Wikipedia

Socialist Party USA

This article is about the Socialist Party founded in 1973. For the Socialist Party active from 1901 through 1972, seeSocialist Party of America.

TheSocialist Party of the United States of America(alsoSocialist Party USAorSPUSA) is asocialistpolitical party in the United States.SPUSA formed in 1973, one year after theSocialist Party of Americasplintered into three:Social Democrats, USA(legal successor); theDemocratic Socialist Organizing Committee(split); and SPUSA.

Socialist Party of the United States of America
Chairs
  • Claudia Miller (SC)
  • Nicholas Partyka (NY)[1]
Vice Chairs
  • Ren Walstrom (IN)
  • Brian Bittner (MD)[1]
SecretaryGreg Pason
TreasurerPat Noble
Editor
  • Nicholas Partyka
FoundedMay 30, 1973;51 years ago(1973-05-30)
Split fromSocial Democrats, USA
Preceded bySocialist Party of America
Headquarters168 Canal Street, 6th Floor New York City, New York 10013 (A. J. MusteInstitute)
Ideology
Political positionLeft-wing
ColorsRed
Seats in the Senate
0 / 100
Seats in the House
0 / 435
Governorships
0 / 50
State Upper House Seats
0 / 1,972
State Lower House Seats
0 / 5,411
Local Offices2 (2024)
Website
www.socialistpartyusa.net

SPUSA describes itself as amulti-tendencysocialist party which hopes to win socialism through a "democraticrevolution from below".In contrast to theDemocratic Socialists of America(DSA), SPUSA advocates for "uncompromising independence" from theDemocratic Party.SPUSA describes socialism as "radical democracy",in opposition to"capitalistandauthoritarianstatist systems ".[2]

Notable members includeDavid McReynolds,Frank Zeidler,andDan La Botz.Former members includeBen Burgis.

Organization

edit
Pat Noble, National Co-Chair of the Socialist Party

SPUSA is headquartered at theA. J. MusteInstitute. As of September 2024,the Socialist Party had 11 local and state parties. Active SPUSA state parties includeMichigan,New Jersey,Wisconsin.Inactive state parties includeCalifornia,Maine,Kansas.[3]

Membership

edit

In 1975, chairman Frank Zeidler claimed that SPUSA had around 500 members nationwide.[4]SPUSA saw growth during the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s, expanding from around 600 members to around 1,700 members.[5]In 2008,WMNFclaimed that SPUSA had around 3,000 members.[6]However, in 2010,CommonDreamswrote that SPUSA had only 1,000 members, and party members described that as an increase in membership.[7]In May 2011,The New York Timesstated that SPUSA had "about 1,000 members nationally".[8]In February 2012,The Rootstated that SPUSA had "around 1,500" members.[9][10]

History

edit

Background

edit
See also:Socialist Party of America

In 1958, theIndependent Socialist League,led byMax Shachtman,dissolved and joined theSocialist Party of America(SPA), which was founded byEugene V. Debs.[11]Shachtman had written thatSoviet communismwas anew form of class society,bureaucratic collectivism,in which the ruling class exploited and oppressed the population, and therefore he opposed the spread of communism.[12][13][14]Shachtman argued that democratic socialists should work withlabor unionsandcivil rights organizationsto build asocial democratic"realignment" of theDemocratic Party."Shachmanites" had a great amount of influence on the SPA.[13]

In its 1972 convention, the SPA changed its name toSocial Democrats, USAby a vote of 73 to 34, supported by both Co-Chairmen,Bayard RustinandCharles S. Zimmerman.[15][16]This rename was meant to be "realistic".The New York Timesobserved that the Socialist Party had last sponsoredDarlington Hoopesas its candidate for president in the1956 election,who received only 2,121 votes, in just six states. The majority report noted that the name "party" was "misleading" because the SPA no longer sponsored presidential candidates, and also hindered recruitment of activists who participated in the Democratic Party. The name "Socialist" was replaced by "Social Democrats" because many American associated the word "socialism"with Soviet communism.[15]The party also wished to distinguish itself from two small Marxist parties.[17]

The convention elected a national committee of 33 members, with 22 seats for the majority caucus, 8 seats for Harrington's Coalition Caucus, 2 for the Debs caucus, and one for the "independent"Samuel H. Friedman.[18]These minority caucuses all opposed the name change.[15]The convention voted on and adopted proposals for its program by a two-one vote, with the majority caucus winning every vote.[18]

Founding

edit

After their defeat at the convention, members of the two minority caucuses helped to found new socialist organizations. Harrington's Coalition Caucus created theDemocratic Socialist Organizing Committee.

