Shodokan Aikido

Shodokan Aikido
	The Shodokan Aikido symbol
Also known as	Tomiki Aikido
Date founded	1958or 1967
Country of origin	Japan
Founder	Kenji Tomiki; ( phú mộc khiêm trị,Tomiki Kenji,15 March 1900–25 December 1979)
Arts taught	Aikido
Practitioners	Tetsuro Nariyama,Fumiaki Shishida

Shodokan Aikido(Chiêu đạo quán hợp khí đạo,Shōdōkan Aikidō)is the style ofAikidofounded byKenji Tomiki.^[2]^[4]^[5]Shodokan Aikido is sometimes referred to as hợp khí đạo cạnh kỹ (Aikido Kyogi) meaning "Competitive Aikido" or "Sport Aikido" because of its use of regular competitions.^[6]^[7]

The style itself could arguably have been founded with the formation of the Waseda University Aikido Club in 1958, although Tomiki didn't actually name his style Shodokan until 1976.^[2]^{[need quotation to verify]}It was in 1967 when Kenji Tomiki established the Shodokanhombu dojoinOsaka,Japan,to teach, train and promote his style.^[4]In 1974, Kenji Tomiki founded theJapan Aikido Association(NPO Japan Aikido Association). Since it was certified as a specified non-profit organization (NPO corporation) by the Cabinet Office in 2005, the official name was changed to "Specified Non-Profit Organization Japan Aikido Association". As of 2018, Masako Tomiki is the current chairman of JAA.

Today, Shodokan Aikido is organised with two major groups, theJapan Aikido Association(JAA)^[6]and theShodokan Aikido Federation(SAF).

Overview

Shodokan places more emphasis on free-formrandorisparring than most other styles of aikido. The training method requires a balance between arandoritraining method and the more stylized and traditionalkatatraining along with a well-developed set of training drills both specific forrandoriand for general aikido development. The participation in actualshiai(competitiverandori) very much depends on the club with greater emphasis being found in the university clubs, although randori is core to all Shodokan clubs.^[5]

Past directors of Shodokan Aikido

First Director Kenji Tomiki (1967-1979)
Second DirectorHideo Ohba(1979–1986)

Shihan

Within the JAA there were twoShihan:Tetsuro NariyamaandFumiaki Shishida.Nariyama as the technical director of the JAA and chief instructor of the Shodokanhombu dojoinOsaka,Japan.Shishida is Professor of Intellectual History of the Japanese Martial Arts atWaseda UniversityinTokyo.^[8]Together, they wrote a key monograph, in Japanese, entitled "Aikido Kyougi",^[9]which describes the history of, and many technical details about, the style ofaikidopropounded by Tomiki. This book, first published in 1985, was subsequently translated into English under the title, "Aikido: Tradition and the Competitive Edge".^[10]Nariyama Shihan has also produced a further book, "Aikido Randori",^[11]describing the practice system of randori within aikido.

In recent years, Sato Tadayuki was made Shihan of Waseda University Aikido Club. He, along with the now late Kenshi Uno, of Shikoku Japan, created Shidokan, with the blessing of Shishida Shihan. This system follows the same teachings of Tomiki, but with different emphasis, a return to Tomiki's earliest methods. Tomiki gave his art the name Shodokan, and many people were concerned with the introduction of a new name Shidokan. However this is just to show the various paths available within Tomiki's aikido.^{[citation needed]}

As of 2012, the division between Nariyama Shihan and Shishida Shihan grew into a situation where the two of them remaining within a single organization became an untenable position. Thus Nariyama Shihan decided to resolve any conflict by resigning from the JAA and creating a new organization known as Shodokan Aikido Renmei (also known as Shodokan Aikido Federation). This effectively was an official split of the Shodokan Aikido world into two. The JAA now refer to Shodokan Aikido as "Tomiki Aikido". However, because Tomiki Shihan emphatically was against the use of his name being attached to his system of practice, the JAA also commonly refers to the system as "The Aikido of Kenji Tomiki Sensei".^{[citation needed]}

Kata

Shodokan defines severalkata.Some of the more important kata are listed below.

