Wikipedia

Smoke grenade

Asmoke grenadeis a canister-typegrenadeused as a signaling device, target orlanding zonemarking device, or as ascreeningdevice for unit movements.[1][2]

A British L83A1 smoke grenade, manufactured in May 2008. This grenade has already been used.

Smoke grenades are generally more complex and emit a far larger amount of smoke thansmoke bombs,which are a type offireworktypically started with an externalfuserather than a pin. Smoke grenades often cost aroundUS$40compared to smoke bombs, which can often cost just a few cents. The phrase "to smoke", meaning to fake, bluff, or beat around the bush, comes from the military usage of smoke grenades to obscure and conceal movement;[citation needed]similarly, "pop smoke", derived from a common way of ordering the use of smoke grenades, is used as a slang term for quickly leaving a place.[3]

Design

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Diagram and cross section of anM18 smoke grenade

A typical design consists of a sheetsteelcylinder with four emission holes on top and one on the bottom to allow smoke release when the grenade is ignited. The filler consists of 250 to 350 grams ofcoloredsmoke composition(mostlypotassium chlorate,lactose,and adye) in virtually any color. White smoke grenades typically usehexachloroethane-zinc and granular aluminum. The reaction isexothermicand though they remain intact, smoke grenade casings will often remain scalding hot for some time even after the grenade is no longer emitting smoke. Although modern smoke grenades are designed not to directly emit fire or sparks, they remain afire hazardand are capable of igniting dry vegetation or flammable substances if used carelessly.

Another type of smoke grenade is the bursting variation. These are filled withwhite phosphorus(WP), apyrophoricagent that is spread quickly into a cloud by an internal bursting charge. White phosphorus burns with a brilliant yellow flame while producing copious amounts of white smoke (phosphorus pentoxide). This type of smoke grenade is favored for its ability to produce a very dense and nearly instantaneous cloud of white concealment smoke as compared to the more common solid-filler grenades which expel a slower stream of smoke over a period of roughly 1 minute. For this reason, they are favored for use in onboard grenade launching attachments onarmored vehicles,which require extremely fast concealment in the event they are targeted by anti-armor weaponry and need to rapidly retreat.

Use

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A violet smoke grenade used to mark a helicopter landing zone during theVietnam War,1967
Smoke grenades used to create a smoke screen during protest demonstrations inParis,2008

Smoke grenades are used for several purposes. The primary use is the creation ofsmoke screensfor concealment and the signaling of aircraft.

If movement (such asflanking maneuversorretreat) is necessary, smoke grenades can be thrown prior to movement in order to provide a wall of visual distraction that reduces the accuracy of enemy fire and temporarily deceives them as to the force's location.

Smoke grenades can also be used to signal aircraft. Since locating a target from above (especially in thick forest canopy) can be nearly impossible, even with good radio contact, colored smoke grenades are often used to allow aircraft to spot them. Colored signaling smoke grenades[4]are widely used inCASEVACandclose air supportsituations where quickly locating friendly ground forces is of paramount importance. Common colors are red, yellow, green and purple, and all use very brightly colored dyes to increase the likelihood of being spotted from above.

Other uses

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Assault Amphibious Vehiclesfiring smoke grenades

Smoke grenades are functionally identical to many forms ofchemical grenades(such asCS gasriot controlgrenades) andincendiary grenades(such asthermitegrenades) which use a fuse to ignite a solid filler inside a steel canister, which then slowly propels the combustion products out through holes in the canister as the contents burn. However, the smoke grenade class is restricted to signaling and concealment under thelaw of war,and thus they are not considered weapons; since the vast majority are non-explosive, they remain legal for civilian use and ownership in most countries.

Since the basic design of a smoke grenade (a metal canister containing a substance that burns and expels smoke when ignited) is simple, improvised smoke grenade-like devices are ubiquitous across the world. Protestors, football spectators, andairsoftenthusiasts often create their own smoke grenades using common materials.

Smoke grenades by country

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See also

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References

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