The Debs Caucus, led byDavid McReynolds,formed the Union for Democratic Socialism. On May 30, 1973, the UDS incorporated the Socialist Party of the United States of America.[19]Many activists from the local and state branches of the old Socialist Party of America, including the party's Wisconsin, California, Illinois, New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. organizations, participated in the reconstitution of SPUSA.[20]

After its founding, the party promoted itself as the legitimate heir of the Socialist Party of America.[21]SPUSA electedFrank Zeidler,formerMayor of Milwaukee,as its first nationalchairperson.Later, SPUSA nominated Zeidler for President. Zeidler believed the party would be able to collaborate with other socialist parties nationwide to spread the message of socialism.[4]

Subsequent history

edit

In 2008,SPUSA candidate for PresidentBrian Moorevocally opposed the idea thatBarack Obamawas a socialist of any kind,[22]saying it was "misleading of theRepublicans"to spread that message.[23]

In 2009, theSocialist Party of Connecticutprotested inHartfordagainst Obama's troop surge in Afghanistan.[24]

In 2010, SPUSA Co-ChairBilly Whartoncalled Obama's2010 State of the Union Addressa "public relations ploy".[25]Wharton criticized theAffordable Care Actas designed "to protect the profit margins of private insurance companies".[26]

Ideology

edit

SPUSA argues that socialism can only come throughsocial revolution.SPUSA tendencies include bothdemocratic socialism,for a gradual transformation of society, andrevolutionary socialism,for a rapid transformation following a slow "socialist transformation from below" through radically democratic "people's organizations".[2]SPUSA describes socialism as aradically democraticsystem which "places people's lives under their own control—a classless, feminist, socialist society free of racism, sexism, homophobia or transphobia," and in which "the people own and control the means of production and distribution through democratically controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups"; "full employment is realized for everyone who wants to work"; "workers have the right to form unions freely, and to strike and engage in other forms of job actions"; and "production of society is used for the benefit of all humanity, not for the private profit of a few."[2]

Socialist Party candidates support expandingsocial spendingandsocial ownershipof capital. In 2009, Greg Pason's proposals included socializing theUnited States health care system,a steeplygraduated income tax,universalrent controland the elimination of all educational debts andtuitionfees.[27]In 1997, Pason calledauto insurance"aregressive taxagainst working people ".[28]Moore was also vocal of his support forsocialized medicine.[29]Moore supportedeconomic democracythroughsocial ownershipandworkers' controlof our reigning industrial andfinancial institutions.[22]

Election results

edit

SPUSA has fieldedelectoral candidatesforlocal,state,andfederaloffices. SPUSA candidates usually run on a SPUSA ballot line, asindependent,or asGreen Partycandidates.

SPUSA has often endorsed members of theVermont Progressive Party(VPP), such asPeter Diamondstone.[30]Most of these individuals were members of the Vermont socialistLiberty Union Party,but not members of SPUSA. These endorsees-but-not-members of SPUSA are not included below.

SPUSA has won several local offices, but never a state legislature, statewide, or federal office.

Current elected members

edit

Presidential elections

edit
Year Presidential candidate Vice presidential candidate Popular votes % Electoral votes Result Ballot access Notes Ref
2024 Bill Stodden Stephanie Cholensky 364
0.0%
 0 Lost
1 / 51
 [31][32]
2020 Howie Hawkins Angela Nicole Walker 405,034
0.3%
 0 Lost
29 / 51
 [a] [33]
2016 Mimi Soltysik Angela Nicole Walker 4,061
0.00%
 0 Lost
3 / 51
 [34]
2012 Stewart Alexander Alejandro Mendoza 4,430
0.00%
 0 Lost
3 / 51
 [35][36]
2008 Brian Moore Stewart Alexander 6,581
0.01%
 0 Lost
8 / 51
 [37][38]
2004 Walt Brown Mary Alice Herbert 10,822
0.01%
 0 Lost
8 / 51
 [39]
2000 David McReynolds Mary Cal Hollis 5,602
0.01%
 0 Lost
7 / 51
 [40][41]
1996 Mary Cal Hollis Eric Chester 4,764
0.01%
 0 Lost
5 / 51
 [42][43]
1992 J. Quinn Brisben Barbara Garson 3,057
0.00%
 0 Lost
4 / 51
 [44][45]
1988 Willa Kenoyer Ron Ehrenreich 3,882
0.00%
 0 Lost
6 / 51
 [46][47]
1980 David McReynolds Diane Drufenbrock 6,898
0.01%
 0 Lost
10 / 51
 [48][49]
1976 Frank Zeidler J. Quinn Brisben 6,038
0.01%
 0 Lost
7 / 51
 [50][51]

In the1984 presidential election,SPUSA nominated theCitizens Partycandidate for president,Sonia Johnson.

