauna.[3]

A modernFinnish sauna

History

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A Finnish smoke sauna

Areas such as the rockyOrkneyislands of Scotland have many ancient stone structures for normal habitation, some of which incorporate areas for fire and bathing. It is possible some of these structures also incorporated the use of steam in a way similar to the sauna, but this is a matter of speculation. The sites are from theNeolithicage, dating to approximately 4000 B.C.E.[4]Archaeological sites in Greenland and Newfoundland have uncovered structures very similar to traditional Scandinavian farm saunas, some with bathing platforms and "enormous quantities of badly scorched stones".[5]

The traditional Korean sauna, called thehanjeungmak,is a domed structure constructed of stone that was first mentioned in theSejong Sillokof theAnnals of the Joseon Dynastyin the 15th century.[6][7]Supported bySejong the Great,thehanjeungmakwas touted for its health benefits and used to treat illnesses.[6]In the early 15th century, Buddhist monks maintainedhanjeungmakclinics, calledhanjeungso,to treat sick poor people; these clinics maintained separate facilities for men and women due to high demand.[8]Korean sauna culture and kiln saunas are still popular today, andKorean saunasare ubiquitous.[9]

Women in Sauna withVihtasin the middle of the 20th century in Finland[10]

Western saunas originated inFinlandwhere the oldest known saunas were made from pits dug in a slope in the ground and primarily used as dwellings in winter. The sauna featured a fireplace where stones were heated to a high temperature. Water was thrown on the hot stones to produce steam and to give a sensation of increased heat. This would raise theapparent temperatureso high that people could take off their clothes. The first Finnish saunas were always of a type now calledsavusauna;"smoke sauna".[11][12]These differed from present-day saunas in that they were operated by heating a pile of rocks called akiuasby burning large amounts of wood for about 6 to 8 hours and then letting out the smoke before enjoying thelöyly,a Finnish term meaning, collectively, both the steam and the heat of a sauna (same term in Estonian isleili- you can see similarities with Finnish word). A properly heated "savusauna" yields heat for up to 12 hours.[13]

Bain Finlandais.Illustration of a Finnish sauna in 1804 byGiuseppe Acerbi.

As a result of theIndustrial Revolution,the sauna evolved to use a wood-burning metal stove with rocks on top,kiuas,with a chimney. Air temperatures averaged around 75–100 °C (167–212 °F) but sometimes exceeded 110 °C (230 °F) in a traditionalFinnish sauna.As the Finns migrated to other areas of the globe, they brought their sauna designs and traditions with them. This led to a further evolution of the sauna, including the electric sauna stove, which was introduced in 1938 by Metos Ltd inVaasa.[14]Although sauna culture is more or less related to Finnish and Estonian culture, the evolution of the sauna took place around the same time in Finland andBalticcountries; they all have valued the sauna, its customs and traditions until the present day.

The sauna became very popular especially in Scandinavia and the German-speaking regions of Europe after the Second World War. German soldiers had experienced Finnish saunas during their fight against theSoviet Unionduring theContinuation War,where they fought on the same side. Saunas were so important to Finnish soldiers that they built them not only in mobile tents but even in bunkers.[15]After the war, the German soldiers brought the custom back to Germany and Austria, where it became popular in the second half of the 20th century.[15]The German sauna culture also became popular in neighbouring countries such as Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.[16]

Sauna culture has been registered in theRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanityunder two entries: "Smoke sauna tradition inVõromaa"in 2014 and" Sauna culture in Finland "in 2020.[17][18]

Etymology

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The wordsaunais an ancientFinnishword referring to both the traditional Finnish bath and to the bathhouse itself. InFinnic languagesother than Finnish and Estonian,saunaand cognates do not necessarily mean a building or space built for bathing. It can also mean a small cabin or cottage, such as a cabin for a fisherman.[19]The word is the best knownFinnicismin many languages.

Modern saunas

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Wooden buckets (kiulu) are used in the sauna.

The sauna known in the western world today originates fromNorthern Europe.In Finland, there are built-in saunas in almost every house, including communal saunas in the older apartment buildings; since the 80s, private saunas have often been built into the bathrooms of typical Finnish flats in apartment buildings, sometimes even in student housing.[20]There are also a number of public saunas in Finland, includingRajaportin Sauna,a sauna located in Tampere, that was first established in 1906 by Hermanni and Maria Lahtinen.[21]Helsinkieven has a sauna built into one of the gondolas of a ferris wheel,SkyWheel Helsinki.[22]Unlike many other countries, Finnish people usually prefer to be naked instead of wearing a swimsuit, towel, or other kind of clothing.

