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Siege of Amiens (1597)

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Thesiege of Amiens(French:Siège d'Amiens) was a siege and battle fought during the Franco-Spanish War (1595–1598), as part of both theFrench Wars of Religionand theAnglo-Spanish War (1585–1604),between 13 May and 25 September 1597.[12]The Spanish, who had sent a large army in March, had captured the city of Amiens easily in aruse.[13]Henry IV of France,after the surprise of the capture, immediately and quickly built up an army which included a large English force and besieged Amiens on 13 May.[14]

Siege of Amiens
Part of theFranco-Spanish War (1595–1598)&Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)

Henry IV before Amiens
Anonymous,Versailles Museum
Date13 May – 25 September 1597
Location
Amiens,Picardy,Kingdom of France
49°53′31″N2°17′56″E/ 49.892°N 2.299°E/49.892; 2.299
Result

Franco-English victory[1][2][3]

Belligerents
Kingdom of FranceKingdom of France
EnglandKingdom of England		 SpainSpain
Commanders and leaders
Kingdom of FranceHenry IV of France
Kingdom of FranceDuke of Sully
Kingdom of FranceDuke of Mayenne
Kingdom of FranceDuke of Biron
EnglandThomas Baskerville
EnglandArthur Chichester		 SpainAlbert VII
SpainHernando Tello Portocarrero†
SpainGirolamo Caraffa
SpainErnst von Mansfeld(relief)
Strength

12,000 infantry
3,000 cavalry[5]

  • (4,200 English)[6]

29,000 infantry
3,000 cavalry[7]

  • 5,500 (Amiens)[8]
  • 25,000 (relief force)[5]
Casualties and losses
600 killed or wounded[9] 2,000 killed or wounded[10]
5,000 surrendered[11]

An attempted relief force sent under the command ofErnst von Mansfeldand theArchduke of Austriarepeatedly failed to dislodge the besiegers and afterwards the Spanish relief force retreated.[5]Amiens ultimately fell back into Henry's hands with the surrender of the entire Spanish force.[15][16]As a result of the victory, Henry was in a strong position to enact theEdict of Nantesand to negotiate thepeace of Vervinswhich was signed with Spain the following spring.[17][18]The siege was the last major military event in the Franco-Spanish War as well as the French Wars of Religion.[9][19]

Background

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Spain underPhilip IIhad intervened regularly in the Wars of Religion in favour of theCatholic Leagueagainst theHuguenots,most notably in thesiege of Paris (1590),thesiege of Rouen (1591),and theBattle of Craon,in 1592.[20]However, only in 1595 was war officially declared between the two countries by the new French king,Henry IV,who had converted to Catholicism and been received intoParisthe year before to be crowned with popular support.[4]From then on, the civil war began to turn against the hardliners of the Spanish-supported Catholic League, including two major royal French victories over the Spanish atFontaine-FrançaiseandHam,in 1595. The Spanish rebounded with a strong campaign over the next year, capturingLe Catelet,Doullens,Cambrai,CalaisandArdres.

In 1597,Hernando Tello Portocarrero,the Spanish governor of the town ofDoullens,proposed a plan toArchduke Albert, sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands,to take the capital ofPicardy,Amiens, by surprise.[21][22]The Archduke agreed and saw the acquisition of Amiens as compensation for the recent defeat atTurnhoutinBrabantby Anglo-Dutch forces led byMaurice of Nassauearlier in the year.[23]He assigned 7,000 infantry and 700 cavalry to Governor Porto Carrero.[9]The plan was to hide 500 infantry and horsemen in small groups close to the city. The Governor sent sixteen men dressed as peasants into the city and divided them into three groups.[6]

Spanish capture Amiens

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On the morning of 11 March, these men entered the Gate of Montrescu. The first group carried sacks ofwalnutsandapples,which "accidentally" capsized at the city gate. When French guards grabbed the nuts, the "peasants" produced pistols and overpowered the guards.[6]One guard dropped the gates but it could not close because the "peasants" had unhitched a wagon filled with wood under it.[7]The 500 hidden Spanish infantry and cavalry timed it perfectly to storm into the city.[24]With barely any resistance the city was soon under Spanish control.[22]The people of Amiens still have thenicknamewalnut eatersafter this incident.[25]