In the2020 presidential election,the SPUSA nominated theGreen PartynomineeHowie Hawkinsfor president. Hawkins also received various state-level party endorsements, such as theLiberty Union Partyin Vermont, in a bid to unite the "non-sectarian independent Left" behind a single campaign.[52]

Congressional elections

edit
Year Candidate Chamber State District Votes % Result Notes Ref
2016 Jarrod Williams Senate Nevada At-Large 6,888
0.62%
 Lost ran as Independent [53][54][55]
2014 Susan Purviance House Ohio 9th n/a
0%
 Lost write-in [56][57]
2012 Greg Pason Senate New Jersey At-Large 2,249
0.07%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [58][59][60][61]
2010 Dan La Botz Senate Ohio At-Large 26,454
0.69%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [62][30]
2008 Todd Vachon House Connecticut 2 15
0%
 Lost write-in [30]
2008 Marc Luzietti House Florida 20 9
0%
 Lost write-in [30]
2008 Jean Treacy House Michigan 1st 2,669
0.81%
 Lost ran as Green [63][64][30]
2006 Greg Pason Senate New Jersey At-Large 2,490
0.1%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [65][66]
2006 Willie Norwood House New Jersey 2nd 385
0.21%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [65][66]
2006 Willie Norwood House Massachusetts 1st n/a
0%
 Lost write-in [67]
2004 Lisa Weltman House Michigan 14th 2,224
0.87%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [63][68][69]
2004 Greg Pason House New Jersey 5th 574
0.19%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [69][66]
2004 Costantino Rozzo House New Jersey 2nd 595
0.22%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [69][66]
2004 Walt Brown House Oregon 3rd 10,678
3.08%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [69]
2004 Dorman Hayes House Rhode Island 2nd 3,303
1.59%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [69]
2002 Willie Norwood House Massachusetts 1st n/a
0%
 Lost write-in [67]
2002 Greg Pason Senate New Jersey At-Large 2,702
0.13%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [70][66]
2002 Costantino Rozzo House New Jersey 2nd 771
0.46%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [70][66]
2002 Walt Brown House Oregon 3rd 6,588
2.80%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [70]
2000 Greg Pason Senate New Jersey At-Large 3,365
0.11%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [71][72][66]
2000 Costantino Rozzo House New Jersey 2nd 788
0.34%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [71][66]
2000 Walt Brown House Oregon 3rd 4,703
1.73%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [71]
2000 David Duemler House Oregon 4th 421
0.14%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [71]
1994 Greg Pason House New Jersey 9th 1,490
0.93%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [73][74]

Statewide elections

edit
Year Candidate Office State District Votes % Result Notes Ref
2020 Robin Laurain University Trustee Michigan State University At-Large 74,495
0.76%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [63][75][76]
2018 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 9,706
3.6%
 Lost ran as SPUSA andLiberty Unioncandidate [77]
2016 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 29,711
10.4%
 Lost ran as SPUSA andLiberty Unioncandidate [77]
2014 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 17,460
10.3%
 Lost ran as SPUSA andLiberty Unioncandidate [77]
2014 Adam Adrianson University Trustee Michigan State University At-Large 33,914
0.62%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [63][78][56]
2013 Maynor Moreno Governor New Jersey At-Large n/a
0%
 Lost write-in [56]
2012 Dwain Reynolds Board of Education Michigan At-Large 66,123
0.81%
 Lost ran as Green [63][79][60]
2012 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 34,105
13.1%
 Lost ran as SPUSA andLiberty Unioncandidate [80][81][77]
2010 Diana Demers University Regent University of Michigan At-Large 80,365
1.41%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [63][82]
2009 Greg Pason Governor New Jersey At-Large 2,085
0.09%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [83][84]
2008 Dwain Reynolds Board of Education Michigan At-Large 94,663
1.12%
 Lost ran as Green [63][64]
2006 Jacob Woods Board of Education Michigan At-Large 60,684
0.91%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [63][85]
2006 Mary Alice Herbert Governor Vermont At-Large 2,995
1.2%
 Lost ran as SPUSA andLiberty Unioncandidate [77]
2005 Costantino Rozzo Governor New Jersey At-Large 2,078
0.09%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [66][86]
2004 Ben Burgis University Trustee Michigan State University At-Large 75,047
0.92%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [63][68]
2001 Costantino Rozzo Governor New Jersey At-Large 1,537
0.07%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [66][87]
1997 Greg Pason Governor New Jersey At-Large 2,800
0.12%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [88]
1996 Mary Alice Herbert Governor Vermont At-Large 4,156
1.6%
 Lost ran as SPUSA andLiberty Unioncandidate [77]
1994 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 9,368
4.6%
 Lost ran as SPUSA andLiberty Unioncandidate [77]
1992 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 21,161
8.0%
 Lost ran as SPUSA andLiberty Unioncandidate [77]
1990 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 14,555
7.4%
 Lost ran as SPUSA andLiberty Unioncandidate [77]

