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Shar Pei

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"Sharpay" redirects here. For theHigh School Musicalcharacter, seeSharpay Evans.

TheShar Pei(Chinese:Sa bì;Cantonese Yale:shā pèih;pinyin:shā pí) is adog breedfrom southern China.Traditionally kept as a property guardian, the shar pei was driven to the brink of extinction in the 20th century. The breed is known in the West for its deepwrinkles,while a traditional less wrinkled form is maintained inHong Kong.

Shar pei
Modern "wrinkle-mouth" shar pei
Traditional "bone-mouth" shar pei
Other names
  • Cantonese Shar-pei
  • Chinese fighting dog
OriginChina
Traits
Height 44–51 cm (17–20 in)
Weight 16–29 kg (35–64 lb)
Coat Short, harsh, and bristly
Colour All solid colours except white
Kennel club standards
China Kennel Union standard
American Kennel Club standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog(domestic dog)

History

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Chinese sculpture of a shar pei dog from theEastern Han dynastyc. 100 CE[1]Kept in theIndianapolis Museum of Art.
"Wrinkle-mouth" shar pei
"Bone-mouth" shar pei

There are no records indicating the origins of the shar pei, although it closely resembles effigies of an un-wrinkled type ofguard dogkept in southern China during theHan dynasty;some believe the modern breed, along with thechow chow,descends from these dogs.[2][3]The breed has been identified as abasal breedthat predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th century.[4]

The shar pei was once very popular, but war and political turmoil in China in the 20th century took its toll on the breed and by the 1970s it was close to extinction.[2][3]In 1973 a Hong Kong businessman named Matgo Law appealed to the international community, in particular theAmerican Kennel Club,to help save the breed; by 1978 the breed was named byThe Guinness Book of Recordsas the world's rarest breed, with only 60 remaining.[2][3][5]The resultant publicity led to great demand in the United States for examples of the breed, and unscrupulous breeders in Hong Kong,MacauandTaiwantook to crossing their remaining purebred animals with other breeds including thebull terrier,pugandbulldog,and selling the offspring to unwitting American buyers.[3]The results of the crossings led to a dog with a much fleshier mouth than the original breed, these dogs became known as "meat-mouth" shar peis, while the original dogs are called "bone-mouth" shar peis.[3]

The cause of saving the breed was taken up in the United States by enthusiastic breeders using the dogs smuggled there in the 1970s, a breed club was founded and it received American Kennel Club recognition in 1992, with breed standard specifying a meat-mouth type dog.[2][3]Some breeders in Hong Kong maintain the traditional bone-mouth type, although it is estimated only 50 to 100 examples of this type remain.[3]

In the United States, a number of breeders have selectively bred shar peis for a smaller size, creating what they call the "miniature shar pei", much to the opposition of many breeders of traditionally sized shar peis.[2]Standing to a maximum 40 centimetres (16 in), the miniature shar pei is bred for both for its smaller size and increased wrinkles.[2]

Description

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"Meat-mouth" shar pei showing the blue-black tongue

The shar pei is a short-coated medium-sized breed of dog, renowned for its excessively wrinkled skin. The breed resembles many dog breeds from themastifffamily; however, it is most closely related tospitzbreeds, with the chow chow being its closest relative. This is most clearly seen with the two breeds both possessing unique blue-black tongues.[2][5][6]This dog falls within the same genetic group as the chow-chow, theakita,theshiba inu,themalamuteand theGreenland dog.[7]

Adult shar peis typically stand between 44 and 51 centimetres (17 and 20 in) and weigh between 16 and 20 kilograms (35 and 44 lb), they have a short, very harsh coat that can be any solid colour except white, although black, red, fawn and cream are the most common.[5][8]

The Chinese breed standard states they have clam-shell ears, butterfly nose, melon-shaped head, grandmotherly face, water buffalo neck, horse's buttocks and dragon's legs.[5]The breed's head is relatively large compared to its body with a broad muzzle that usually darker than the rest of the coat and well padded causing a bulge at its base, the ears are set wide apart and are small and triangular, and the eyes are set very deeply into the folds of skin on the head.[5][8]The breed has straight, well boned, muscular legs below sloping shoulders and a medium length broad tail that is curled over their back in a manner typical of spitz-type dogs.[5][8]

Health

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Life expectancy

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A 2024 study in the UK found a life expectancy of 10.6 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 forcrossbreeds.[9]