Junanahon

Randori no kata is the basic kata set for Shodokan Aikido. Junanahon consists of 17 basic techniques, which, with their variations, are legal within Shodokanrandori.They are broken down into four different categories: Atemi, Hiji, Tekubi and Uki.^[10]Kenji Tomiki thought for many years about the construction of the 17 techniques as he omitted techniques from the old styles that he deemed too complex or too dangerous for competition.^[12]

Atemi Waza

The Atemi Waza is a set of five techniques that are classified as striking techniques.

Shomen Ate:Strike from the Front
Aigamae Ate:Strike from Same Posture
Gyakugamae Ate:Strike from Reverse Posture
Gedan Ate:Strike from Low Level
Ushiro Ate:Strike from Behind

Hiji Waza

The Hiji Waza is a set of five techniques that are classified as elbow techniques.

Oshi Taoshi:Pushing Topple
Ude Gaeshi:Arm Reversal
Hiki Taoshi:Pulling Topple
Ude Hineri:Arm Twist
Waki Gatame:Fixing the Side

Tekubi Waza

The Tekubi Waza is a set of four techniques that are classified as wrist techniques.

Kote Hineri:Wrist Twist
Kote Gaeshi:Wrist Reversal
Tenkai Kote Hineri:Rotating Wrist Twist
Tenkai Kote Gaeshi:Rotating Wrist Reversal

Uki Waza

The Uki Waza is a set of three techniques that are classified as floating techniques.

Mae Otoshi:Front Drop
Sumi Otoshi:Corner Drop
Hiki Otoshi:Pulling Drop

Koryu Goshin no Kata

Old stream self defense kata,includes many techniques that harken back to pre-war aikido (when the art was still taught asDaito-ryu aiki-jujutsu). This set of 50 techniques is sometimes referred to as theKoryu dai sanand includes weapons as well as empty-hand techniques. Suwari Waza: 4 techniques Hanza Handachi: 4 techniques Tachi Waza: 8 techniques Tanto dori: 8 techniques Tachi dori: 5 techniques Yari dori: 5 techniques Yari wo kumitsukareta: 8 techniques Kumi Tachi: 8 techniques

Nage no kata

A set of 14 throwing techniques: 7 direct (omote) and 7 more circular and fluid (ura). This sequence is actually the first part ofKoryu dai yonwhich includes 11 more techniques.

Goshin Ho

Self-defense techniques several of which are part of thecurriculumforyondanand up.

Competition

Preparation for grading at Shodokan hombu dojo

Competitions take the form oftanto randoriortoshu randori,and alsoembu( diễn võ ) in which pairs (torianduke) are judged on theirkata.Toshu randori( đồ thủ loạn thủ ) is barehanded, and both practitioners are expected to perform techniques on one another and attempt to resist and counter each other's techniques. The appearance of this form is heavily influenced byjudorandori with a few changes designed to enhance the use of aikido technique (for example, one is not allowed to grasp the opponent'skeikogi).

Intanto randori( đoản đao loạn thủ ), there is a designated attacker (tantō) and a designated empty-handed defender (toshu). The attacker attempts to stab the defender with a training knife (usually rubber or stuffed) while the defender attempts, with any of seventeen basic aikido techniques, to throw or performjoint-lockson the attacker.Tantōis expected to resist or counter with the first five techniques. In competition, the roles switch, with competitors having the same amount of time with and without the knife. In both these forms ofrandori,the traditional separation between the performer of technique (tori) and the receiver of technique (uke) no longer exists, as either participant may throw the opponent.

