Second Viennese School

TheSecond Viennese School(German:Zweite Wiener Schule, Neue Wiener Schule) was the group ofcomposersthat comprisedArnold Schoenbergand his pupils, particularlyAlban BergandAnton Webern,and close associates in early 20th-centuryVienna.Their music was initially characterized by late-Romanticexpanded tonality and later, a totally chromaticexpressionismwithout a firm tonal centre, often referred to asatonality;and later still, Schoenberg'sserial twelve-tone technique.Adornosaid that the twelve-tone method, when it had evolved into maturity, was a "veritable message in a bottle", addressed to an unknown and uncertain future.^[1]Though this common development took place, it neither followed a common time-line nor a cooperative path. Likewise, it was not a direct result of Schoenberg's teaching—which, as his various published textbooks demonstrate, was highly traditional and conservative. Schoenberg's textbooks also reveal that the Second Viennese School spawned not from the development of his serial method, but rather from the influence of his creative example.

Prime, retrograde, inverse, and retrograde-inverse permutations.

Members

The principal members of the school, besides Schoenberg, wereAlban BergandAnton Webern,who were among his first composition pupils. Both of them had already produced copious and talented music in a late Romantic idiom but felt they gained new direction and discipline from Schoenberg's teaching. Other members of this generation includedErnst Krenek,Heinrich Jalowetz,Erwin SteinandEgon Wellesz,and somewhat laterEduard Steuermann,Hanns Eisler,Robert Gerhard,Norbert von Hannenheim,Rudolf Kolisch,Paul A. Pisk,Karl Rankl,Josef Rufer,Nikos Skalkottas,Viktor Ullmann,andWinfried Zillig.^[2]Schoenberg's brother-in-lawAlexander Zemlinskyis sometimes included as part of the Second Viennese School, though he was never Schoenberg's pupil and never renounced a traditional conception of tonality.

Though Berg and Webern both followed Schoenberg into total chromaticism and both, each in his own way, adopted twelve-tone technique soon after he did, not all of these others did so, or waited for a considerable time before following suit. Several yet later disciples, such as Zillig, theCatalanGerhard, theTransylvanianHannenheim and the Greek Skalkottas, are sometimes covered by the term, though (apart from Gerhard) they never studied in Vienna but as part of Schoenberg's masterclass in Berlin.

Membership in the school is not generally extended to Schoenberg's many pupils in the United States from 1933, such asJohn Cage,Leon Kirchnerand Gerald Strang, nor to many other composers who, at a greater remove, wrote compositions evocative of the Second Viennese style, such as theCanadianpianistGlenn Gould.By extension, however, certain pupils of Schoenberg's pupils, such as Berg's pupilHans Erich Aposteland Webern's pupilsRené Leibowitz,Leopold Spinnerand Ludwig Zenk, are usually included in the roll-call.

The broader circle of the Second Viennese School included, among others,Oskar Adler,Theodor W. Adorno,Hans Erich Apostel,Robert Gerhard,Norbert von Hannenheim,Heinrich Jalowetz,Hanns Jelinek,Sándor Jemnitz,Otto Jokl[de],Rudolf Kolischof theKolisch Quartet,Ernst Krenek,Rita Kurzmann-Leuchter[de],Erwin Leuchter[de],Olga Novakovic,Paul Pisk,Rudolf Ploderer, Josef Polnauer,Erwin Ratz,Willi Reich[de],Josef Rufer,Peter Schacht,Julius Schloss,Nikos Skalkottas,Erwin Stein,Eduard Steuermann,Viktor Ullmann,Rudolf Weirich,Adolph Weiss,Egon Wellesz,Alexander Zemlinsky,andWinfried Zillig.