Henry's reaction

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Henry, who had spent the winter in Paris, was awakened that night at theLouvreand by morning had donned his armour.[26]The situation was now serious as the road now lay open to Paris across theSommevalley.[2]At the time a peace proposal was being made between France and Spain.[24]Taking back Amiens would afford Henry a major bargaining position and ensure that peace was his ultimate objective. In effect the siege of Amiens would decide the war between France and Spain.[27][28]However, money was short in the French war chest and much dissent was caused amongst Henry's old Huguenot allies, many of whom refused to join and wanted concessions now that he had become a Catholic.[24]Henry relied heavily on outside resources, money and troops especially from the English.[29]QueenElizabeth I,after much dithering reluctantly agreed to the release of her troops after considering bargaining forBoulogneor anindemnityin money, the latter of which was agreed.[3]

Siege

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Archduke Albert of Austria byJuan Pantoja de la Cruz

On 13 May Henry quickly brought an army of 4,000 French and Swiss infantry and 700 French cavalry underCharles de Gontaut, duc de Biron,to Amiens.[24]In a form of high diplomacy, Henry gave the Huguenots hopes of substantial rights and he made sure to stick to that guarantee once the siege was over.[26][29]This army soon began to expand from all over the kingdom but the main reinforcement was from the English. Via theTriple Alliance,Elizabeth had sent 2,000 English troops to France under the command of SirThomas Baskervillewith another 1,500 English raised inRouen.[9]: 252 Most were veterans from the fighting inFlandersand most of them had fought at Turnhout earlier in the year.[18]

This army cut off the provision lines from Doullens and began to lay siege to the city.[29]The Spanish were surprised by the speed of the French reaction, many civilians were chased from the city and Amiens prepared for a long siege.[24]The French camp grew in size while still well provisioned. Two hospitals were established and the army were financed at the expense of theDuke of Sully.[30]The Frenchdugparallel and quasi-paralleltrenches,one of the first in siege warfare, precedingVauban's designs.[31]The Spanish launched many attempts against the siege works but these were mainly unsuccessful.[32]

On 22 May 1597, Portocarrero made a furioussallywith 500 cavalry on the headquarters of General Biron, seizing a fort which the French had built to defend the headquarters.[26]After two hours of fighting, the Spaniards were driven out and were soon pursued by the French troops who almost made an entry into the city.[32]The Spaniards were saved by the arrival of 400 infantry who repulsed the French, which allowed them to close the gates.[5]

In mid-June Elizabeth sent more reinforcements from England with another 700 troops under Sir Arthur Chichester having landed atSt Valery.[33]Chichester would then replace the ill and dying Baskerville as the commander of the English forces in France.[25]With this addition the English force totalled nearly 4,200 men.[13][29]

On 4 September, a French raiding party took abastionon the south side of the city and in the assault Portocarrero was killed just before the French withdrew.[32]He was succeeded byGirolamo Caraffa,Marquis of Montenegro.[23]Four days later,François d'Espinay de Saint-Luc,the grand master of artillery, was killed by anarquebusand Henry mourned him greatly. This being a great blow to morale of french troops.[34]

The situation inside Amiens, however, was grim as the siege took its toll. Many troops suffered from disease and the lack of food. Caraffa in desperation sent out messengers to the Archduke Albert two of which managed to get through.[34]

Attempted relief

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Siege of Amiens 1597 showing the English positions (left) & French positions, byFrans Hogenberg

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On 10 September, Caraffa was informed that two Spanish relief armies were under way: one under Archduke Albert and the other underPeter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderortconsisting of over 25,000 men which included veteranTercios.[27]Charles, Duke of Mayenne,was able to convince Henry IV and Biron not to confront the huge relief army, but to remain in the entrenchments knowing they were outnumbered nearly two-to-one if in open battle.[34]This strategy would be successful, and Mansfeld's force appeared six miles below Amiens on 18 September upon the banks of the Somme.[5]

