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Software engineering

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Software engineeringis a field withincomputer sciencefocused on designing, developing, testing, and maintening of software applications. It involves applyingengineering principlesandprogrammingexpertise to develop software systems that meet user needs.[1][2][3][4]

The termsprogrammerandcoderoverlapsoftware engineer,but they imply only the construction aspect of typical software engineer workload.[5]

A software engineer applies asoftware development process,[1][6]which involves defining,implementing,testing,managing,andmaintainingsoftware systems and, creating and modifying the development process.

History

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Main article:History of software engineering

Beginning in the 1960s, software engineering was recognized as a separate field ofengineering.

The development of software engineering was seen as a struggle. Problems included software that was over budget, exceeded deadlines, required extensivedebuggingand maintenance, and unsuccessfully met the needs of consumers or was never even completed.

In 1968,NATOheld the first software engineering conference where issues related to software were addressed. Guidelines and best practices for the development of software were established.[7]

The origins of the termsoftware engineeringhave been attributed to various sources. The term appeared in a list of services offered by companies in the June 1965 issue of "Computers and Automation"[8]and was used more formally in the August 1966 issue ofCommunications of the ACM(Volume 9, number 8) in "President's Letter to the ACM Membership" by Anthony A. Oettinger.[9][10]It is also associated with the title of a NATO conference in 1968 by ProfessorFriedrich L. Bauer.[11]Margaret Hamiltondescribed the discipline of "software engineering" during the Apollo missions to give what they were doing legitimacy.[12]At the time there was perceived to be a "software crisis".[13][14][15]The 40th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2018) celebrates 50 years of "Software Engineering" with the Plenary Sessions' keynotes ofFrederick Brooks[16]andMargaret Hamilton.[17]

In 1984, theSoftware Engineering Institute(SEI) was established as a federally funded research and development center headquartered on the campus ofCarnegie Mellon UniversityinPittsburgh, Pennsylvania,United States.[18] Watts Humphreyfounded the SEI Software Process Program, aimed at understanding and managing the software engineering process.[18]The Process Maturity Levels introduced became theCapability Maturity Model Integrationfor Development (CMMI-DEV), which defined how the US Government evaluates the abilities of a software development team.

Modern, generally accepted best-practices for software engineering have been collected by theISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7subcommittee and published as theSoftware Engineering Body of Knowledge(SWEBOK).[6]Software engineering is considered one of the majorcomputingdisciplines.[19]

Terminology

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Definition

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Notable definitions of software engineering include:

  • "The systematic application of scientific and technological knowledge, methods, and experience to the design, implementation, testing, and documentation of software." —The Bureau of Labor Statistics—IEEESystems and software engineering – Vocabulary[20]
  • "The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software." —IEEEStandard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology[21]
  • "An engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production." —Ian Sommerville[22]
  • "The establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to economically obtain software that is reliable and works efficiently on real machines." —Fritz Bauer[23]
  • "A branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, and maintenance of complexcomputer programs."—Merriam-Webster[24]
  • "'Software engineering' encompasses not just the act of writing code, but all of the tools and processes an organization uses to build and maintain that code over time. [...] Software engineering can be thought of as 'programming integrated over time.'"—Software Engineering atGoogle[25]

The term has also been used less formally:

  • as the informal contemporary term for the broad range of activities that were formerly calledcomputer programmingandsystems analysis[26]
  • as the broad term for all aspects of thepracticeof computer programming, as opposed to thetheoryof computer programming, which is formally studied as a sub-discipline ofcomputer science[27]
  • as the term embodying theadvocacyof a specific approach to computer programming, one that urges that it be treated as anengineeringdiscipline rather than an art or a craft, and advocates thecodificationof recommended practices[28]

Etymology

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Margaret Hamiltonpromoted the term "software engineering" during her work on theApollo program.The term "engineering" was used to acknowledge that the work should be taken just as seriously as other contributions toward the advancement of technology. Hamilton details her use of the term:

When I first came up with the term, no one had heard of it before, at least in our world. It was an ongoing joke for a long time. They liked to kid me about my radical ideas. It was a memorable day when one of the most respected hardware gurus explained to everyone in a meeting that he agreed with me that the process of building software should also be considered an engineering discipline, just like with hardware. Not because of his acceptance of the new "term" per se, but because we had earned his and the acceptance of the others in the room as being in an engineering field in its own right.[29]