Scoring

Credits

Tanto tsukiari ( đoản đao đột きあり) - 1 point - Awarded for a successful tantō strike. For the strike to count, the tantō must land on the upper half of the torso. The arm must be extended, the strike should be perpendicular to the attacker's body, and the attacker must be moving forward, finished with good balance. Glancing hits do not count. Obviously, this does not apply to toshu randori.
Yuko ( hữu hiệu ) - 1 point - Awarded for a balance break, or for making your opponent retreat out of the designated area.
Waza-ari ( kỹ あり) - 2 points - Awarded for a full throw or lock, but losing good posture and balance.
Ippon ( nhất bổn ) - 4 points - Awarded for a full throw or lock, keeping good posture and balance.

Penalties

Shido - 1/2 point - Awarded to the opponent when a competitor commits minor violation. Shido are only counted in pairs. Examples of shido are:
- Dogi-mochi shido - Grabbing hold of the gi.
- Taisabaki shido - Failure to dodge properly, e.g. by swatting the knife away instead of moving out of its path or receiving a glancing blow.
- Tanto shido - Failure to mind the knife: tanto may receive a tanto shido if he or she drops or loses control of the knife; toshu may receive a tanto shido if he or she allows the tanto to be pressed against their body for three seconds.
Chui - 1 point - Awarded to the opponent when a competitor commits a major violation. In American tournaments, 2 chui end the match.

World Championships

TheAikido World Championshipsare held every two years, rotating between Japan and a foreign location.^{[citation needed]}

International Instruction

Instructors from Shodokan Hombu regularly teach internationally. Currently the main traveling instructors areTetsuro Nariyama(9th Dan), Ryuichi Omori (7th Dan), Sekio Endo (7th Dan) and Shinnosuke Sakai (7th Dan).^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^Upon formation of the Waseda University Aikido Club.
^When Kenji Tomiki founded his first dojo.