Contemporaneous performers, friends, admirers, and supporters of the circle at various times included figures as diverse asGuido Adler,David Josef Bach,^[3]Ernst Bachrich,Imre [Emerich] Balabán andBéla Bartókof the New Hungarian Music Society,Julius Bittner,Artur Bodanzky,Mark Brunswick,^[4]Richard Buhlig,Edward Clark,Henry Cowell,Herbert Eimert,Gottfried Feist[ca],Marya Freund,Felix Galimirof the Galimir Quartet,Rudolph Ganz,George Gershwin,Richard Gerstl,Walter Gropius,Marie Gutheil-Schoder,Alois Hába,Emil Hertzka,Jascha Horenstein,Felicie Hüni-Mihacsek,Erich Itor Kahn,Wassily Kandinsky,Hans Keller,Erich Kleiber,Gustav Klimt,Wilhelm Klitsch,Erich Wolfgang Korngold,Louis Krasner,Józef Koffler,Oskar Kokoschka,René Leibowitz,Erich Leinsdorf,Adolf Loos,Darius MilhaudandFrancis PoulencofLes Six,Elisabeth Lutyens,GustavandAlma Mahler,Frank Martin,Dimitri Mitropoulos,Soma Morgenstern,Johanna Müller-Hermann,Dika Newlin,Will Ogdon,Max Oppenheimer,Otakar Ostrčil,Maurice Ravel,Rudolph Reti,Luigi Rognoni[it],Arnold Roséet al. of theRosé Quartet,Hans Rosbaud,Nikolai Roslavetset al. of theAssociation for Contemporary Music,Hermann Scherchen,Egon Schiele,Alfredo Sangiorgi[it],Alfred Schlee[de],Erich Schmid,Franz Schreker,Erwin Schulhoff,Eugenie Schwarzwald,Rudolf Serkin,Roger Sessions,Peter Stadlen,Erika Stiedry-Wagner[de],Igor Stravinsky,Georg Trakl,^[5]Edgard Varèseet al. of theInternational Composers Guild,Steuermann's sisterSalka Viertel,^[6]Imre Waldbaueret al. of theWaldbauer-Kerpely Quartet[hu],Franz Werfel,Arnold Zweig,andJung-WienwritersPeter Altenberg,Hermann Bahr,Karl Kraus,andArthur Schnitzler.^{[citation needed]}

Practices

Though the school included highly distinct musical personalities (the styles of Berg and Webern are in fact very different from each other, and from Schoenberg—for example, only the works of Webern conform to the rule stated by Schoenberg that only a single row be used throughout all movements of a composition^[7]—while Gerhard and Skalkottas were closely involved with the folk music of their respective countries) the impression of cohesiveness was enhanced by the literary efforts of some of its members. Wellesz wrote the first book on Schoenberg, who was also the subject of severalFestschriftenput together by his friends and pupils; Rufer and Spinner both wrote books on the technique of twelve-tone composition; and Leibowitz's influential study of Schoenberg, Berg and Webern,Schoenberg et son école,helped to establish the image of a school in the period immediately after World War II in France and abroad. Several of those mentioned (e.g. Jalowetz, Rufer) were also influential as teachers, and others (e.g. Kolisch, Rankl, Stein, Steuermann, Zillig) as performers, in disseminating the ideals, ideas and approved repertoire of the group. Perhaps the culmination of the school took place at Darmstadt almost immediately after World War II, at theInternationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik,wherein Schoenberg—who was invited but too ill to travel—was ultimately usurped in musical ideology by the music of his pupil, Webern, as composers and performers from the Second Viennese School (e.g. Leibowitz, Rufer,Adorno,Kolisch,Heiss,Stadlen,Stuckenschmidt,Scherchen) converged with the new serialists (e.g.Boulez,Stockhausen,Maderna,Nono,et al.).

First Viennese School

German musical literature refers to the grouping as the "Wiener Schule" or "Neue Wiener Schule". The existence of a "First Viennese School"is debatable. The term is often assumed to connote the great Vienna-based masters of theClassicalstyle working in the late 18th and early 19th century, particularlyJoseph Haydn,Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,Ludwig van BeethovenandFranz Schubert.Though Mozart and Schubert did not study with Haydn, Beethoven did for a time receive lessons from the older master, Haydn, though he was not a pupil in the sense that Berg and Webern were pupils of Schoenberg.