Under many circumstances, temperatures approaching and exceeding 100 °C (212 °F) would be completely intolerable and possibly fatal to a person exposed to them for long periods of time. Saunas overcome this problem by controlling thehumidity.[23]The hottestFinnishsaunas have relatively low humidity levels in which steam is generated by pouring water on the hot stones. This allows air temperatures that could evaporate water to be tolerated and even enjoyed for longer periods of time. Steam baths, such as thehammam,where the humidity approaches 100%, will be set to a much lower temperature of around 50 °C (122 °F) to compensate. The "wet heat" would causescaldingif the temperature were set much higher.

In a typical Finnish sauna, the temperature of the air, the room and the benches are above thedew pointeven when water is thrown on the hot stones and vaporized. Thus, they remain dry. In contrast, the sauna bathers are at about 60–80 °C (140–176 °F), which is below the dew point, so that water is condensed on the bathers' skin. This process releases heat and makes the steam feel hot.[24][25]

Finer control over the perceived temperature can be achieved by choosing a higher-level bench for those wishing for a hotter experience, or a lower-level bench for a more moderate temperature.[23]A good sauna has a relatively small temperature gradient between the various seating levels. Doors need to be kept closed and used quickly to maintain the temperature and to keep the steam inside.

SomeNorth American,Western European,Japanese,Russian,andSouth Africanpublicsportcenter and gyms include sauna facilities. They may also be present at public and privateswimming pools.As an additional facility, a sauna may have one or morejacuzzi.In some spa centers, there are the so-called special "snow rooms," also known as cold saunas or cryotherapy. Operating at a temperature of −110 °C (−166 °F), the user is in the sauna for a period of only about 3 minutes.[26]

According to theGuinness Book of World Records,the world's largest sauna is the Koi Sauna in the Thermen & BadeweltSinsheim,Germany. It measures 166 square meters, holds 150 people and sports akoiaquarium. The title may now belong to Cape East Spa inHaparanda,Sweden,[27]which also holds 150 people but is more spacious. However, in Czeladz, south Poland, there is now a sauna for 300 people, sporting light shows, theatre and needing several sauna masters.[28]

Use

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Interior of a modern home sauna in Finland
A small pool for cooling down; usually filled with cold water

A modern sauna with an electric stove usually takes about 15–30 minutes to heat up. Some users prefer taking a shower beforehand to speed up perspiration in the sauna. When in the sauna, people often sit on a towel for hygiene and put a towel over their heads if the face feels too hot but the body feels comfortable. In Russia, a felt "banyahat "may be worn to shield the head from the heat; this allows the wearer to increase the heat on the rest of the body. The temperature of one's bath can be controlled via:

  • the amount of water thrown on the stove: this increases humidity, so that sauna bathers perspire more copiously
  • the length of one's stay in the sauna
  • positioning: the higher benches are hotter, whereas the lower benches are cooler. Children often sit on the lower benches.

The heat is greatest closest to the stove. Heating from the air is lower on the lower benches as the hot air rises. The heat given by the steam can be very different in different parts of the sauna. As the steam rises directly upwards, it spreads across the roof and travels out towards the corners, where it is then forced downwards. Consequently, the heat of fresh steam may sometimes be felt most strongly in the furthest corners of the sauna. Users increase the duration and the heat gradually over time as they adapt to the sauna.[29][30]When pouring water onto the stove, it cools down the rocks, but carries more heat into the air via advection, making the sauna warmer.

Perspirationis the result of autonomic responses trying to cool the body. Users are advised to leave the sauna if the heat becomes unbearable, or if they feel faint or ill. Some saunas have a thermostat to adjust the temperature, but the owner of the sauna and the other bathers expect to be consulted before changes are made. The sauna stove and rocks are very hot—one must stay well clear of them to avoid burns, particularly when water is thrown on the rocks, which creates an immediate blast of steam. Combustibles on, or near the stove have been known to cause fires.Contact lensesdry out in the heat. Jewelry or anything metallic, including glasses, will get hot in the sauna and can cause discomfort or burning.[29][30]

The temperature on different parts of the body can be adjusted by shielding one's body with a towel. Shielding the face with a towel has been found to reduce the perception of heat.[31][32]Some may wish to put an additional towel or a special cap over the head to avoid dryness. Few people can sit directly in front of the stove without feeling too hot from the radiant heat, but this may not be reflected in their overall body temperature. As the person's body is often the coolest object in a sauna room, steam will condense into water on the skin; this can be confused with perspiration.

