Wikipedia

Social behavior

"Demeanor" redirects here. For the song, seeDemeanor (song).

Social behaviorisbehavioramong two or moreorganismswithin the same species, and encompasses any behavior in which one member affects the other. This is due to aninteractionamong those members.[1][2]Social behavior can be seen as similar to an exchange of goods, with the expectation that when you give, you will receive the same.[3]This behavior can be affected by both the qualities of the individual and the environmental (situational) factors. Therefore, social behavior arises as a result of an interaction between the two—the organism and its environment. This means that, in regards to humans, social behavior can be determined by both the individual characteristics of the person, and the situation they are in.[4]

AcolonyofNorthern gannet.An example of social behavior.

A major aspect of social behavior is communication, which is the basis for survival andreproduction.[5]Social behavior is said to be determined by two different processes, that can either work together or oppose one another. The dual-systems model of reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior came out of the realization that behavior cannot just be determined by one single factor. Instead, behavior can arise by those consciously behaving (where there is an awareness and intent), or by pure impulse. These factors that determine behavior can work in different situations and moments, and can even oppose one another. While at times one can behave with a specific goal in mind, other times they can behave without rational control, and driven by impulse instead.[6]

There are also distinctions between different types of social behavior, such asmundaneversus defensive social behavior. Mundane social behavior is a result of interactions in day-to-day life, and are behaviors learned as one is exposed to those different situations. On the other hand, defensive behavior arises out of impulse, when one is faced with conflicting desires.[7]

Development

edit

Social behavior constantly changes as one continues to grow and develop, reaching different stages of life. The development of behavior is deeply tied with the biological and cognitive changes one is experiencing at any given time. This creates general patterns of social behavior development in humans.[8]Just as social behavior is influenced by both the situation and an individual's characteristics, the development of behavior is due to the combination of the two as well—thetemperamentof the child along with the settings they are exposed to.[9][7]

Culture (parents and individuals that influence socialization in children) play a large role in the development of a child's social behavior, as the parents or caregivers are typically those who decide the settings and situations that the child is exposed to. These various settings the child is placed in (for example, the playground and classroom) form habits of interaction and behavior insomuch as the child being exposed to certain settings more frequently than others. What takes particular precedence in the influence of the setting are the people that the child must interact with their age, sex, and at times culture.[7]

Emotions also play a large role in the development of social behavior, as they are intertwined with the way an individual behaves. Through social interactions, emotion is understood through various verbal and nonverbal displays, and thus plays a large role in communication. Many of the processes that occur in the brain and underlay emotion often greatly correlate with the processes that are needed for social behavior as well. A major aspect of interaction is understanding how the other person thinks and feels, and being able to detect emotional states becomes necessary for individuals to effectively interact with one another and behave socially.[10]

As the child continues to gain social information, their behavior develops accordingly.[5]One must learn how to behave according to the interactions and people relevant to a certain setting, and therefore begin to intuitively know the appropriate form of social interaction depending on the situation. Therefore, behavior is constantly changing as required, and maturity brings this on. A child must learn to balance their own desires with those of the people they interact with, and this ability to correctly respond to contextual cues and understand the intentions and desires of another person improves with age.[7]That being said, the individual characteristics of the child (their temperament) is important to understanding how the individual learns social behaviors and cues given to them, and this learnability is not consistent across all children.[9]

Patterns of development across the lifespan

edit

When studying patterns of biological development across the human lifespan, there are certain patterns that are well-maintained across humans. These patterns can often correspond with social development, and biological changes lead to respective changes in interactions.[8]

Inpre and post-natal infancy,the behavior of the infant is correlated with that of the caregiver. The development of social behavior is influenced by their mothers' reactions to children's emotional displays.[11]In infancy, there is already a development of the awareness of a stranger, in which case the individual is able to identify and distinguish between people.[8]

Comechildhood,the individual begins to attend more to their peers, and communication begins to take a verbal form. One also begins to classify themselves on the basis of their gender and other qualities salient about themselves, like race and age.[8]

When the child reachesschool age,one typically becomes more aware of the structure of society in regards to gender, and how their own gender plays a role in this. They become more and more reliant on verbal forms of communication, and more likely to form groups and become aware of their own role within the group.[8]

