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Shahmukhi

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Shahmukhi(Shahmukhi:شاہ مُکھی,pronounced[ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː],lit. 'from theShah's or king'smouth',Gurmukhi:ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁੱਖ਼ੀ) is theright-to-leftabjad-based script developed from thePerso-Arabic alphabetused for thePunjabi language varieties,predominantly inPunjab, Pakistan.[1][2]It is generally written in theNastaʿlīqcalligraphichand,[3][4]which is also used forPersianandUrdu.[5]Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other beingGurmukhiused mainly inPunjab, India.[6]Shahmukhi is written from right to left and has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters.[7][8]

Shahmukhi
شاہ مُکھی
Poetry byBulleh Shahin Shahmukhi (Nastaliq)[a]
Script type
Time period
17th century–present
DirectionRight-to-left scriptEdit this on Wikidata
RegionPunjab,Hazara,Azad Kashmir
LanguagesPunjabi(incl.dialects and varieties)
Related scripts
Parent systems
Unicode
This article containsphonetic transcriptionsin theInternational Phonetic Alphabet(IPA).For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.For the distinction between[ ],/ /and ⟨⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

History

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Before the advent of Shahmukhi, writing systems were not popular for theOld Punjabi varieties.[citation needed]

The name 'Shahmukhi' is a recent coinage, imitating its counterpart 'Gurmukhi'.[9]However, the writing of Punjabi in thePerso-Arabic scriptis well-attested from the 17th century onwards.[10]According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices inMughal-eraPunjab,when Punjabi Muslims learned thePersian languagein order to participate in Mughal society. Educational materials taught Persian to Punjabi speakers by using Punjabi written in Persian's alphabet, which was a novel innovation. This was one of the first attempts at standardising the Punjabi language; prior to this, Punjabi was primarily a spoken language, not formally taught in schools.[11]

Shackle suggests that the Gurmukhi script was not favoured by Punjabi Muslims due to its religious (Sikh) connotations.[10]

Alphabet

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Shahmukhi script is a modified version of theArabic script'sPersian alphabet.It is identical to theUrdu alphabet,but contains additional letters representing thePunjabi phonology.For writingSaraiki,anextended Shahmukhiis used that includes 4 additional letters for theimplosive consonants(ٻ, ڄ, ݙ, ڳ).[12]

Vowel diacritics

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Like Urdu, Shahmukhi also has diacritics, which are implied - a convention retained from the originalArabic script,to express short vowels.[4][13]

Diacritics used in Shahmukhi
Name Symbol Usage IPA Notes Examples
Short vowels
Zabar ◌َ‎ a [ə] Written above a letter
Zer ◌ِ‎ i [ɪ] Written below a letter
Pesh ◌ُ‎ u [ʊ] Written above a letter
Nūn Ġunna ◌٘‎ ṉ [◌̃],[ŋ] Nasal vowel diacritic ‘مُون٘ہہ‎’ (‘face’)
Tashdīd ◌ّ‎ Geminate [ː] Doubles a consonant - goes above the letter being prolonged ‘کّ’ ('kk')
Loan diacritics
Khaṛī Zabar ◌ٰ á [äː] Used in certain Arabic loanwords only ‘عیسیٰ’ (‘Jesus’)
Zabar Tanwīn ◌ً an [ən] ‘فوراً’ (‘Immediately’)
Other diacritics
Hamza ◌ٔ varied Indicates adiphthongbetween two vowels, examples such as: ‘ئ’, ‘ۓ’, ‘ؤ‘, andأ,not written as a separate diacritic