Cooling down by immersing oneself in water (in a shower, lake or pool) is a part of the sauna cycle and is as important as the heating. However, it is advisable that healthy people and heart patients alike should take some precautions if plunging into very cold water straight after coming from the hot room, as the rapid cooling of the body produces considerable circulatory stress. It is considered good practice to take a few moments after exiting a sauna before entering a cold plunge, and to enter aplunge poolor a lake by stepping into it gradually, rather than immediately immersing oneself fully.[33][34]In summer, a session is often started with a cool shower.[30][35]

In some countries the closest and most convenient access to a sauna is at agymnasium.Some public pools, major sports centers and resorts also contain a sauna. Therapeutic sauna sessions are often carried out in conjunction withphysiotherapyorhydrotherapy;these are gentle exercises that do not exacerbate symptoms.[36][37][38]

Health effects

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Sauna whisks and herbal teas
Sauna bather in winter

Potential health benefits

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There has been widespread research into the health benefits and risks that come from sauna usage;[39][40]most studies have focused on the Finnish sauna specifically.[41]Sauna bathing leads to mildheat stress,which activatesheat shock proteinsresponsible for repairingmisfolded proteins,promoting longevity as well as protection againstmuscle atrophyand chronic illness.[42]

There is evidence that long-term exposure to Finnish-style sauna is correlated with a reduced risk ofsudden cardiac death;[43][44][45]and that risk reduction increases with duration and frequency of use;[44]this reduction is more pronounced when sauna bathing is combined with exercise, compared with either of these practices alone.[46][45]Tentative evidence supports that the heat stress from saunas is associated with reducedblood pressureandarterial stiffness,and therefore also decrease the risk ofcardiovascular disease.[47][43][44]These benefits are more pronounced in persons with low cardiovascular function.[48]Evidence exists for the benefit of sauna on people withheart failure.[49][50][51]Frequent Finnish-style sauna usage (4-7 times per week) is associated with a decreased risk of neurovascular diseases, includingAlzheimer's diseaseandstroke,[44][47]relative to those individuals who used sauna once per week. Individuals suffering frommusculoskeletal disorderscould have symptomatic improvement from sauna,[44]and it could be beneficial forglaucoma.[52]It also is associated with a reduced risk and symptom relief from the symptoms ofrespiratory illness.[53][43][44]Weight loss inobesepeople and improvement of appetite loss present with normal body weight is achievable with sauna bathing.[54]

Evidence for the use of sauna for depression orskin disordersis insufficient, but the frequency of sauna sessions is correlated with a diminished risk of developingpsychosis,and it might be beneficial forpsoriasis.[44]

Potential health risks

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Sauna bathing coupled with alcohol consumption or dehydration increases the risk of sudden death;[45]the use ofnarcoticdrugs, such ascocaine,also increases the risk.[55]Being severely obese, havinghigh blood pressure,or beingdiabeticall serve as reasons to decrease the duration of sauna sessions.[55]Individuals prone topostural hypotensionor severevalvular heart diseaseshould use sauna cautiously to reduce the risk of a drop in blood pressure.[43]In people with cardiovascular disease, sauna usage is generally safe, as long as their condition is stable.[43][45]However, sauna bathing iscontraindicatedin persons withunstable anginaand severeaortic stenosis.[39]A one-year study in Finland showed that only 67 (2.6%) of sudden deaths in saunas were non-accidental, mostly due tocoronary heart disease.[39]

Pregnant women can use saunas as long as their core temperature does not exceed 39.0 °C (102.2 °F), as this may beteratogenic.[56]

One study has found that genital heat stress from frequent sauna sessions could causemale infertility.[57][note 1]

Technologies

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Today there are a wide variety of sauna options. Heat sources include wood, electricity, gas and other more unconventional methods such as solar power. There are wet saunas, dry saunas,infrared saunas,smoke saunas, and steam saunas. There are two main types of stoves: continuous heating and heat storage type. Continuously heating stoves have a small heat capacity and can be heated up on a fast on-demand basis, whereas a heat storage stove has a large heat (stone) capacity and can take much longer to heat.