An adult and infant

Bypuberty,general relations among same and opposite sex individuals are much more salient, and individuals begin to behave according to the norms of these situations. With increasing awareness of their sex and stereotypes that go along with it, the individual begins to choose how much they align with these stereotypes, and behaves either according to those stereotypes or not. This is also the time that individuals more often form sexual pairs.[8]

Once the individual reacheschild rearingage, one must begin to undergo changes within the own behavior in accordance to major life-changes of a developing family. The potential new child requires the parent to modify their behavior to accommodate a new member of the family.[8]

Comesenescenceandretirement,behavior is more stable as the individual has often established their social circle (whatever it may be) and is more committed to their social structure.[8]

Neural and biological correlates

edit

Neural correlates

edit
Rhesus monkey
Anatomical location of the amygdala

With the advent of the fieldsocial cognitive neurosciencecame interest in studying social behavior's correlates within the brain to see what is happening beneath the surface as organisms act in a social manner.[12]Although there is debate on which particular regions of the brain are responsible for social behavior, some have claimed that the paracingulate cortex is activated when one person is thinking about the motives or aims of another, a means of understanding the social world and behaving accordingly. The medial prefrontal lobe has also been seen to have activation during social cognition[13]Research has discovered through studies onrhesus monkeysthat theamygdala,a region known for expressing fear, was activated specifically when the monkeys were faced with a social situation they had never encountered before. This region of the brain was shown to be sensitive to the fear that comes with a novel social situation, inhibiting social interaction.[14]

Another form of studying the brain regions that may be responsible for social behavior has been through looking at patients with brain injuries who have an impairment in social behavior. Lesions in theprefrontal cortexthat occurred in adulthood can affect the functioning of social behavior. When these lesions or a dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex occur in infancy/early on in life, the development of proper moral and social behavior is effected and thus atypical.[15]

Biological correlates

edit
A prairie vole

Along with neural correlates, research has investigated what happens within the body (and potentially modulates) social behavior.Vasopressinis aposterior pituitaryhormonethat is seen to potentially play a role in affiliation for young rats. Along with young rats, vasopressin has also been associated with paternal behavior inprairie voles.Efforts have been made to connect animal research to humans, and found that vasopressinmayplay a role in the social responses of males in human research.[16]

Oxytocinhas also been seen to be correlated with positive social behavior, and elevated levels have been shown to potentially help improve social behavior that may have been suppressed due to stress. Thus, targeting levels of oxytocin may play a role in interventions of disorders that deal with atypical social behavior.[17]

Along with vasopressin,serotoninhas also been inspected in relation to social behavior in humans. It was found to be associated with human feelings of social connection, and there is a drop in serotonin when one is socially isolated or has feelings of social isolation. Serotonin has also been associated with social confidence.[16]

Affect

edit
See also:Social emotionsandMoral emotions

Positive affect(emotion) has been seen to have a large impact on social behavior, particularly by inducing more helping behavior, cooperation, and sociability.[18]Studies have shown that even subtly inducingpositive affectwithin individuals caused greater social behavior and helping. This phenomenon, however, is not one-directional. Just as positive affect can influence social behavior, social behavior can have an influence on positive affect.[19]

Electronic media

edit

Social behavior has typically been seen as a changing of behaviors relevant to the situation at hand, acting appropriately with the setting one is in. However, with the advent ofelectronic media,people began to find themselves in situations they may have not been exposed to in everyday life. Novel situations and information presented through electronic media has formed interactions that are completely new to people. While people typically behaved in line with their setting in face-to-face interaction, the lines have become blurred when it comes to electronic media. This has led to a cascade of results, as gender norms started to merge, and people were coming in contact with information they had never been exposed to through face-to-face interaction. A political leader could no longer tailor a speech to just one audience, for their speech would be translated and heard by anyone through the media. People can no longer play drastically different roles when put in different situations, because the situations overlap more as information is more readily available. Communication flows more quickly and fluidly through media, causing behavior to merge accordingly.[20]