State legislature elections

edit
Year Candidate Office State District Votes % Result Notes Ref
2020 Jonny Meade House Washington 22nd 3,000
5.14%
 Lost nonpartisan election [89][76]
2020 Rick Sauermilch House Michigan 110th 543
1.21%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [63][75][76]
2018 Matt Kuehnel House Michigan 22nd 999
3.3%
 Lost alibertarian socialistwho ran as aLibertarian Partycandidate [63][90][91]
2018 Maia Dendinger Senate Maine 5th 1,109
7.1%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [92][93]
2018 David Elliot Pritt House West Virginia 32nd 2,384
6.04%
 Lost ran as aMountain Partycandidate [94]
2016 Seth Baker Senate Maine 27th 3,712
16.7%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [95][54]
2016 Michael Anderson House Michigan 70th 1,584
4.8%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [63][54][96]
2014 Mimi Soltysik California State Assembly California 62nd 922[b]
2.5%
 Lost ran as No Party Preference [56]
2012 Alex Mendoza House Texas 65th 6,763
19.06%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [97]
2012 Alex Mendoza House Texas 65th 1,224
2.31%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [98]
2012 Jeff Peress Assembly New York 13th 395
0.74%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [99][56]
2012 John Longhurst House Michigan 106th 1,178
2.51%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [63][79][60]
2012 Sean Haggard House Michigan 54th 0
0%
 Lost write-in [63][79][60]
2012 Ron Haldeman House Indiana 94th 752
3.35%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [100][60]
2012 John Strinka House Indiana 39th 2,862
9.8%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [100][60]
2008 Matt Erard House Michigan 53rd 2,200
4.55%
 Lost ran as Green [63][64][30]
2008 Jon Osborne Senate Rhode Island 34th 2,494
21.6%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [101][30]
2006 Matt Erard House Michigan 53rd 847
2.51%
 Lost ran as Independent [63][85]
2006 Jeff Brindle Assembly Pennsylvania 26th 2,873
17.33%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [102]
2005 Sharon Chiorazzo Assembly New Jersey 2nd 832
0.77%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [66][103]
2005 Willie Norwood Assembly New Jersey 10th 665
0.61%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [66][103]
2005 Scott Baier Assembly New Jersey 2nd 584
0.46%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [103]
1982 William Shakalis Senate Massachusetts Suffolk and Middlesex 4,417
12.3%
 Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [104][67]

Local elections

edit
Year Candidate Office City District Votes % Result Notes Ref
2024 Joshua Bradley City Council Raleigh At-Large 26,727
7.7%
 Lost nonpartisan election [105][106][107]
2022 Joshua Bradley City Council Raleigh At-Large 18,143
6.9%
 Lost nonpartisan election [105][106]
2022 Sonya Emerick Board of Education Minneapolis At-Large district 52,365
25.43%
 Won nonpartisan election, elect 2 [108][109]
2022 Troy Thompson Mayor Floodwood At-Large 51
31.5%
 Lost nonpartisan election [110]
2021 Pat Noble Red Bank Regional High SchoolBoard of Education Monmouth County 1,893
99.2%
 Won nonpartisan election, uncontested [111]
2021 Samantha Pree-Stinson Board of Estimate and Taxation Minneapolis At-Large 25,547[c]
26.8%
 Won nonpartisan election, elect 2, ranked-choice voting (single transferable vote) [112][113]
2020 Adriana Cerrillo Board of Education Minneapolis 4th district 15,935
50.06%
 Won nonpartisan election [114][115][116][76]
2020 Andy Argo Public Library Trustee Kalamazoo At-Large 15,965
14.6%
 Lost nonpartisan election [117]
2020 David Robbins City Council Redding Lost [76]
2019 Joshua Bradley City Council Raleigh A 10.4
10.4%
 Lost nonpartisan election [105][106]
2019 Andy Argo City Commissioner Kalamazoo At-Large 1,449
5.7%
 Lost nonpartisan election, elect 3 [118][119][76]
2018 Andrew Saturn Public Utility Commissioner Thurston County 41,664
41.7%
 Lost nonpartisan election [120][121]
2018 Pat Noble Red Bank Regional High SchoolBoard of Education Monmouth County 2,539
98.6%
 Won nonpartisan election, uncontested [122]
2018 Reuben Dendinger City Council Orono Lost [93]
2018 Maia Dendinger City Council Orono Lost [93]
2018 Reuben Dendinger Sheriff Los Angeles County Lost [93]
2017 Chris DiLoreto Peterborough Library Trustee Hillsborough County Lost [123]
2017 Allen Braun City Council Bangor Lost [123]
2017 Chelsea Rustad City Council Tumwater 5 1,153
26.36%
 Lost nonpartisan [123][124]
2015 Jeff Peress County Assembly Dutchess County, New York 23rd 206
13.72%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [125][126]
2015 Pat Noble Red Bank Regional High SchoolBoard of Education Monmouth County 1,103
98.6%
 Won nonpartisan election, uncontested [127]
2012 Joel Benavidez Justice of the Peace Bexar County 2nd 4,843
3.09%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [128]
2012 Pat Noble Red Bank Regional High SchoolBoard of Education Monmouth County 1,187
53.6%
 Won nonpartisan election [129][130][131][60]
2012 Troy Thompson Mayor Floodwood At-Large 60
26.9%
 Lost nonpartisan election [132]
2011 Matt Erard Downtown District Citizens District Council Detroit At-Large Won nonpartisan election [133]
2011 Peter Ponzetti Board of Education Grand Blanc At-Large 424
10.8%
 Lost nonpartisan election [134][135]
2011 Edgar Brandon Collins City Council Charlottesville City Charlottesville 1,480
7.5%
 Lost nonpartisan election [136][135]
2010 Jon Osborne Town Council Hopkinton At-Large 1,597
14.3%
 Won ran as Independent, elect 5 [137]
2010 James Arnoldi Board of Governors Wayne State University At-Large 46,757
0.84%
 Lost ran as Green candidate [63][82]
2008 Peter Moody Borough Council Madison Lost write-in [30]
2004 Carl Williams Board of Trustees Oakland Community College Lost [138]
2003 Bert Zipperer Mayor Madison At-Large 6,610
16.22%
 Lost nonpartisan election, first-round [139]
2000 Wendell Harris Mayor Milwaukee At-Large 7,624
18.3%
 Lost nonpartisan election [140]
1995 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 5,307
52.6%
 Won nonpartisan election [141][142][143]
1991 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 6,380
80%
 Won nonpartisan election [141][142][144]
1989 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 3,519
50.7%
 Won nonpartisan election [141][142][145]
1987 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 2,645
48%
 Lost nonpartisan election [141][142][146]
1985 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 1,974
43%
 Lost nonpartisan election [141][142][147]