Heat storage-type

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Smoke sauna

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Smoke sauna(Finnishsavusauna,Estoniansuitsusaun,Võrosavvusann) is one of the earliest forms of the sauna.[12]It is simply a room containing a pile of rocks, but without a chimney. A fire is lit directly under the rocks and after a while the fire is extinguished. The heat retained in the rocks, and the earlier fire, becomes the main source for heating the sauna. Following this process, the ashes and embers are removed from the hearth, the benches and floor are cleaned, and the room is allowed to air out and freshen for a period of time. The smoke deposits a layer of soot on every surface, so if the benches and back-rests can be removed while the fire is alight the amount of cleaning necessary is reduced. Depending on size of the stove and the airing time, the temperature may be low, about 60 °C (140 °F), while the humidity is relatively high. The tradition almost died out in Finland, but was revived by enthusiasts in the 1980s. These are still used in present-day Finland by some enthusiasts, but usually only on special occasions such as Christmas, New Year's, Easter, andjuhannus(Midsummer).[13]Smoke saunas are popular in the southern Estonia and smoke sauna tradition inVõrumaawas added into UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists in 2014.[17]

  • Smoke saunastove
  • Smoke saunastones

Heat storage-sauna

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The smoke-sauna stove is also used with a sealed stone compartment and chimney (a heat storage-stove) which eliminates the smoke odour and eye irritation of the smoke sauna. A heat storage stove does not give up much heat in the sauna before bathing since the stone compartment has an insulated lid. When the sauna bath is started and thelöylyshutter opened a soft warmth flow into the otherwise relatively cold (60 °C; 140 °F) sauna. This heat is soft and clean because, thanks to combustion, the stove stones glow red, even white-hot, and are freed of dust at the same time. When bathing the heat-storage sauna will become as hot as a continuous fire-type sauna (80–110 °C; 176–230 °F) but more humid. The stones are usually durable heatproof and heat-retainingperidotite.The upper part of the stove is often insulated with rock wool and firebricks. Heat-storing stoves are also found with electric heating, with similar service but no need to maintain a fire.

  • Heat storagetype sauna stove stone compartment

Continuous heat-type

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Continuous fire sauna

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A continuous fire stove, instead of stored heat, is a relatively recent invention. There is a firebox and a smokestack, and stones are placed in a compartment directly above the firebox. It takes a shorter time to heat than the heat-storage sauna, about one hour. A fire-heated sauna requires manual labor in the form of maintaining the fire during bathing; the fire can also be seen as a hazard.

Fire-heated saunas are common in cottages, where the extra work of maintaining the fire is not a problem.

Electric stove sauna

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The most common modern sauna types are those with electric stoves. The stones are heated up and kept on temperature using electric heating elements. There is a thermostat and a timer (typically with eight hours' maximum delay time, followed by one hour's continuous heating time) on the stove. This type of heating is generally used only in urban saunas.

Far-infrared saunas

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Far-infrared saunas utilize infrared light to generate heat. Unlike traditional saunas that heat the body indirectly through the air or by conduction from heated surfaces, far-infrared saunas use infrared panels or other methods like a sauna blanket[58]that emit far-infrared light, which is absorbed by the surface of the skin. The heat produced by far-infrared saunas is generally lower, making it more tolerable for people who cannot withstand the high temperatures of traditional saunas.[59]Infrared heat penetrates more deeply into fat and the neuromuscular system resulting in a more vigorous sweat at lower temperature than traditional saunas.[59]These effects are favorable for the neuromuscular system to recover from maximalendurance exercise.[60]

Other sweat bathing facilities

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Depiction in the mid-1920s of a ruralbanyaby Russian artistBoris Kustodiev:Russian Venus(armed withbirch besom)

Many cultures have sweat baths, though some have more spiritual uses while others are purely secular. InAncient Romethere was thethermaeorbalneae(from Greek βαλανεῖονbalaneîon), traits of which survive in theTurkishorArabhammamand in theVictorian Turkish bath(which uses only hot dry air). In the Americas there is theNahuatl(Aztec)temāzcalliNahuatl pronunciation:[temaːsˈkalːi],Mayazumpul-ché,and theMixtecÑihi;in Canada and the United States, a number ofFirst NationsandNative Americancultures have various kinds of spiritualsweat lodges(Lakota:inipi,Anishinaabemowinmadoodiswan). In Europe we find theEstoniansaun(almost identical to the Finnish sauna),Russianbanya,Latvianpirts,theEuropean Jews'shvitz,and theSwedishbastu.In Asia theJapaneseMushi-Buroand the Koreanjjimjilbang.TheKaro peopleofIndonesiahave theoukup.In some parts ofAfricathere is thesifutu.