An example of helping behavior

Media has also been shown to have an impact on promoting different types of social behavior, such as prosocial and aggressive behavior. For example, violence shown through the media has been seen to lead to more aggressive behavior in its viewers.[21][22]Research has also been done investigating how media portraying positive social acts,prosocial behavior,could lead to morehelping behaviorin its viewers. The general learning model was established to study how this process of translating media into behavior works, and why.[23][24]This model suggests a link between positive media with prosocial behavior and violent media with aggressive behavior, and posits that this is mediated by the characteristics of the individual watching along with the situation they are in. This model also presents the notion that when one is exposed to the same type of media for long periods of time, this could even lead to changes within their personality traits, as they are forming different sets of knowledge and may be behaving accordingly.[25]

In various studies looking specifically at how video games with prosocial content effect behavior, it was shown that exposure influenced subsequent helping behavior in the video-game player.[24]The processes that underlay this effect point to prosocial thoughts being more readily available after playing a video game related to this, and thus the person playing the game is more likely to behave accordingly.[26][27]These effects were not only found with video games, but also with music, as people listening to songs involving aggression and violence in the lyrics were more likely to act in an aggressive manner.[28]Likewise, people listening to songs related to prosocial acts (relative to a song with neutral lyrics) were shown to express greater helping behaviors and more empathy afterwards.[29][30]When these songs were played at restaurants, it even led to an increase in tips given (relative to those who heard neutral lyrics).[31][25]

Individual and group behavior

edit

Conformityrefers to the behavior that an individual is unconsciously pressured by the group to make his behavior tend to be consistent with the majority of people in the group.[32]Generally speaking, the larger the group size, the easier it is for individuals to display conformity behaviors. Individuals may submit to the group for two reasons: first, to gain acceptance from the group (normative social influence); second, to obtain important information for the group (informational social influence).[33]

Aggressive and violent behavior

edit
Main article:Aggression

Aggression is an important social behavior that can have both negative consequences (in a social interaction) and adaptive consequences (adaptive in humans and other primates for survival). There are many differences in aggressive behavior, and a lot of these differences are sex-difference based.[34]

Verbal, coverbal, and nonverbal social behavior

edit

Verbal and coverbal behaviors

edit
Further information:ConversationandLanguage
An example of hand gestures and facial expression accompanying speech.

Although most animals can communicate nonverbally, humans have the ability to communicate withbothverbal and nonverbal behavior. Verbal behavior is the content of one's spoken word.[35]Verbal and nonverbal behavior intersect in what is known as coverbal behavior, which is nonverbal behavior that contributes to the meaning of verbal speech (i.e. handgesturesused to emphasize the importance of what someone is saying).[36]Although the spoken words convey meaning in and of themselves, one cannot dismiss the coverbal behaviors that accompany the words, as they place great emphasis on the thought and importance contributing to the verbal speech.[37][36]Therefore, the verbal behaviors and gestures that accompany it work together to make up aconversation.[37]Although many have posited this idea that nonverbal behavior accompanying speech serves an important role in communication, it is important to note that not all researchers agree.[38][36]However, in most literature on gestures, unlike body language, gestures can accompany speech in ways that bring inner thoughts to life (often thoughts unable to be expressed verbally).[39]Gestures (coverbal behaviors) and speech occur simultaneously, and develop along the same trajectory within children as well.[39]

Nonverbal behaviors

edit
Main article:Nonverbal communication
An example of a nonverbal behavior (facial expression, smile)

Behaviors that include any change in facial expression or body movement constitute the meaning of nonverbal behavior.[40][41]Communicative nonverbal behaviorinclude facial and body expressions that are intentionally meant to convey a message to those who are meant to receive it.[41]Nonverbal behavior can serve a specific purpose (i.e. to convey a message), or can be more of animpulse/reflex.[41]Paul Ekman,an influential psychologist, investigated both verbal and nonverbal behavior (and their role in communication) a great deal, emphasizing how difficult it is to empirically test such behaviors.[35]Nonverbalcues can serve the function of conveying a message, thought, or emotion both to the person viewing the behavior and the person sending these cues.[42]