National conventions

edit
Name Location Date Notes
2023 National Convention Virtual October 20-22, 2023
2021 National Convention Virtual October 22-24, 2021
2019 National Convention Newark,New Jersey October 25-27, 2019
2017 National Convention New York City,New York October 25-27, 2017
2015 National Convention Milwaukee,Wisconsin October 16-18, 2015
2013 National Convention New York City,New York October 25-27, 2013
2011 National Convention Los Angeles,California October 14-16, 2011
2009 National Convention October 9-11, 2009
2007 National Convention St. Louis,Missouri October 19-21, 2007

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^Hawkins/Walker was also nominated by the Green Party and appeared on various ballots as either Green or independent
  2. ^First-round primary vote
  3. ^First-round votes

References

edit
  1. ^ab"Party Structure".
  2. ^abcd"Socialism As Radical Democracy: Statement of Principles of the Socialist Party USA".Socialist Party USA.Archivedfrom the original on December 5, 2019.RetrievedJune 4,2023.
  3. ^"Socialist Party USA Directory".Socialist Party USA.RetrievedJuly 7,2017.
  4. ^ab"Socialists pick ex-mayor for presidency".The Modesto Bee.September 2, 1975.RetrievedFebruary 8,2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^Herbst, Moira (May 22, 2009)."Socialism? Hardly, Say Socialists".Business Week.Archived fromthe originalon May 29, 2009.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  6. ^Kinane, Sean (June 13, 2008)."Brian Moore – Socialist Party USA Presidential Candidate".WMNF.Archived fromthe originalon June 18, 2008.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  7. ^Kenning, Chris (March 1, 2010)."Socialists Get Newfound Attention as 'Red-Baiting' Draws Interest From Youth".Common Dreams NewsCenter.RetrievedMarch 24,2010.
  8. ^Berger, Joseph (May 22, 2011)."Workers of the world, please see our web site"(membership 1,500).The New York Times.
  9. ^Gordy, Cynthia (February 28, 2012)."Stewart Alexander Wants Your Vote".The Root.Archived fromthe originalon February 29, 2012.
  10. ^"Socialist Party USA".Library of Congress.RetrievedJuly 5,2020.
  11. ^The Dictionary of Labour Quotations.Biteback. September 11, 2013.ISBN9781849546546.
  12. ^2008, p. 63.
  13. ^abDrucker (1994):
    Drucker, Peter (1994).Max Shachtman and his left: A socialist's odyssey through the "American Century".Humanities Press.ISBN0-391-03816-8.
  14. ^Beichman, Arnold(July 28, 2002)."Communism to anti-communism in lives of two rival editors (review two ISI books,James Burnham and the struggle for the world: A lifeby Daniel Kelly andPrinciples and heresies: Frank S. Meyer and the shaping of the American conservative movementby Kevin J. Smant) ".The Washington Times.RetrievedJuly 14,2011.
  15. ^abc The New York Timesreported on the Convention for other days, e.g.
  16. ^Gerald Sorin,The Prophetic Minority: American Jewish Immigrant Radicals, 1880-1920.Bloomington. Indiana University Press. 1985. p. 155.
  17. ^Anonymous (December 27, 1972)."Young Socialists open parley; to weigh 'New Politics' split".The New York Times.p. 25. Archived fromthe originalon January 15, 2017.
  18. ^abAnonymous (January 1, 1973)."'Firmness' urged on Communists: Social Democrats reach end of U.S. Convention here "(PDF).The New York Times.p. 11.
  19. ^Busky 2000, pp. 165.
  20. ^Busky 2000, pp. 164.
  21. ^"Socialists Pick '76 candidate".St. Petersburg Times.September 3, 1975.RetrievedFebruary 8,2010.
  22. ^abHarrington, Elizabeth (October 29, 2008)."Socialist Party Candidate Visits U. Tampa".CBS News.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  23. ^Frank, John (October 23, 2008)."Top of Socialist Party ticket says Obama's not a believer".Tampa Bay Times.Archived fromthe originalon October 25, 2008.RetrievedJuly 4,2012.
  24. ^Altimari, Daniela (December 1, 2009). "If Obama's a socialist, his comrades aren't happy".Hartford Courant.
  25. ^Altimari, Daniela (January 28, 2010)."Socialist Party response to Obama's state of the union speech".Hartford Courant.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  26. ^Mcauliff, Michael (March 22, 2010)."Tea Party Head Spinner: Socialists Oppose Health Bill".New York Daily News.RetrievedMarch 28,2010.