Around the world

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Countries that visit the sauna naked areblue,those who wear swim wear areredand those who bring a towel areviolet.

Although cultures in all corners of the world have imported and adapted the sauna, many of the traditional customs have not survived the journey. Today, public perception of saunas, sauna "etiquette" and sauna customs vary hugely from country to country. In many countries sauna going is a recent fashion and attitudes towards saunas are changing, while in others traditions have survived over generations.

Africa

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In Africa, the majority of sauna facilities are found in a more upmarket hotel, spa and health club environments and predominantly share both sauna heater technology and design concepts as applied in Europe. Even though outdoor temperatures remain warmer and more humid, this does not affect the general application or intended sauna experience offered within these commercial environments offering a traditional sauna and orsteam showerexperience.[citation needed]

Asia

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InIran,most gyms, hotels and almost all public swimming pools have indoor saunas. It is very common for swimming pools to have two saunas which are known inPersianas سونای خشک "dry sauna" and سونای بخار "steam sauna", with the dry type customarily boasting a higher temperature. A cold-water pool (and/or more recently a cold Jacuzzi) is almost always accompanied and towels are usually provided. Adding therapeutic or relaxing essential oils to the rocks is common. In Iran, unlike Finland, sitting in a sauna is mostly seen as part of the spa/club culture, rather than a bathing ritual. It is most usually perceived as a means for relaxation or detoxification (through perspiration). Having a sauna room on private property is considered a luxury rather than a necessity. Public saunas are segregated and nudity is prohibited.

InJapan,many saunas exist at sports centers and publicbathhouses(sentō). The saunas are almost always gender separated, often required by law, and nudity is a required part of proper sauna etiquette. While right afterWorld War II,public bathhouses were commonplace in Japan, the number of customers have dwindled as more people were able to afford houses and apartments equipped with their own private baths as the nation became wealthier. As a result, many sentōs have added more features such as saunas in order to survive.

InKorea,saunas are essentially public bathhouses. Various names are used to describe them, such as the smallermogyoktang,outdooroncheon,and the elaboratejjimjilbang.The word "sauna" is used a lot for its 'English appeal'; however, it does not strictly refer to the original Fennoscandian steam rooms that have become popular throughout the world. Thekonglishwordsauna(사우나) usually refers to bathhouses with Jacuzzis, hot tubs, showers, steam rooms, and related facilities.

InLaos,herbal steam sauna orhom yaainLao,is very popular especially with women and is available in every village. Many women apply yogurt or a paste blend based ontamarindon their skin as a beauty treatment. The sauna is always heated by wood fire and herbs are added either directly to the boiling water or steam jet in the room. The sitting lounge is mix gender but the steam rooms are gender separated.Bael fruittea known in lao asmuktamtea is usually served.[citation needed]

Australia and Canada

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InAustraliaandCanada,saunas are found mainly in hotels, swimming pools, and health clubs and if used by both men and women, nudity is often forbidden, even if implicitly. In gyms or health clubs with separate male and female change rooms, nudity is permitted; however, members are usually asked to shower before using the sauna and to sit on a towel.

In Canada, saunas have increasingly become a fixture ofcottageculture, which shares many similarities with its Finnish counterpart (mökki).[citation needed]

Europe

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Nordic and Baltic

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Finland and Estonia
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Main article:Finnish sauna

A sauna session can be a social affair in which the participants disrobe and sit or recline intemperaturestypically between 70 and 100 °C (158 and 212 °F). This induces relaxation and promotessweating.People use a bundle ofbirchtwigs with fresh leaves (Finnish:vihtaorvasta;Estonian:viht), to slap the skin and create further stimulation of the pores and cells.[11]

The sauna is an important part of daily life, and families bathe together in the home sauna. There are at least 2 million saunas in Finland according to official registers. The Finnish Sauna Society believes the number can actually be as high as 3.2 million saunas (population 5.5 million).[61]Many Finns take at least one a week, and much more when they visit their summer cottage in the countryside. Here the pattern of life tends to revolve around the sauna, and a nearby lake used for cooling off.[62]

  • Rajaportin saunainTampere,the oldest working public sauna in Finland
  • A modern sauna in Finland
  • A sauna in Estonia
  • Sauna building in Finland
  • Estonian sauna on a lake

Sauna traditions in Estonia are almost identical to Finland as saunas have traditionally held a central role in the life of an individual.Ancient Estoniansbelieved saunas were inhabited by spirits. In folk tradition sauna was not only the place where one washed but also used as the place where brides were ceremoniously washed, where women gave birth and the place the dying made their final bed.[63]The folk tradition related to the Estonian sauna is mostly identical to that surrounding the Finnish sauna. On New Year's Eve, a sauna would be held before midnight to cleanse the body and spirit for the upcoming year.