Disorders involving impairments in social behavior

edit
See also:Emotional and behavioral disorders

A number ofmental disordersaffect social behavior.Social anxiety disorderis a phobic disorder characterized by a fear of being judged by others, which manifests itself as a fear of people in general. Due to this pervasive fear of embarrassing oneself in front of others, it causes those affected to avoid interactions with other people.[43]Attention deficit hyperactivity disorderis aneurodevelopmental disordermainly identified by its symptoms ofinattention,hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Hyperactivity-Impulsivity may lead to hampered social interactions, as one who displays these symptoms may be socially intrusive, unable to maintain personal space, and talk over others.[44]The majority of children that display symptoms of ADHD also have problems with their social behavior.[45][46]Autism spectrum disorderis a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the functioning of social interaction and communication. Autistic People may have difficulties in understandingsocial cuesand theemotional statesof others.[47]

Learning disabilitiesare often defined as a specific deficit inacademic achievement;however, research has shown that with a learning disability can come social skill deficits as well.[48]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^Suckow, Mark A.; Weisbroth, Steven H.; Franklin, Craig L., eds. (2006).The Laboratory Rat.ISBN978-0-12-074903-4.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-16.Retrieved2021-09-13.[page needed]
  2. ^Kastin, Abba J., ed. (2013).Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides.Elsevier Science.ISBN978-0-12-385095-9.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-16.Retrieved2021-09-13.[page needed]
  3. ^Homans, George C. (1958). "Social Behavior as Exchange".American Journal of Sociology.63(6): 597–606.doi:10.1086/222355.JSTOR2772990.S2CID145134536.
  4. ^Snyder, Mark; Ickes, W. (1985). "Personality and social behavior". In Lindzey, G.; Aronson, E. (eds.).Handbook of Social Psychology.pp. 883–948.OCLC567970783.
  5. ^abRobinson, Gene E.; Fernald, Russell D.; Clayton, David F. (7 November 2008)."Genes and Social Behavior".Science.322(5903): 896–900.Bibcode:2008Sci...322..896R.doi:10.1126/science.1159277.PMC3052688.PMID18988841.
  6. ^Strack, Fritz; Deutsch, Roland (2004). "Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior".Personality and Social Psychology Review.8(3): 220–247.CiteSeerX10.1.1.323.2327.doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1.PMID15454347.S2CID2847658.
  7. ^abcdWhiting, Beatrice Blyth (1980)."Culture and Social Behavior: A Model for the Development of Social Behavior".Ethos.8(2): 95–116.doi:10.1525/eth.1980.8.2.02a00010.JSTOR640018.
  8. ^abcdefghStrain, Phillip S.; Guralnick, Michael J.; Walker, Hill M., eds. (1986).Children's Social Behavior.Academic Press.ISBN978-0-12-673455-3.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-01-31.Retrieved2021-09-13.[page needed]
  9. ^abRothbart, Mary K.; Ahadi, Stephan A.; Hershey, Karen L. (1994). "Temperament and Social Behavior in Childhood".Merrill-Palmer Quarterly.40(1): 21–39.JSTOR23087906.
  10. ^Kail, Robert V., ed. (2008).Advances in Child Development and Behavior.Academic Press.ISBN978-0-08-088028-0.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-13.Retrieved2021-09-13.[page needed]
  11. ^Root, Amy Kennedy; Stifter, Cynthia (2010-11-11)."Temperament and Maternal Emotion Socialization Beliefs as Predictors of Early Childhood Social Behavior in the Laboratory and Classroom".Parenting.10(4): 241–257.doi:10.1080/15295192.2010.492035.ISSN1529-5192.PMC5485923.PMID28663718.
  12. ^Behrens, Timothy E. J.; Hunt, Laurence T.; Rushworth, Matthew F. S. (29 May 2009). "The Computation of Social Behavior".Science.324(5931): 1160–1164.Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1160B.doi:10.1126/science.1169694.PMID19478175.S2CID17074467.
  13. ^Amodio, David M.; Frith, Chris D. (April 2006). "Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition".Nature Reviews Neuroscience.7(4): 268–277.doi:10.1038/nrn1884.PMID16552413.S2CID7669363.
  14. ^Amaral, David G. (December 2003). "The amygdala, social behavior, and danger detection".Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.1000(1): 337–347.Bibcode:2003NYASA1000..337A.doi:10.1196/annals.1280.015.PMID14766647.S2CID22854824.