  27. ^"Voter Guide / Other third-party candidates for governor".The Press of Atlantic City.November 1, 2009.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  28. ^Preston, Jennifer (September 14, 1997)."On Politics; Hearing From the Seven Who Are Seldom Heard".The Press of Atlantic City.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  29. ^Kinane, Sean (June 13, 2008)."Brian Moore – Socialist Party USA Presidential Candidate".WMNF.Archived fromthe originalon June 18, 2008.RetrievedOctober 30,2009.
  30. ^abcdefgh"Socialist Campaign Clearinghouse 2010".Archived fromthe originalon December 19, 2010.
  31. ^"Socialist Party USA Nominates Presidential Ticket | Ballot Access News".October 23, 2023.RetrievedOctober 25,2023.
  32. ^"Who is winning the popular vote? Track 2024 results live".NBC News New York. November 6, 2024.RetrievedNovember 21,2024.
  33. ^"Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives"(PDF).FEC.RetrievedOctober 31,2024.
  34. ^"Socialist Party USA".Twitter.RetrievedJanuary 30,2016.
  35. ^"2012 Presidential Election by State Stewart Alexis Alexander".The Green Papers.RetrievedNovember 22,2012.
  36. ^"2012 Presidential General Election Results".U.S. Election Atlas.RetrievedDecember 27,2012.
  37. ^"2008 Presidential General Election Results".U.S. Election Atlas.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  38. ^"Election 2008: Primary, Caucus, and Convention Phase".The Green Papers.RetrievedAugust 26,2013.
  39. ^"2004 Presidential General Election Results".U.S. Election Atlas.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  40. ^"2000 Presidential General Election Results".U.S. Election Atlas.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  41. ^Winger, Richard."President - U.S. - 2000".Ballot Access News.RetrievedFebruary 13,2010.
  42. ^"1996 Presidential General Election Results".U.S. Election Atlas.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  43. ^"President - U.S. - 1996".U.S. Election Atlas.org.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  44. ^"1992 Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate, and the U.S. House of Representatives"(PDF).Federal Election Commission.RetrievedNovember 18,2012.
  45. ^"1992 Presidential General Election Results".U.S. Election Atlas.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  46. ^"1988 Presidential General Election Results".U.S. Election Atlas.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  47. ^Freeman 2008, p. 96.
  48. ^"1980 Presidential General Election Results".U.S. Election Atlas.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  49. ^Smallwood 1983, p. 56.
  50. ^"1976 Presidential General Election Results".U.S. Election Atlas.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  51. ^1991, p. 150.
  52. ^"Howie Hawkins Wins Socialist Party USA Nomination, Green Candidate Seeks To Build Left Unity With Multiple Nominations".Howie Hawkins Presidential Campaign. October 28, 2019.RetrievedOctober 28,2019.
  53. ^"Jarrod Williams".Ballotpedia.RetrievedNovember 5,2020.
  54. ^abc"2016 Elections".Socialist Party USA.RetrievedOctober 13,2016.
  55. ^"Socialist Campaign Clearinghouse 2016".Socialist Party USA. Archived fromthe originalon December 5, 2016.
  56. ^abcde"Socialist Party Campaign Clearinghouse 2012".Socialist Party USA. Archived fromthe originalon November 30, 2014.
  57. ^"Federal Elections 2014"(PDF).Federal Election Commission.October 2015.Archived(PDF)from the original on June 23, 2020.
  58. ^"Socialist Party Candidate Calls His Platform Not So Radical".November 5, 2012.
  59. ^"2012 Senatorial General Election Results - New Jersey".
  60. ^abcdefg"Socialist Party Campaign Clearinghouse 2012".Socialist Party USA. Archived fromthe originalon November 2, 2012.
  61. ^"Federal Elections 2012"(PDF).Federal Election Commission.July 2013.Archived(PDF)from the original on December 2, 2019.
  62. ^"State of Ohio 2010 General Election November 2, 2010 Unofficial Results".Ohio Secretary of State.November 2, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon November 5, 2010.RetrievedNovember 6,2010.
  63. ^abcdefghijklmnopq"Electoral Campaigns".Socialist Party USA.
  64. ^abc"2008 Michigan Election Results".Michigan Secretary of State.
  65. ^ab"Federal Elections 2006"(PDF).Federal Election Commission.June 2007.Archived(PDF)from the original on April 4, 2023.
  66. ^abcdefghijkl"New Jersey".Socialist Party USA. Archived fromthe originalon September 17, 2008.
  67. ^abc"Massachusetts".Socialist Party USA. Archived fromthe originalon September 17, 2008.