Latvia and Lithuania
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InLithuanian,bathhouse or sauna ispirtis;inLatvian,it ispirts.Both countries have long bathhouse traditions, dating back to thepagantimes.[64][65]

The 13th century bathhouses in theGrand Duchy of Lithuaniawere mentioned in theHypatian CodexandChronicon terrae Prussiae,as they were practised by theLithuanian dukes.[66]Livonian Chronicle of Henrydescribes a bathhouse built around 1196 near thepieron the bank ofDaugavariver.[67]The chronicle also mentions the year 1215 baths of theLatgalianrulerTālivaldiswhich were built inTrikāta.[67]These baths are also mentioned in theLivonian Rhymed Chronicle.[67]Sauna had a considerable role in thepagantraditions of theBaltic people.In the 17th century,Matthäus Prätoriusdescribed various rituals the Baltic people practiced in sauna.[65]For example, sauna was a primary place for women to give birth and rites would be performed for the Baltic goddessLaima.[65]At that time, sauna traditions were similar inAukštaitija,Samogitia,Latgale,Semigalliaas well as some West Slavic lands.[66]In 1536,Vilniusgained a royal privilege to buildpublic bathhousesand by the end of the 16th century, the city already had 60 of them with a countless number of private ones.[66]In Latvian lands, bathhouses became particularly popular in the 19th century.[64]

The contemporary Baltic sauna is similar to others in the north-eastern part of Europe: it varies according to personal preference, but is typically around 55–70 °C (131–158 °F), humidity 60–90%, with steam being generated by pouring water on the hot stones.[68][69][70][71]Traditionally,birchtwigs (Lithuanian:vanta;Latvian:slota) are the most common, butoakorlindenare used too.[68]Sauna enthusiasts also make twigs from other trees and plants, includingnettleandjuniper.[70]Dry air sauna of 80–110 °C (176–230 °F) and very low humidity became popular relatively recently; despite being a misconception, it is sometimes locally described asFinnish-type.[70][69]

Norway and Sweden
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Swedish sauna house on the lake

InNorwayandSwedensaunas are found in many places, and are known as 'badstu' or 'bastu' (from 'badstuga' "bath cabin, bath house" ). In Norway and Sweden, saunas are common in almost every public swimming pool and gym. The public saunas are generally single-sex and may or may not permit use of swimwear. Rules for swimwear and towels for sitting on or covering yourself differ between saunas. Removing body hair in the sauna, staring at other's nudity or spreading odors is considered impolite.[72]

Dutch-speaking regions

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Main article:Sauna in the Dutch language area

Public saunascan be found throughout theNetherlandsandFlanders,both in major cities and in smaller municipalities, mixed-gender nudity is the generally accepted rule. Some saunas might offer women-only (or "bathing suit only" ) times for people who are less comfortable with mixed-gender nudity;Algemeen Dagbladreported in 2008 that women-only, bathing suit-required times are drawingMuslim women in the Netherlandsto the sauna.[73]

United Kingdom, Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe

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Pedra formosa-lusitanian sauna front stone

In theUnited Kingdomand much ofSouthern Europe,single-gender saunas are the most common type. Nudity is expected in the segregated saunas but usually forbidden in the mixed saunas. Sauna sessions tend to be shorter, and cold showers are shunned by most. In the United Kingdom, where public saunas are becoming increasingly fashionable, the practice of alternating between the sauna and thejacuzziin short seatings (considered afaux pasin Northern Europe) has emerged.[citation needed]

There is a fast growing new British sauna culture consisting mainly of 'wild' outdoor spas, popping up all over the UK.[74]

In Portugal, the steam baths were commonly used by theCastrejos people,[75]prior to the arrival of the Romans in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. The historianStrabospoke ofLusitanstraditions that consisted of having steam bath sessions followed by cold water baths. Pedra Formosa is the original name given to the central piece of the steam bath in pre-Roman times.[citation needed]