  15. ^Anderson, Steven W.; Bechara, Antoine; Damasio, Hanna; Tranel, Daniel; Damasio, Antonio R. (November 1999). "Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex".Nature Neuroscience.2(11): 1032–1037.doi:10.1038/14833.PMID10526345.S2CID204990285.
  16. ^abSnyder, C. R.; Lopez, Shane J. (2002).Handbook of Positive Psychology.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-513533-6.[page needed]
  17. ^Rotzinger, Susan (2013). "Peptides and Behavior".Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides.Elsevier. pp. 1858–1863.doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385095-9.00254-2.ISBN978-0-12-385095-9.
  18. ^Isen, Alice M. (5 November 1987)."Positive affect, cognitive processes, and social behavior".Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.Academic Press. pp. 203–253.ISBN978-0-08-056734-1.Archivedfrom the original on 14 April 2021.Retrieved28 October2020.
  19. ^Isen, Alice M.; Levin, Paula F. (1972). "Effect of feeling good on helping: Cookies and kindness".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.21(3): 384–388.doi:10.1037/h0032317.PMID5060754.
  20. ^Meyrowitz, Joshua (1986).No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behavior.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-802057-8.[page needed]
  21. ^Anderson, Craig A.; Shibuya, Akiko; Ihori, Nobuko; Swing, Edward L.; Bushman, Brad J.; Sakamoto, Akira; Rothstein, Hannah R.; Saleem, Muniba (2010). "Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review".Psychological Bulletin.136(2): 151–173.CiteSeerX10.1.1.535.382.doi:10.1037/a0018251.PMID20192553.
  22. ^Bushman, Brad J.; Huesmann, L. Rowell (1 April 2006)."Short-term and Long-term Effects of Violent Media on Aggression in Children and Adults".Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine.160(4): 348–352.doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.4.348.hdl:2027.42/83436.PMID16585478.
  23. ^Vorderer, Peter (2012). Vorderer, Peter; Bryant, Jennings (eds.).Playing Video Games.Routledge.doi:10.4324/9780203873700.ISBN978-0-203-87370-0.[page needed]
  24. ^abGentile, Douglas A.; Anderson, Craig A.; Yukawa, Shintaro; Ihori, Nobuko; Saleem, Muniba; Lim Kam Ming; Shibuya, Akiko; Liau, Albert K.; Khoo, Angeline (June 2009)."The Effects of Prosocial Video Games on Prosocial Behaviors: International Evidence From Correlational, Longitudinal, and Experimental Studies".Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.35(6): 752–763.doi:10.1177/0146167209333045.PMC2678173.PMID19321812.
  25. ^abGreitemeyer, Tobias (August 2011). "Effects of Prosocial Media on Social Behavior".Current Directions in Psychological Science.20(4): 251–255.doi:10.1177/0963721411415229.S2CID32785363.
  26. ^Greitemeyer, Tobias; Osswald, Silvia (2010). "Effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behavior".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.98(2): 211–221.doi:10.1037/a0016997.PMID20085396.
  27. ^Greitemeyer, Tobias; Osswald, Silvia (2011-02-17). "Playing Prosocial Video Games Increases the Accessibility of Prosocial Thoughts".The Journal of Social Psychology.151(2): 121–128.doi:10.1080/00224540903365588.PMID21476457.S2CID30856519.
  28. ^Fischer, Peter; Greitemeyer, Tobias (September 2006)."Music and Aggression: The Impact of Sexual-Aggressive Song Lyrics on Aggression-Related Thoughts, Emotions, and Behavior Toward the Same and the Opposite Sex".Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.32(9): 1165–1176.doi:10.1177/0146167206288670.PMID16902237.S2CID16808906.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-08-29.Retrieved2019-01-28.
  29. ^Greitemeyer, Tobias (January 2009)."Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on prosocial thoughts, affect, and behavior".Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.45(1): 186–190.doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.003.S2CID51999033.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-04-17.Retrieved2019-01-28.
  30. ^Greitemeyer, Tobias (November 2009). "Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on prosocial behavior: further evidence and a mediating mechanism".Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin.35(11): 1500–1511.doi:10.1177/0146167209341648.PMID19648562.S2CID26989950.