Skin conditions

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A review of over 23,000 records from the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital of theUniversity of Sydneyfound 7.7% of Shar-peis to haveatopic dermatitis,higher than the overall of 3.1%.[10]A review of records from over 600 US hospitals found 4% of Shar-peis under the age of 2 to suffer from juvenile onsetdemodicosiscompared to just 0.58% overall.[11]A study in the UK found the Shar-pei to have an overall prevalence of 0.9% compared to 0.17% for the general population. For juvenile onset demodicosis (under 2 years) the Shar-pei had a prevalence of 1.8% compared to 0.48%. For adult onset demodicosis (over 4 years) the Shar-pei had a prevalence of 0.6% compared to 0.05%.[12] The Shar-pei is predisposed to several skin conditions including:allergic skin disease,cutaneous mucinosis,intertrigo,otitis externa,andvasculopathy.[13]

Familial Shar Pei Fever

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A Shar Pei with Shar Pei Fever

Shar Pei fever(also calledfamilial Shar Pei feverorFSF) is a condition seen in Shar Pei characterized by recurringfeverand swelling of thehocks.It is similar tofamilial Mediterranean feverin humans. The cause is unknown, but it is thought to be inherited.[14]Shar Pei fever can result inrenalandliver failurethrough accumulation ofamyloidin those organs (amyloidosis).

Affected Shar Pei have an elevated level ofinterleukin 6,and this leads to an accumulation ofacute phase proteinsin the body during the fevers. The acute phase proteins are broken down to form type AA amyloid, which deposits in thekidneysand less so in theliver,spleen,andgastrointestinal tract.[15]This eventually leads to kidney or liver failure by the age of six years.[14]

The symptoms of Shar Pei fever include fever, swelling, and pain in the hocks that usually resolves within two days. The swelling in the hocks is easily recognizable—the hock will resemble a flaccid waterballoon, rather than stiff swelling following a sprain or break. The symptoms can be treated withNSAIDssuch ascarprofen.Kidney and liver failure cannot be treated except by the conventional manner usually used for those diseases. Prevention of amyloidosis is sometimes used in dogs with recurring episodes of Shar Pei fever.Colchicineanddimethyl sulfoxideare most commonly used.[14] The disease is associated with the Western type and it is estimated that 23% of dogs in the US are affected.[16]

Other conditions

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The Shar-pei is prediposed tohypothyroidism.[13]

A common problem is a painful eye condition,entropion,in which the eyelashes curl inward, irritating the eye. If untreated, it can cause blindness. This condition can be fixed by surgery— "tacking" up the eyelids so they will not roll onto the eyeball for puppies, or surgically removing extra skin in adolescent and older shar peis.[17]

Vitamin B12deficiency is a common problem in the Shar Pei and is suspected to be hereditary.[18][19]

A review of over 250,000 elbow scans in North America found a 24% of Shar-Peis over the age of 2 to suffer fromelbow dysplasia.[20]

The Shar Pei is one of the more commonly affected breeds forprimary open angle glaucoma.Anautosomal recessivemutation of theADAMTS17gene is responsible for the condition in the breed.[21]A review of hospital records in North America found 4.4% of Shar-Peis to suffer fromglaucomacompared to 0.71% formixed-breeds.[22]