German-speaking countries

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Sauna inFreiberg,Germany

InGermany,Austria,LuxembourgSouth TyrolandLombardy,most public swimming pool complexes have sauna areas; in these locales, nudity is the generally accepted rule, and benches are expected to be covered by people's towels. These rules are strictly enforced in some public saunas. Separate single-sex saunas for both genders are rare,[15]most places offer women-only and mixed-gender saunas, or organize women-only days for the sauna once a week. Loud conversation is not usual as the sauna is seen as a place of healing rather than socializing. Contrary to Russia and Nordic countries, pouring water on hot stones to increase humidity (Aufguss,lit: "Onpouring" ) is not normally done by the sauna visitors themselves; larger sauna areas have a person in charge (theSaunameister) for that, either an employee of the sauna complex or a volunteer. Aufguss sessions can take up to 10 minutes, and take place according to a schedule. During an Aufguss session, the Saunameister uses a large towel to circulate the hot air through the sauna, intensifying sweating and the perception of heat. Once the Aufguss session has started it is not considered good manners to enter the sauna, as opening the door would cause loss of heat (Sauna guests are expected to enter the sauna just in time before the Aufguss. Leaving the session is allowed, and is advised when feeling too hot or otherwise uncomfortable[76]). Aufguss sessions are usually announced by a schedule on the sauna door. An Aufguss session in progress might be indicated by a light or sign hung above the sauna entrance. Cold showers or baths shortly after a sauna, as well as exposure to fresh air in a special balcony, garden or open-air room (Frischluftraum) are considered a must.

InGerman-speaking Switzerland,customs are generally the same as in Germany and Austria, although you tend to see more families (parents with their children) and young people. Also in respect to socializing in the sauna the Swiss tend more to be like the Finns, Scandinavians or Russians. Also in German-speaking countries, there are many facilities for washing after using the sauna, with 'dunking pools' (pools of very cold water in which a person dips themselves after using the sauna) or showers. In some saunas and steam rooms, scented salts are given out which can be rubbed into the skin for extra aroma and cleaning effects.

Hungary

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Hungarianssee the sauna as part of wider spa culture. Mixed genders use the sauna together and wear swimsuits. Single-sex saunas are rare, as well as those which tolerate nudity. Some Hungarian saunas have so-called "snow rooms" that look like little cages with snow and icicles, where visitors can cool down for a couple of minutes after each sauna session.[citation needed]

Czech Republic and Slovakia

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Polish sauna

In theCzech RepublicandSlovakia,saunas have a long tradition and are often found as part of recreational facilities, as well as public swimming pools. Many people are regular goers, while many never go. Saunas became more popular after about the year 2000, when large aquaparks and wellness centers began to include them. Nudity is increasingly tolerated, and many places prohibit the use of swimsuits; however, most people cover themselves with a towel. Showers are typically semi-private. Having men and women only days was the norm in the past, but today, men-only facilities are rare, while women-only hours are sometimes provided.

Russia

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Russian banya in Antarctica
In a Russian Banya(1916), byVitaly Tikhov
Main article:Banya (sauna)

In many regions ofRussiasauna-going plays a central social role. These countries also have the tradition of massaging fellow sauna-goers with leafy, wetbirchbunches, calledvenik(веник) in Russian. In Russian-speaking communities the wordbanya(Russian: Баня) is widely used also when referring to a public bath. In Russia, publicbanyabaths are strictly single-sex.[77]During wintertime, sauna-goers often run outdoors for eitherice swimmingor, in the absence of lake, just to roll around in the snow naked and then go back inside. Russian traditionalbanyais quite similar to Finnish sauna, despite the popular misconception that the Finnish sauna is very dry.

In modern Russia, there are three different types of saunas. The first one, previously very popular especially during the 20th century, is the public sauna or thebanya,(also known as the Russian banya), as it is referred to among the locals, is similar in context to public bathhouses in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. The banya is a large setting with many different rooms. There is at least one sauna (Finnish style), one cold pool of water, a relaxation area, another sauna where fellow-sauna goers beat other fellow-sauna goers with the leafy birch, a shower area, a small cafeteria with a TV and drinks, and a large common area that leads to the other areas. In this large area, there are marble bed-like structures where people lie down and receive a massage either by another sauna-member or by a designated masseur. In the resting area, there are also other bed-like structures made of marble or stone attached to the ground where people lie down to rest between different rounds of sauna or at the very end of their banya session. There is also a large public locker area where one keeps one's clothes as well as two other more private locker areas with individual doors that can lock these two separate locker rooms.