Consonants

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No. Name[14] IPA Final glyph Medial glyph Initial glyph Isolated glyph
1 الف alif /äː/,/ə/,/ɪ/,/ʊ/ ـا ـا ا ا
2 بے bē /b/ ـب ـبـ بـ ب
3 پے pē /p/ ـپ ـپـ پـ پ
4 تے tē /t/ ـت ـتـ تـ ت
5 ٹے ṭē /ʈ/ ـٹ ـٹـ ٹـ ٹ
6 ثے s̱ē /s/ ـث ـثـ ثـ ث
7 جيم jīm /d͡ʒ/ ـج ـجـ جـ ج
8 چے cē /t͡ʃ/ ـچ ـچـ چـ چ
9 وڈّی حے waḍḍi ḥē /ɦ/ ـح ـحـ حـ ح
10 خے k͟hē /x/ ـخ ـخـ خـ خ
11 دال dāl /d/ ـد ـد د د
12 ڈال ḍāl /ɖ/ ـڈ ـڈ ڈ ڈ
13 ذال ẕāl /z/ ـذ ـذ ذ ذ
14 رے rē /r/ ـر ـر ر ر
15 ڑے ṛē /ɽ/ ـڑ ـڑ ڑ ڑ
16 زے zē /z/ ـز ـز ز ز
17 ژے žē /ʒ/ ـژ ـژ ژ ژ
18 سین sīn /s/ ـس ـسـ سـ س
19 شین shīn /ʃ/ ـش ـشـ شـ ش
20 صاد ṣwād /s/ ـص ـصـ صـ ص
21 ضاد ẓwād /z/ ـض ـضـ ضـ ض
22 طوئیں t̤oʼēṉ /t/ ـط ـطـ طـ ط
23 ظوئیں z̤oʼēṉ /z/ ـظ ـظـ ظـ ظ
24 عین ʻain /∅/,/äː/,/ə/,/eː/,/oː/, ـع ـعـ عـ ع
25 غین ġain /ɣ/ ـغ ـغـ غـ غ
26 فے fē /f/ ـف ـفـ فـ ف
27 قاف qāf /q/ ـق ـقـ قـ ق
28 کاف kāf /k/ ـک ـکـ کـ ک
29 گاف gāf /ɡ/ ـگ ـگـ گـ گ
30 لام lām /l/ ـل ـلـ لـ ل
31[15] ࣇام ḷām /ɭ/ ـࣇ ـࣇـ ࣇـ لؕ
32 میم mīm /m/ ـم ـمـ مـ م
33 نون nūn /n,ɲ/ ـن ـنـ نـ ن
34[15] ݨون ṇūn /ɳ/ ـݨ ـݨـ ݨـ
35 نون غنّہ nūn ġunnah /◌̃,ŋ/ ـں ـن٘ـ ن٘ـ ں
36 واؤ vāʼo /ʋ,uː,ʊ,oː,ɔː/ ـو ـو و و
37 نکی ہے
گول ہے 		nikkī hē
gol hē 		/ɦ,ɑː,e:/ ـہ ـہـ ہـ ہ
38 دو چشمی ہے do-cashmī hē /ʰ/or/ʱ/ ـھ ـھـ ھ ھ
39 ہمزہ hamzah /ʔ/,/∅/ ء ء ء ء
40 چھوٹی يے choṭī yē /j,iː/ ـی ـیـ یـ ی
41 وڈّی يے waḍḍi yē /ɛː,eː/ ـے N/A N/A ے

No Punjabi words begin withں,ھ,orے.Words which begin withڑare exceedingly rare, but some have been documented in Shahmukhi dictionaries such as Iqbal Salahuddin'sWaddi Punjabi Lughat.[16] Thedigraphsofaspirated consonantsare as follows. In addition,لandلؕform ligatures withا:لا(ـلا) andلؕا(ـلؕا).

Aspirates

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No. Digraph[17] Transcription[17] IPA Example
1 بھ bh [bʱ] بھاری
2 پھ ph [pʰ] پھل
3 تھ th [t̪ʰ] تھم
4 ٹھ ṭh [ʈʰ] ٹھیس
5 جھ jh [d͡ʒʱ] جھاڑی
6 چھ ch [t͡ʃʰ] چھوکرا
7 دھ dh [d̪ʱ] دھوبی
8 ڈھ ḍh [ɖʱ] ڈھول
9 رھ rh [ɾʰ] بارھویں
10 ڑھ ṛh [ɽʰ] کڑھنا
11 کھ kh [kʰ] کھولنا
12 گھ gh [ɡʱ] گھبراہٹ
13 لھ lh [lʰ] کولھ
14 مھ mh [mʰ] سامھنا
15 نھ nh [nʰ] چنھاں
16 وھ wh [ʋʰ] وھایا
17 یھ yh [jʰ] یھاوا[18]
  • ے(waddi ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (ਏ) or æ (ਐ), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form ofی.
  • Vowels are expressed as follows:
Final Middle Initial
ـہ ـَ اَ
یٰ ـَا آ
N/A ـِ اِ
ـِى ـِيـ اِی
ـے‬ ـيـ اے
ـَے‬ ـَيـ اَے
N/A ـُ اُ
ـُو اُو
ـو او
ـَو اَو

Difference from Persian and Urdu

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See also:Persian alphabetandUrdu alphabet

Shahmukhi has more letters than its Persian base and related Urdu alphabet, to represent the special sounds that are only in Punjabi, which already have additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. Characters added which differ from Persian but not Urdu include:ٹto represent/ʈ/,ڈto represent/ɖ/,ڑto represent/ɽ/,ںto represent/◌̃/,andےto represent/ɛ:/or/e:/.Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi-heletter,ھ,exists to denote a/ʰ/or a/ʱ/,this letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed above. Characters added which differ from Urdu include:لؕto represent/ɭ/andݨto represent/ɳ/.These characters, however are seldom used.

Pronunciation

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The letterژis pronounced 'j' in French or as vision in English and the letterعis often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words.