The Shar Pei is one of the two most commonly affected breeds forhiatal hernia.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Indianapolis Museum of Art - Seated Shar Pei Dog
  2. ^abcdefgMorris, Desmond(2001).Dogs: the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds.North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square Publishing. pp. 355–357 & 563–564.ISBN1-57076-219-8.
  3. ^abcdefg"Discovering the Shar Pei: an endangered dog breed".Hong Kong Tatler.Hong Kong: Tatler Asia Limited. 23 Jul 2012.Retrieved21 July2020.
  4. ^Larson, G (2012)."Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography".Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.109(23): 8878–83.Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.8878L.doi:10.1073/pnas.1203005109.PMC3384140.PMID22615366.
  5. ^abcdefFogle, Bruce(2009).The encyclopedia of the dog.New York: DK Publishing. p. 254.ISBN978-0-7566-6004-8.
  6. ^Wilcox, Bonnie; Walkowicz, Chris (1995).Atlas of dog breeds of the world.Neptune City, N.J.: TFH Publications. p. 22.
  7. ^Parker; et al. (2017)."Genomic Analyses Reveal the Influence of Geographic Origin, Migration, and Hybridization on Modern Dog Breed Development".Cell Reports.19(4): 697–708.doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.079.PMC5492993.PMID28445722.Figure 1
  8. ^abcBanks, Edward (2013).Dogs: the ultimate dog lover's guide.Sywell: Igloo Books Ltd. pp. 138–139.ISBN978-1-78197-890-0.
  9. ^McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (2024-02-01)."Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death".Scientific Reports.14(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531.doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w.ISSN2045-2322.PMC10834484.PMID38302530.
  10. ^Mazrier, Hamutal; Vogelnest, Linda J.; Thomson, Peter C.; Taylor, Rosanne M.; Williamson, Peter (June 2016). "Canine atopic dermatitis: breed risk in Australia and evidence for a susceptible clade".Veterinary Dermatology.27(3): 167–e42.doi:10.1111/vde.12317.PMID27188769.
  11. ^Plant, Jon D.; Lund, Eli M.; Yang, Mingyin (2011). "A case–control study of the risk factors for canine juvenile-onset generalized demodicosis in the USA".Veterinary Dermatology.22(1): 95–99.doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00922.x.ISSN0959-4493.PMID20707860.
  12. ^O'Neill, D. G.; Turgoose, E.; Church, D. B.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Hendricks, A. (2020)."Juvenile-onset and adult-onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations".Journal of Small Animal Practice.61(1): 32–41.doi:10.1111/jsap.13067.ISSN0022-4510.PMC7003809.PMID31584708.
  13. ^abHnilica, Keith A.; Patterson, Adam P. (2016-09-19).Small Animal Dermatology.St. Louis (Miss.): Saunders.ISBN978-0-323-37651-8.
  14. ^abcEttinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995).Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine(4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company.ISBN0-7216-6795-3.
  15. ^Tellier L (2001)."Immune-mediated vasculitis in a shar-pei with swollen hock syndrome".Can Vet J.42(2): 137–9.PMC1476484.PMID11272460.
  16. ^Olsson, M.; Meadows, J. R. S.; Truvé, K.; Rosengren Pielberg, G.; Puppo, F.; Mauceli, E.; Quilez, J.; Tonomura, N.; Zanna, G.; Docampo, M. J.; Bassols, A.; Avery, A. C.; Karlsson, E. K.; Thomas, A.; Kastner, D. L.; Bongcam-Rudloff, E.; Webster, M. T.; Sanchez, A.; Hedhammar, A.; Remmers, E. F.; Andersson, L.; Ferrer, L.; Tintle, L.; Lindblad-Toh, K. (2011). Georges, Michel (ed.)."A Novel Unstable Duplication Upstream of HAS2 Predisposes to a Breed-Defining Skin Phenotype and a Periodic Fever Syndrome in Chinese Shar Pei Dogs".PLOS Genetics.7(#3): e1001332.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001332.PMC3060080.PMID21437276.
  17. ^Gelatt, Kirk N., ed. (1999).Veterinary Ophthalmology(3rd ed.). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.ISBN978-0-683-30076-5.
  18. ^Grützner, Niels; Bishop, Micah A.; Suchodolski, Jan S.; Steiner, Jörg M. (1 March 2010)."Association Study of Cobalamin Deficiency in the Chinese Shar Pei".Journal of Heredity.101(2): 211–217.doi:10.1093/jhered/esp100.ISSN0022-1503.PMID19926684.
  19. ^Bishop, Micah A.; Xenoulis, Panagiotis G.; Berghoff, Nora; Grützner, Niels; Suchodolski, Jan S.; Steiner, Jörg M. (1 January 2012). "Partial characterization of cobalamin deficiency in Chinese Shar Peis".The Veterinary Journal.191(1): 41–45.doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.05.008.PMID21652239.
  20. ^Oberbauer, A. M.; Keller, G. G.; Famula, T. R. (2017-02-24)."Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds".PLOS ONE.12(2). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0172918.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172918.ISSN1932-6203.PMC5325577.PMID28234985.
  21. ^Oliver, James A.C.; Mellersh, Cathryn S. (2020). "Genetics". In Cooper, Barbara; Mullineaux, Elizabeth; Turner, Lynn (eds.).BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing(Sixth ed.). British Small Animal Veterinary Association. p. 131.ISBN978-1-910-44339-2.
  22. ^Gelatt, Kirk N.; MacKay, Edward O. (2004). "Prevalence of the breed-related glaucomas in pure-bred dogs in North America".Veterinary Ophthalmology.7(2): 97–111.doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2004.04006.x.ISSN1463-5216.PMID14982589.
  23. ^Monnet, Eric; Bright, Ronald (2023-05-31). "Hiatal hernia".Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery.Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 29–36.ISBN978-1-119-69368-0.
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