Von Mansfeld was the first to arrive, on 20 September, and he launched an immediate attack on the entrenched French camps and then the English camp but all were repelled, inflicting huge losses.[8]In the latter attack,Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester,was wounded in the shoulder but was knighted by the French king for his valour.[14][18]

The Archduke Albert had arrived the following day bringing in all troops he could muster, hoping to break the encirclement.[28]On hearing of Mansfeld's difficulty, he immediately ordered a discharge of his whole artillery in order to make it known to the besieged that succour was at hand.[34]After passing the abbey of Bettancourt, Albert attempted to throw a bridge over the river Somme below the village of Longpre but due to poor weather and rising waters he resolved to find another way.[25]Eventually the southern bank was reached, but soon after the Spanish were driven back after having been battered by French artillery fire and were forced to withdraw to the other bank.[32]

Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld, byAntonis Mor

Another attack was planned for the next day, but on observing the French and English force in the strengthened trenches, Albert decided not to risk further heavy losses.[34]Although the relief army under Von Mansfeld and Albert had more numbers than the Anglo-French, their morale was low.[29]After being consistently repelled with heavy losses and with rumours ofmutinyand dissent in the ranks, the Archduke decided the situation was hopeless.[5]He ordered the attack cancelled and decided to withdraw in good order.[28]

The king immediately followed with the greater part of his army so that the Spaniards were constantly harassed but the Archduke avoided battle and withdrew quickly under the cover of darkness.[23]The king then turned his attention back to thecitadelof Amiens.[9]: 252 

Surrender

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Henry could now see the Spanish position was hopeless, and not long after the archduke's retreat he summoned Caraffa to surrender.[10][32]Caraffa reluctantly agreed and negotiations for the surrender of the city began soon after. It was signed on 25 September.[8]

Henry granted the garrison an honourablecapitulationand reviewed the surrender of the Spanish forces.[13][26]

Aftermath

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Portrait of Maurice of Orange byMichiel Jansz. van Mierevelt,1607

The cost for the Spanish was high with over 5,000 being captured at Amiens which included many wounded and sick.[10]The relief force had suffered nearly 2,000 casualties—again many to disease.[5]As the surrendered troops marched past they pulled with them hundreds of carts loaded with dead and wounded while the Spanish officers saluted Henry.[11]Amiens was then strongly garrisoned and given much stronger defences under the supervision of the French mathematician and military engineerJean Errard.[31]

With the help of the two field hospitals, Henry's forces had suffered moderate losses which came to just over 600. As a result, the siege of Amiens became known as thevelvet siege.[30]This was one of the first sieges or battles known where field hospitals were established.[25]

The siege had strategic consequences: Albert's concentration on Amiens meant that the Spanish forces guarding the border with theDutch Republicwere left on their own, enablingMaurice of Orangeto capture several cities in his celebrated campaign of 1597.[35]

With the Picardy capital cleared of the Spanish, Henry was now in a good position to negotiate but in order to be in a stronger position he had to subdue the rest of France.[16]The following year Henry thus launched a major campaign inBrittany,the last of the League holdouts. However, this was as much diplomatic as it was military.[36]The aim was to win over the Protestants as well as the remaining rebel Catholics including theDuke of Mercœur.The King set off with an army 14,000 strong and the campaign that followed was a great success. He kept his promise of substantial rights that he had made during the Amiens siege.[17]The rest of the war was almost a formality. While peace negotiations were being held with Philip, towns threw out the last League stalwarts and any supporting Spanish garrisons, who offered minimal resistance. Finally Mercœur gave in; his submission to Henry atAngerswas completed on 20 March 1598.[37]Henry then triumphantly marched intoNantesand issued theEdict of Nanteson 13 April 1598 which effectively brought an end to theFrench Wars of Religion.[10][11][12]