  31. ^Jacob, Céline; Guéguen, Nicolas; Boulbry, Gaëlle (December 2010). "Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on tipping behavior in a restaurant".International Journal of Hospitality Management.29(4): 761–763.doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.02.004.
  32. ^G., Myers, David (2007),Social psychology,Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic,OCLC83260292,retrieved2022-02-02{{citation}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^Bergen, Holly; Dowd, Michael; Monjaras, Lidia."Normative and Informational Influence When Decision-Making in Groups"(PDF).www.apa.org.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2022-02-01.Retrieved2022-02-02.
  34. ^De Almeida, Rosa Maria Martins; Cabral, João Carlos Centurion; Narvaes, Rodrigo (1 May 2015). "Behavioural, hormonal and neurobiological mechanisms of aggressive behaviour in human and nonhuman primates".Physiology & Behavior.143:121–135.doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.053.PMID25749197.S2CID27711931.
  35. ^abEkman, Paul (January 1957). "A Methodological Discussion of Nonverbal Behavior".The Journal of Psychology.43(1): 141–149.doi:10.1080/00223980.1957.9713059.
  36. ^abcReis, Harry T.; Gosling, Samuel D. (2010). "Social Psychological Methods Outside the Laboratory".Handbook of Social Psychology.doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001003.ISBN978-0-470-56111-9.
  37. ^abMarkel, Norman N. (1975)."Coverbal Behavior Associated with Conversation Turns".In Kendon, Adam; Harris, Richard M.; Key, Mary Ritchie (eds.).Organization of Behavior in Face-to-face Interaction.Walter de Gruyter. pp. 189–213.ISBN978-90-279-7569-0.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-13.Retrieved2021-09-13.
  38. ^Krauss, Robert M.; Chen, Yihsiu;Gottesman, Rebecca F.(2000). "Lexical gestures and lexical access: A process model".Language and Gesture.pp. 261–283.CiteSeerX10.1.1.486.6399.doi:10.1017/cbo9780511620850.017.ISBN978-0-521-77761-2.
  39. ^abMcNeill, David (1992).Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal about Thought.University of Chicago Press. p.6.ISBN978-0-226-56132-5.emblem gestures.
  40. ^Krauss, Robert M.; Chen, Yihsiu; Chawla, Purnima (1996). "Nonverbal Behavior and Nonverbal Communication: What do Conversational Hand Gestures Tell Us?".Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 28.Vol. 28. pp. 389–450.doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60241-5.ISBN978-0-12-015228-5.
  41. ^abcEkman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V. (1981). "The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding".Nonverbal Communication, Interaction, and Gesture.pp. 57–106.doi:10.1515/9783110880021.57.ISBN978-90-279-3089-7.
  42. ^Knapp, Mark L; Hall, Judith A; Horgan, Terrence G (2014).Nonverbal communication in human interaction.Cengage Learning.ISBN978-1-133-31159-1.OCLC800033348.[page needed]
  43. ^Stein, Murray B; Stein, Dan J (March 2008). "Social anxiety disorder".The Lancet.371(9618): 1115–1125.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60488-2.hdl:10983/15923.PMID18374843.S2CID29814976.
  44. ^"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder".NIMH.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-12-25.Retrieved2018-11-21.
  45. ^Huang-Pollock, Cynthia L.; Mikami, Amori Yee; Pfiffner, Linda; McBurnett, Keith (July 2009). "Can executive functions explain the relationship between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and social adjustment?".Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.37(5): 679–691.doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9302-8.PMID19184400.S2CID207156149.
  46. ^Kofler, Michael J.; Rapport, Mark D.; Bolden, Jennifer; Sarver, Dustin E.; Raiker, Joseph S.; Alderson, R. Matt (August 2011). "Working Memory Deficits and Social Problems in Children with ADHD".Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.39(6): 805–817.doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9492-8.PMID21468668.S2CID9994054.
  47. ^"ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders".WHO.Archived fromthe originalon January 28, 2004.Retrieved2018-11-20.
  48. ^Kavale, Kenneth A.; Forness, Steven R. (May 1996). "Social Skill Deficits and Learning Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis".Journal of Learning Disabilities.29(3): 226–237.doi:10.1177/002221949602900301.PMID8732884.S2CID22870148.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_behavior&oldid=1248571029"