  68. ^ab"2004 Michigan Election Results".Michigan Secretary of State.
  69. ^abcde"Federal Elections 2004"(PDF).Federal Election Commission.May 2005.Archived(PDF)from the original on December 2, 2019.
  70. ^abc"Federal Elections 2002"(PDF).Federal Election Commission.May 2003.Archived(PDF)from the original on December 2, 2019.
  71. ^abcd"Federal Elections 00"(PDF).Federal Election Commission.June 2001.Archived(PDF)from the original on December 2, 2019.
  72. ^Kocieniewski, David (September 17, 2000)."ON POLITICS; $400 Million Man a Socialist? Don't Tell That to a Socialist".The New York Times.
  73. ^"Federal Elections 94"(PDF).Federal Election Commission.March 1995.Archived(PDF)from the original on December 2, 2019.
  74. ^"THE 1994 ELECTIONS: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES; Who Won Where: Results In the 435 Races for the House".The New York Times.November 10, 1994.
  75. ^ab"2020 Michigan Election Results".Michigan Secretary of State.
  76. ^abcdef"Socialist Party Campaign Clearinghouse 2020".Socialist Party USA. Archived fromthe originalon November 19, 2020.
  77. ^abcdefghi"Mary Alice Herbert (LU)".Vermont Secretary of State.
  78. ^"2014 Michigan Election Results".Michigan Secretary of State.
  79. ^abc"2012 Michigan Election Results".Michigan Secretary of State.
  80. ^"Official Report of the Canvassing Committee United States and Vermont Statewide Offices General Election, November 6, 2012"(PDF).Vermont Secretary of State Elections Division.November 13, 2012. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on November 15, 2012.RetrievedNovember 18,2012.
  81. ^"Support a skatepark in Home Depot".The Commons.July 18, 2012. Archived fromthe originalon August 16, 2017.RetrievedNovember 18,2012.
  82. ^ab"2010 Michigan Election Results".Michigan Secretary of State.
  83. ^Berger, Joseph (May 23, 2011)."Workers of the World, Please See Our Web Site".The New York Times.
  84. ^"November 3, 2009 - General Election"(PDF).
  85. ^ab"2006 Michigan Election Results".Michigan Secretary of State.
  86. ^"2005 Official General Election Governor Tallies"(PDF).New Jersey Secretary of State.
  87. ^"2001 Official General Election Governor Tallies"(PDF).New Jersey Secretary of State.
  88. ^"November 4, 1997 Election Results"(PDF).
  89. ^"Legislative District 22".results.vote.wa.gov.RetrievedSeptember 18,2020.
  90. ^spmichigan."Vote Socialist in 2018: Matt Kuehnel for State House | Socialist Party of Michigan".RetrievedNovember 5,2020.
  91. ^"2018 Michigan Election Results".Michigan Secretary of State.
  92. ^Robbins, Meg (October 25, 2018)."Former English instructor Dendinger surprised by political calling".The Maine Monitor.RetrievedJanuary 28,2021.
  93. ^abcd"Socialist Party Campaign Clearinghouse 2018".Socialist Party USA. Archived fromthe originalon December 13, 2018.
  94. ^"November 6, 2018 General Election".West Virginia Secretary of State.
  95. ^"Seth Baker".Ballotpedia.RetrievedNovember 5,2020.
  96. ^"2016 Michigan Election Results".Michigan Secretary of State.
  97. ^"Race Summary Report 2012 General Election 11/6/2012".Texas Secretary of State.
  98. ^"Race Summary Report 2012 General Election 11/6/2012".Texas Secretary of State.
  99. ^"2012 Nov 6 • General Member of Assembly • State Assembly District 13".New York State Board of Elections.
  100. ^ab"Historical Election Results".Indiana Secretary of State.
  101. ^"2008 General Election Results - Senator in General Assembly District 34".State of Rhode Island: Board of Election. Archived fromthe originalon July 18, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 25,2010.
  102. ^"Pennsylvania".Socialist Party USA. Archived fromthe originalon September 17, 2008.
  103. ^abc"2005 Official General Assembly tallies"(PDF).New Jersey Secretary of State.
  104. ^"William E. Shakalis (S)".electionstats.state.ma.us.RetrievedJuly 4,2022.
  105. ^abc"Socialist Party Campaign Clearinghouse 2024".Socialist Party USA. Archived fromthe originalon July 3, 2024.
  106. ^abc"Joshua Bradley".Ballotpedia.
  107. ^"CITY OF RALEIGH CITY COUNCIL AT-LARGE".North Carolina State Board of Elections.
  108. ^"Sonya Emerick Elected to Minneapolis School Board".SPUSA. November 30, 2022.Archivedfrom the original on November 30, 2022.
  109. ^"Results for Selected Contests in School District No. 1 - MINNEAPOLIS".Minnesota Secretary of State.
  110. ^"Board of Education Candidates".November 8, 2022.