References

^Bagot, Brian N.; McGlone, Paul (1992).Aikido: Traditional Art & Modern Sport.Crowood. p. 193.ISBN 9781852237158.TOMIKI AIKIDO This style was founded by Professor Kenji Tomiki in 1958 at Waseda University.
^^a ^b ^cShishida, Fumiaki; Nariyama, Tetsuro (March 1, 2002).Aikido: Tradition and the Competitive Edge.Shodokan Pub. p. 34-35.ISBN 978-0964708327.
^Tomiki, Kenji (1991).Võ đạo luận (Budō-ron)[Budo Theory] (in Japanese). University of Michigan:Taishukan Publishing.p. 284-285.ISBN 4469262153.
^^a ^bJones, David (November 24, 2015).Martial Arts Training in Japan: A Guide for Westerners.Tuttle Publishing. p. 67-68.ISBN 9781462918287.
^^a ^bHabersetzer, Gabrielle; Habersetzer, Roland (2004) [2000].Encyclopédie technique, historique, biographique et culturelle des arts martiaux de l'Extrême-Orient[Technical, historical, biographical and cultural encyclopedia of the martial arts of the Far East] (in French). Amphora. p. 746.ISBN 9782851806604.
(In French);Tomiki-ryu Aikido:(Jap.) BUDO. Aussi Tomiki- Aikido ou Aikido-Kyogi: synthèse d'Aikido* et de Judo* créée par Tomiki Kenji* et enseignée à partir de 1960. Il s'agit d'une méthode dans laquelle il présente un style d'Aikido très orienté vers la défense (avec, notamment, une nouvelle méthode de Randori*) et basé sur les principes scientifiques et éducatifs du Judo. Elle est large- ment représentée hors du Japon par ses élèves. Tomiki participa également en 1956 à l'élaboration du Goshinjutsu-no-kata* du Kodokan*.
(In English)Tomiki-ryu Aikido:(Jap.) BUDO. Also Tomiki- Aikido or Aikido-Kyogi: synthesis of Aikido* and Judo* created by Tomiki Kenji* and taught from 1960. It is a method in which he presents a style of Aikido very oriented towards defense (with, in particular, a new method of Randori*) and based on the scientific and educational principles of Judo. It is widely represented outside Japan by his students. Tomiki also participated in 1956 in the development of the Goshinjutsu-no-kata* of the Kodokan*.
^^a ^bAllen Guttmann; Lee Austin Thompson (2001).Japanese Sports: A History.University of Hawaii Press. p. 149-150.ISBN 9780824824648.There are schools of aikido, however, that embrace the model of modern sports. After World War II, Tomiki Kenji, although he still considered himself a loyal disciple of Ueshiba, developed a competitive form of aikido. This occurred after he became a professor at Waseda University and sought to establish an aikido club for his students. He met initially with opposition on the grounds that aikido had not been modernized as a sport in the manner of jūdō and kendo. As a condition for permission to establish the club, the university insisted that Tomiki develop aikido as a sport. Responding to this demand, Tomiki set out to systematize aikido. He applied Kanō Jigoro's educational and ecumenical perspectives and modeled the techniques of aikido on those that had proven successful in the case of jūdō. In 1965, he publicized a competitive form of aikido that allowed sharp blows and pressure to joints. Since aikido had previously been practiced mainly through kata, the form developed by Tomiki was not widely accepted by other branches of the art. Tomiki's response to criticism was to establish the Japan Aikido Association (Nihon Aikido Kyōkai) to propagate competitive aikido. In the original form of competition that he developed, both contestants were barehanded, but the matches tended to resemble jūdō. In 1966, in order to underline the uniqueness of aikido, one of the contestants was given a rubber dagger. Formal competitions with the rubber dagger began in 1967. The annual All-Japan Student Aikido Tournament was begun in 1970 and the semi-annual National Adult Aikido Tournament in 1977.
^Bryne, Brian (January 1, 1990)."Aikido Tournament Held in Japan".Black Belt Magazine.Active Interest Media, Inc.RetrievedNovember 11,2024.OSAKA, JAPAN - Aikido stylists from more than 16 countries came here recently for the first Tomiki Shotokan Aikido Tournament and Seminar. The tournament marked the tenth anniversary of the death of Kenji Tomiki, one of the first students of aikido founder Morihei Uyeshiba[sic] and the innovator of "sport" aikido. Tomiki aikido is a more linear form of the art which has roots in jujitsu and kendo, and focuses on joint locks, submission holds, and throws. The style allows for competition with a reduced risk of injury. The event featured the traditional randori competition, in which a knife-wielding assailant tries to score by stabbing the defender, who earns points by executing clean aikido techniques to defuse the attack.
^"Shishida at Waseda".
^Aikido Kyougi.ISBN 4-469-16288-4.
^^a ^bAikido: Tradition and the Competitive Edge.ISBN 978-0964708327.
^Aikido Randori,amazon.com
^"Competition".Shodokan Aikido UK. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-01-04.Retrieved2015-04-09.

External links

[A-1] Upon formation of the Waseda University Aikido Club.

[B-3] When Kenji Tomiki founded his first dojo.

[2] Bagot, Brian N.; McGlone, Paul (1992).Aikido: Traditional Art & Modern Sport.Crowood. p. 193.ISBN 9781852237158.TOMIKI AIKIDO This style was founded by Professor Kenji Tomiki in 1958 at Waseda University.

[ATCE-4] Shishida, Fumiaki; Nariyama, Tetsuro (March 1, 2002).Aikido: Tradition and the Competitive Edge.Shodokan Pub. p. 34-35.ISBN 978-0964708327.

[5] Tomiki, Kenji (1991).Võ đạo luận (Budō-ron)[Budo Theory] (in Japanese). University of Michigan:Taishukan Publishing.p. 284-285.ISBN 4469262153.

[Jones2015-6] Jones, David (November 24, 2015).Martial Arts Training in Japan: A Guide for Westerners.Tuttle Publishing. p. 67-68.ISBN 9781462918287.