Peace of Vervins

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The victory at Amiens was celebrated as a huge victory; it marked a decisive turn in the road to Franco-Spanish peace as Spain, overextended and in severe financial difficulty, realized that it needed to abandon its war effort against France.[4][19]In conjunction with Spanish financial distress, its insolvency caused by thecapture of Cadiz,two costly failed armadas (in1596and1597) against England, coupled with the increasingly unsuccessful war against the Dutch, meant that Spain had too much to deal with.[10][23]Mutinies in the garrisons ofDoullens,Cambrai,ArdresandLe Cateletadded to Spain's problems.[28]With this advantage, Henry made sure thePeace of Vervinswas signed which would end the war between Spain and France.[5]The treaty was highly beneficial to France—an ill and dying Philip recognized the formerly Protestant Henry as King of France. In addition, Spanish-ruled towns were handed over to the French king under terms of the peace.[9]: 266 [38]Vervins was the final defeat of Philip II, and a sign of the long downfall ofHabsburg Spainand the gradual rise in the Europeanhegemonyof France during the ensuingGrand Siècle.[39][40]

Notable participants

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^Jones p.268
  2. ^abBraudel pg 1218
  3. ^abGarrido, Fernando (1876).A history of political and religious persecutions.Oxford University. p. 73.this success was decisive
  4. ^abcMacCaffrey pp. 207-08
  5. ^abcdefghLeathes, Stanley (1934).The Cambridge Modern History, Volume 3.CUP Archive. pp. 673–79.
  6. ^abcHanna, William(1871).The Wars of the Huguenots.Edmonston and Douglas. pp. 285–87.
  7. ^abWolfe pp. 70-72
  8. ^abcKnecht pp. 305-08
  9. ^abcdefIreland, William Henry (1824).Memoirs of Henry the Great, and of the Court of France During His Reign: Vol 2.Harding, Triphook & Lepard. pp. 249–66.
  10. ^abcdeWolfe pp. 76-79
  11. ^abcNolan pg 312
  12. ^abJacques pg. 45
  13. ^abcSchrickx, Willem (1986).Foreign Envoys and Travelling Players in the Age of Shakespeare and Jonson.Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. pp. 19–20.
  14. ^abM'Skimin, Samuel (1811).The History and Antiquities of the County of the Town of Carrickfergus, from the Earliest Records, to the Present Time: In Four Parts.p. 44.
  15. ^Mignet (1846).Antonio Perez & Philip II.Library of Catalonia: Brown, Green and Longman. p.288.This event was decisive
  16. ^abLevin p.74
  17. ^abKnecht p.310
  18. ^abcFissel p.237
  19. ^abTucker p.547
  20. ^Knecht p.80-81
  21. ^Demarsy, Arthur (1595).La prise de Doullens par les Espagnols en 1595.pp. 8–16.(in French)
  22. ^abFinley-Croswhite pp. 81-83
  23. ^abcdWatson, Robert (1839).The History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of Spain, Volume 1.T. Tegg. pp. 526–28.
  24. ^abcdePitts pp. 200-01
  25. ^abcdWinkles, Benjamin (1837).French cathedrals.the New York Public Library. p. 3.
  26. ^abcdBadts de Cugnac, Albert de (1873).Le siège d'Amiens en 1597 et les jésuites.Lenoël-Herouart. pp. 15–33.(in French)
  27. ^abWernham pg 194-96
  28. ^abcdDuerloo p.46
  29. ^abcdeEyre Evans Crowe(1863).The History of France, Volume 3.Longmans, and Roberts. pp.328–30.
  30. ^abHaller p. 59
  31. ^abDuffy p.143
  32. ^abcdePitts pp. 202-03
  33. ^Volume 4 of Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth I and James I, 1547-1625.Public Record Office: Longmans, & Roberts. 1869.
  34. ^abcdeWolfe pp. 73-75
  35. ^t'Hart p. 22
  36. ^Chaurasia p.141
  37. ^Black p.106
  38. ^Sutherland p. 46
  39. ^Noted by Michael Wolfe, reviewing Vidal and Pilleboue 1998, inThe Sixteenth-Century Journal,30.3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 839-840.
  40. ^Stewart p.49
  41. ^Richardson et al, p. 280

Bibliography

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