  111. ^"November 2, 2021 General Election".Monmouth New Jersey Election Division.
  112. ^"Twin Cities SPUSA Candidate Samantha Pree-Stinson Speaks at Brackett Park".SPUSA. August 15, 2021.Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2021.
  113. ^City of Minneapolis."2021 Board of Estimate and Taxation (BET) results".vote.minneapolismn.gov.RetrievedNovember 5,2024.
  114. ^"Election Result School Board Member District 4".Minnesota Secretary of State.November 3, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on November 4, 2020.
  115. ^Klecker, Mara (November 4, 2020)."Incumbent Kim Ellison wins at-large seat as Minneapolis school board candidates focus on equity issues".Star Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on November 4, 2020.
  116. ^"Congratulations to Adriana Cerrillo, Socialist Party-endorsed candidate and now Member-Elect for the Minneapolis School Board District 4! #VoteSocialist".Twitter.Socialist Party USA. November 4, 2020.
  117. ^"November 3, 2020 General Election".Kalamazoo County Government.
  118. ^"November 5, 2019 General Election".Kalamazoo County Government.
  119. ^"Socialist Party Nominates Andy Argo for 2019 Kalamazoo City Commission Race".Socialist Party USA. May 22, 2019.
  120. ^"Can 'Democratic Socialists of America' Be Salvaged? - Puget Sound Socialist Party - Revolutionary Socialism, One Rain-Soaked Day At A Time".Puget Sound Socialist Party.July 11, 2019. Archived fromthe originalon January 26, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 28,2021.
  121. ^"Thurston County November 6, 2018 General Election".results.vote.wa.gov.
  122. ^"November 6, 2018 General Election".Monmouth New Jersey Election Division.
  123. ^abc"Socialist Party Campaign Clearinghouse 2017".Socialist Party USA. Archived fromthe originalon December 9, 2017.
  124. ^"November 7, 2017 General Election".Thurston County Auditor.
  125. ^"11/03/2015 General Election Official Statement of Canvass"(PDF).Dutchess County Board of Elections.
  126. ^"Socialist Party Campaign Clearinghouse 2015".Socialist Party USA. Archived fromthe originalon December 16, 2015.
  127. ^"November 3, 2018 General Election".Monmouth New Jersey Election Division.
  128. ^"Joint General & Spec Election RUN DATE:11/19/12 02:25 PM November 6, 2012".Bexar County Elections Department.
  129. ^"New Jersey Socialist Party Secretary Elected to Regional High School Board of Education".Ballot Access News.November 7, 2012.RetrievedNovember 18,2012.
  130. ^Celock, John (January 7, 2013)."Pat Noble, 19-Year-Old Socialist, Takes New Jersey School Board Seat".HuffPost.Archivedfrom the original on December 13, 2019.
  131. ^"2012 Board of Education Results"(PDF).Monmouth New Jersey Election Division.
  132. ^"Results for Selected Contests in 21338 - Floodwood".November 8, 2012.
  133. ^"Socialist Candidate Elected To City Of Detroit Downtown Citizens District Council".Socialist Party of Michigan. April 16, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon August 15, 2011.
  134. ^"Genessee County, Michigan Regular Election May 3, 2011"(PDF).Genessee County, Michigan.
  135. ^ab"Socialist Party Campaign Clearinghouse 2011".Socialist Party USA. Archived fromthe originalon December 7, 2011.
  136. ^"Virginia Elections Database".Virginia Department of Elections.
  137. ^"2010 General Election Hopkinton".Rhode Island Board of Elections.
  138. ^"CARL L. WILLIAMS for Oakland Community College BOARD of TRUSTEES".Archived fromthe originalon April 29, 2004.
  139. ^"Bert Zipperer Runs for Mayor, 2003".GPUS Elections Database.
  140. ^"Norquist, Watts Win Mayoral Primary Election in Milwaukee".St. Paul Pioneer Press.February 16, 2000. p. 2B.
  141. ^abcde"Past Elections".Johnson County, Iowa.
  142. ^abcdeLowenstein, Adam (May 26, 1999)."Kubby won't run again for City Council - Iowa City socialist/feminist to leave seat after 10 years work".The Gazette (Cedar Rapids-Iowa City).p. 1.
  143. ^"November 7, 1995 City Election".Johnson County, Iowa.
  144. ^"November 5, 1991 City Elections".Johnson County, Iowa.
  145. ^"January 10, 1989 Iowa City Council Special".Johnson County, Iowa.
  146. ^"November 3, 1987 City Election".Johnson County, Iowa.
  147. ^"November 5, 1985 City Election".Johnson County, Iowa.

References

edit

Further reading

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Party_USA&oldid=1271891452"