[Habersetzer1-7] Habersetzer, Gabrielle; Habersetzer, Roland (2004) [2000].Encyclopédie technique, historique, biographique et culturelle des arts martiaux de l'Extrême-Orient[Technical, historical, biographical and cultural encyclopedia of the martial arts of the Far East] (in French). Amphora. p. 746.ISBN 9782851806604.
(In French);Tomiki-ryu Aikido:(Jap.) BUDO. Aussi Tomiki- Aikido ou Aikido-Kyogi: synthèse d'Aikido* et de Judo* créée par Tomiki Kenji* et enseignée à partir de 1960. Il s'agit d'une méthode dans laquelle il présente un style d'Aikido très orienté vers la défense (avec, notamment, une nouvelle méthode de Randori*) et basé sur les principes scientifiques et éducatifs du Judo. Elle est large- ment représentée hors du Japon par ses élèves. Tomiki participa également en 1956 à l'élaboration du Goshinjutsu-no-kata* du Kodokan*.
(In English)Tomiki-ryu Aikido:(Jap.) BUDO. Also Tomiki- Aikido or Aikido-Kyogi: synthesis of Aikido* and Judo* created by Tomiki Kenji* and taught from 1960. It is a method in which he presents a style of Aikido very oriented towards defense (with, in particular, a new method of Randori*) and based on the scientific and educational principles of Judo. It is widely represented outside Japan by his students. Tomiki also participated in 1956 in the development of the Goshinjutsu-no-kata* of the Kodokan*.

[GuttmanThompson2001-8] Allen Guttmann; Lee Austin Thompson (2001).Japanese Sports: A History.University of Hawaii Press. p. 149-150.ISBN 9780824824648.There are schools of aikido, however, that embrace the model of modern sports. After World War II, Tomiki Kenji, although he still considered himself a loyal disciple of Ueshiba, developed a competitive form of aikido. This occurred after he became a professor at Waseda University and sought to establish an aikido club for his students. He met initially with opposition on the grounds that aikido had not been modernized as a sport in the manner of jūdō and kendo. As a condition for permission to establish the club, the university insisted that Tomiki develop aikido as a sport. Responding to this demand, Tomiki set out to systematize aikido. He applied Kanō Jigoro's educational and ecumenical perspectives and modeled the techniques of aikido on those that had proven successful in the case of jūdō. In 1965, he publicized a competitive form of aikido that allowed sharp blows and pressure to joints. Since aikido had previously been practiced mainly through kata, the form developed by Tomiki was not widely accepted by other branches of the art. Tomiki's response to criticism was to establish the Japan Aikido Association (Nihon Aikido Kyōkai) to propagate competitive aikido. In the original form of competition that he developed, both contestants were barehanded, but the matches tended to resemble jūdō. In 1966, in order to underline the uniqueness of aikido, one of the contestants was given a rubber dagger. Formal competitions with the rubber dagger began in 1967. The annual All-Japan Student Aikido Tournament was begun in 1970 and the semi-annual National Adult Aikido Tournament in 1977.

[9] Bryne, Brian (January 1, 1990)."Aikido Tournament Held in Japan".Black Belt Magazine.Active Interest Media, Inc.RetrievedNovember 11,2024.OSAKA, JAPAN - Aikido stylists from more than 16 countries came here recently for the first Tomiki Shotokan Aikido Tournament and Seminar. The tournament marked the tenth anniversary of the death of Kenji Tomiki, one of the first students of aikido founder Morihei Uyeshiba[sic] and the innovator of "sport" aikido. Tomiki aikido is a more linear form of the art which has roots in jujitsu and kendo, and focuses on joint locks, submission holds, and throws. The style allows for competition with a reduced risk of injury. The event featured the traditional randori competition, in which a knife-wielding assailant tries to score by stabbing the defender, who earns points by executing clean aikido techniques to defuse the attack.

[Shishida-10] "Shishida at Waseda".

[11] Aikido Kyougi.ISBN 4-469-16288-4.

[ACE-12] Aikido: Tradition and the Competitive Edge.ISBN 978-0964708327.

[13] Aikido Randori,amazon.com

[14] "Competition".Shodokan Aikido UK. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-01-04.Retrieved2015-04-09.

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