In art and culture

Berg, Schoenberg, or Webern featured (or were inferred) in the work of composersMichael Dellaira,Ernst Krenek,andRené Staarand writersWilliam H. Gass,Gert Jonke,Thomas Mann,Thomas Pynchon,andAmelia Rosselli.Erika Foxnamed her "Malinconia Militare" (2003) after the first line of Rosselli's "Webern Opus 4".

Webern's Op. 27 was used inThe Sopranosepisode "Bust Out".

References

Citations

^Volbach, W. R.; Adorno, Theodor W. (1950)."Philosophie der neuen Musik".Books Abroad.24(4): 394.doi:10.2307/40089560.ISSN 0006-7431.JSTOR 40089560.
^Rudolf Stephan,"Wiener Schule",Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik,second, revised edition, edited by musicologistLudwig Finscher,26 volumes in two parts, (Kassel, Basel, London, [etc.]: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Stuttgart and Weimar: J. B. Metzler, 1998): Part 1 (Sachteil), vol. 9 (Sy–Z): cols. 2034–45.ISBN 978-3-7618-1128-3(Bärenreiter);ISBN 978-3-476-41025-2(Metzler). citation from cols. 2035–36.
^Johnson 2006,198–199.
^Krenek 1998,788.
^Shreffler 1994,21–22.
^Viertel 1969,3, 56–58, 80–82, 101, 167, 197, 206–210, 220, 257–260, 280–281, 314–316.
^Perle, George.Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern,p.2n3. Fourth Edition. 1977. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.ISBN 0-520-03395-7

Sources

Johnson, Julius. 2006. "Anton Webern, the Social Democratic Kunstelle and Musical Modernism."Austrian Studies14(1):197–213.
Krenek, Ernst. 1998.Im Atem der Zeit: Erinnerungen an die Moderne,trans. Friedrich Saathen and Sabine Schulte. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe.ISBN 978-3-455-11170-5(hbk).
Shreffler, Anne C. 1994.Webern and the Lyric Impulse: Songs and Fragments on Poems of Georg Trakl.Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-198-16224-7.
Viertel, Salka.1969.The Kindness of Strangers.New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. First edition.ISBN 978-0-03-076470-7(hbk).

External links

Arnold Schoenberg Center in Vienna

[1] Volbach, W. R.; Adorno, Theodor W. (1950)."Philosophie der neuen Musik".Books Abroad.24(4): 394.doi:10.2307/40089560.ISSN 0006-7431.JSTOR 40089560.

[2] Rudolf Stephan,"Wiener Schule",Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik,second, revised edition, edited by musicologistLudwig Finscher,26 volumes in two parts, (Kassel, Basel, London, [etc.]: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Stuttgart and Weimar: J. B. Metzler, 1998): Part 1 (Sachteil), vol. 9 (Sy–Z): cols. 2034–45.ISBN 978-3-7618-1128-3(Bärenreiter);ISBN 978-3-476-41025-2(Metzler). citation from cols. 2035–36.

[FOOTNOTEJohnson2006198–199-3] Johnson 2006,198–199.

[FOOTNOTEKrenek1998788-4] Krenek 1998,788.

[FOOTNOTEShreffler199421–22-5] Shreffler 1994,21–22.

[FOOTNOTEViertel19693,_56–58,_80–82,_101,_167,_197,_206–210,_220,_257–260,_280–281,_314–316-6] Viertel 1969,3, 56–58, 80–82, 101, 167, 197, 206–210, 220, 257–260, 280–281, 314–316.

[7] Perle, George.Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern,p.2n3. Fourth Edition. 1977. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.ISBN 0-520-03395-7

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