The second type of sauna is the Finnish sauna type one can find in any gym throughout the world or a hotel. It could be in the locker room or mixed (i. e. male and female together). Attitudes towards nudity are very liberal and people are less self-conscious about their nude bodies.

The third type of sauna is one that is rented by a group of friends. It is similar to the public banya bath house type, except that it is usually more modern and luxurious, and is often rented by groups of friends by the hour for the use of partying and socialising. Here it can be single-sex or mixed-sex.

North America and Central America

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Wood-heated floating sauna onIowafarm pond
An old sauna ofListening Pointon the shores ofBurntside LakeinMorse Township, Minnesota

In theUnited States,the earliest saunas that arrived with the colonists were Swedishbastus in the colony New Sweden around the Delaware River. The Swedish governor at the time had a bathhouse on Tinicum Island.[5]Today sauna culture enjoys its greatest popularity in the Lake Superior Region, specifically theUpper Peninsula of Michigan,especially the Keweenaw Peninsula, and parts ofMinnesota,[78]Wisconsin,andIowa,which are home to large populations of Swedish and particularlyFinnish Americans.[79]Duluth, Minnesota, at its peak, had as many as 14 public saunas.[5]Indeed, among Finnish farms in Great Lakes "sauna country", the cultural geographer Matti Kaups, found that 90% had sauna structures - more even than the farms in Finland. Elsewhere, sauna facilities are normally provided at health clubs and at hotels, but there is no tradition or ritual to their use. To avoid liability, many saunas operate at only moderate temperatures and do not allow pouring water on the rocks. A wider range of sauna etiquette is usually acceptable in the United States compared to other countries, with the exception that most mixed-sex saunas usually require some clothing such as a bathing suit to be worn.[78]These are uncommon, however, as most saunas are either small private rooms or in the changing rooms of health clubs or gyms. There are few restrictions and their use is casual; bathers may enter and exit the sauna as they please, be it nude, with a towel, dripping wet in swimsuits or even in workout clothes (the latter being very unusual). Like many aspects of US culture, there are few prescribed conventions and the bather should remain astute to "read" the specific family or community's expectations. Besides the Finnish Americans, the older generation of Korean-Americans still uses the saunas as it is available to them. Sauna societies are beginning to emerge in colleges across America, with the first one being formed atGustavus Adolphus College.

A cultural legacy of Eastern European Jews in America is the culture of 'shvitz', which used to be widespread in the East Coast and occasionally in the Pacific West Coast.[80]

Thesweat lodge,used by a number ofNative AmericanandFirst Nationstraditional ceremonial cultures, is a location for a spiritual ceremony. The focus is on the ceremony, and the sweating is only secondary. Unlike sauna traditions, and most forcefully in the case of theInipi,the sweat lodge ceremonies have been robustly defended as an exclusively Native expression of spirituality rather than a recreational activity.[81][82]

Traditions and old beliefs

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In the sauna(1925), byPekka Halonen

A Finnish wordlöyly[ˈløyly]is strictly connected to the sauna. It can be translated as "sauna steam" and refers to the steam vapour created by splashing water on the heated rocks. In many languages related to Finnish, there is a word corresponding tolöyly.The same approximate meaning is used across theFinnic languagessuch as inEstonianleil.Originally this word meant "spirit" or "life", as in e. g. HungarianlélekandKhantylil,which both mean "soul", referring to the sauna's old, spiritual essence. The same dual meaning of both "spirit" and "(sauna) steam" is also preserved in theLatvianwordgars.There is an old Finnish saying, "saunassa ollaan kuin kirkossa",—one should behave in the sauna as in church.

Saunatonttu,literally translated as "sauna elf", is a littlegnomeortutelary spiritthat was believed to live in the sauna. He was always treated with respect, otherwise, he might cause much trouble for people. It was customary to warm up the sauna just for thetonttuevery now and then, or to leave some food outside for him. It is said that he warned the people if a fire was threatening the sauna or punished people who behaved improperly in it—for example, slept, or played games, argued, were generally noisy or behaved otherwise immorally there. Such creatures are believed to exist in different cultures. The Russian banya has an entirely corresponding character called abannik.

InThailand,women spend hours in a makeshift sauna tent during a month following childbirth. The steam is typically infused with several herbs. It is believed that the sauna helps the new mother's body return to its normal condition more quickly.[citation needed]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Minna Hannuksela and Samer Ellahham state the opposite, namely that sauna bathing does not affect fertility.[39]

References

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