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  • Modern Shahmukhi alphabet table in Mehr Nastaliq Saraiki font
  • Standard Shahmukhi alphabets
  • "Shahmukhi" written in Shahmukhi script
  • Another example of poetry by Bulleh Shah in Shahmukhi

See also

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References

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  1. ^Romanized Punjabi
    Tussee'n vee uchhay, Tuhadi zaat vee uchhee
    Tussee'n vichUchday rehnday
    Asee'n Kasoori, Saadi zaat Kasoori
    Asee'n vichKasurday rehnday

    Approximate English translation
    "You are also high, your self is also high
    You live insideUch
    We are poor, our self is poor
    We live insideKasur"
  1. ^Evans, Lorna Priest; Malik, M.G. Abbas (1 May 2019)."Unicode Proposal for ArLaam"(PDF).Unicode.Punjabi Parchar.Archived(PDF)from the original on 21 April 2020.Retrieved21 April2020.
  2. ^Singh Saini, Tejineder; Singh Lehal, Gurpreet; S Kalra, Virinder (August 2008)."Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System".Aclweb.org.Coling 2008 Organizing Committee:177–180.Archived(PDF)from the original on 14 August 2017.Retrieved21 April2020.
  3. ^Sharma, Saurabh; Gupta, Vishal (May 2013)."Punjabi Documents Clustering System"(PDF).Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence.5(2): 174.doi:10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187.S2CID55699784.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 April 2020.Retrieved21 April2020.
  4. ^abDhanju, Kawarbir Singh; Lehal, Gurpreet Singh; Saini, Tejinder Singh; Kaur, Arshdeep (October 2015)."Design and Implementation of Shahmukhi Spell Checker"(PDF).Learnpunjabi.org.Archived(PDF)from the original on 21 December 2018.Retrieved2 May2020.
  5. ^Malik, Muhammad Ghulam Abbas; Boitet, Christian; Bhattcharyya, Pushpak (27 June 2012) [2010]."Analysis of Noori Nasta'leeq for Major Pakistani Languages".King AbdulAziz University.Penang, Malaysia. p. 4.Archived(PDF)from the original on 15 August 2017.Retrieved21 April2020.
  6. ^Dorren, Gaston (2018).Babel: Around the World in Twenty Languages.Profile Books.ISBN978-1782832508.
  7. ^Sharma, Saurabh; Gupta, Vishal (May 2013)."Punjabi Documents Clustering System"(PDF).Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence.5(2): 174.doi:10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187.S2CID55699784.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 April 2020.Retrieved21 April2020.
  8. ^Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography.Springer. 2019. p. 142.ISBN978-3030059774.
  9. ^Shackle, Christopher."Punjabi language".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved2021-06-12.
  10. ^abShackle, Christopher (2007). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.).The Indo-Aryan Languages.Routledge. p. 655.ISBN978-0-415-77294-5.
  11. ^Dhavan, Purnima (2019-12-31), Green, Nile (ed.),"Marking Boundaries and Building Bridges: Persian Scholarly Networks in Mughal Punjab",The Persianate World,University of California Press, pp.168–169,doi:10.1525/9780520972100-009,ISBN978-0-520-97210-0,S2CID211601323,retrieved2021-06-12
  12. ^Bashir, Elena;Conners, Thomas J.; Hefright, Brook (2019).A descriptive grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki.Hefright, Brook. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 62, 77.ISBN978-1-61451-296-7.OCLC1062344143.
  13. ^Bhardwaj, Mangat (2016).Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar.Routledge. p. 378.ISBN978-1317643265.It is an ancient Arabic writing tradition (carried on in Persian, Urdu and Shahmukhi) to omit the diacritics (except the Hamza) in ordinary writing and to depend on the context to interpret a word.
  14. ^Delacy, Richard (2003).Beginner's Urdu Script.McGraw-Hill. pp.xv–xvi.
  15. ^abRarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed
  16. ^Muhammad Iqbal Salahuddin (2002).وڈی پنجابی لغت: پنجابی توں پنجابی(in Punjabi). Vol. 2. Lahore: Aziz Publishers. pp.1672–1673.ISBN978-969-455-042-8.LCCN2010341553.OCLC629702100.OL31212991M.WikidataQ113450202.Retrieved2022-08-29.
  17. ^ab"Urdu romanization"(PDF).The Library of Congress.
  18. ^Muhammad Iqbal Salahuddin (2002).وڈی پنجابی لغت: پنجابی توں پنجابی(in Punjabi). Vol. 3. Lahore: Aziz Publishers. p. 2958.ISBN978-969-455-042-8.LCCN2010341553.OCLC629702100.OL31212991M.WikidataQ113450202.Retrieved2022-08-29.

Further reading

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