Suitability

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Individual commentators have disagreed sharply on how to definesoftware engineeringor its legitimacy as an engineering discipline.David Parnashas said that software engineering is, in fact, a form of engineering.[30][31]Steve McConnellhas said that it is not, but that it should be.[32]Donald Knuthhas said that programming is an art and a science.[33]Edsger W. Dijkstraclaimed that the termssoftware engineeringandsoftware engineerhave been misused in the United States.[34]

Workload

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Main article:Outline of software engineering

Requirements analysis

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Main article:Software requirements

Requirements engineeringis about elicitation, analysis, specification, and validation ofrequirementsforsoftware.Software requirements can befunctional,non-functionalor domain.

Functional requirements describe expected behaviors (i.e. outputs). Non-functional requirements specify issues like portability, security, maintainability, reliability, scalability, performance, reusability, and flexibility. They are classified into the following types: interface constraints, performance constraints (such as response time, security, storage space, etc.), operating constraints, life cycle constraints (maintainability, portability, etc.), and economic constraints. Knowledge of how the system or software works is needed when it comes to specifying non-functional requirements. Domain requirements have to do with the characteristic of a certain category or domain of projects.[35]

Design

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Main article:Software design

Software designis the process of making high-level plans for the software. Design is sometimes divided into levels:

Construction

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Main article:Software construction

Software construction typically involvesprogramming(a.k.a. coding),unit testing,integration testing,anddebuggingso as to implement the design.[1][6]“Software testing is related to, but different from,... debugging”.[6] Testing during this phase is generally performed by the programmer and with the purpose to verify that the code behaves as designed and to know when the code is ready for the next level of testing.[citation needed]

Testing

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Main article:Software testing

Software testingis an empirical, technical investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the software under test.[1][6]

When described separately from construction, testing typically is performed bytest engineersorquality assuranceinstead of the programmers who wrote it. It is performed at thesystem leveland is considered an aspect ofsoftware quality.

Program analysis

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Main article:Program analysis

Program analysis is the process of analyzing computer programs with respect to an aspect such asperformance,robustness,andsecurity.

Maintenance

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Main article:Software maintenance

Software maintenancerefers to supporting the software after release. It may include but is not limited to:error correction,optimization, deletion ofunusedand discarded features, and enhancement of existing features.[1][6]

Usually, maintenance takes up 40% to 80% of project cost.[37]

Education

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Knowledge ofcomputer programmingis a prerequisite for becoming a software engineer. In 2004, theIEEE Computer Societyproduced theSWEBOK,which has been published as ISO/IEC Technical Report 1979:2005, describing the body of knowledge that they recommend to be mastered by a graduate software engineer with four years of experience.[38] Many software engineers enter the profession by obtaining a university degree or training at a vocational school. One standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees was defined by the Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula of theIEEE Computer Societyand theAssociation for Computing Machinery,and updated in 2014.[19]A number of universities have Software Engineering degree programs; as of 2010,there were 244 CampusBachelor of Software Engineeringprograms, 70 Online programs, 230 Masters-level programs, 41 Doctorate-level programs, and 69 Certificate-level programs in the United States.

In addition to university education, many companies sponsor internships for students wishing to pursue careers in information technology. These internships can introduce the student to real-world tasks that typical software engineers encounter every day. Similar experience can be gained throughmilitary servicein software engineering.

Software engineering degree programs

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Half of all practitioners today havedegreesincomputer science,information systems,orinformation technology.[citation needed]A small but growing number of practitioners have software engineering degrees. In 1987, theDepartment of ComputingatImperial College Londonintroduced the first three-year software engineeringbachelor's degreein the world; in the following year, theUniversity of Sheffieldestablished a similar program.[39]In 1996, theRochester Institute of Technologyestablished the first software engineering bachelor's degree program in the United States; however, it did not obtainABETaccreditation until 2003, the same year asRice University,Clarkson University,Milwaukee School of Engineering,andMississippi State University.[40]In 1997, PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore, India was the first to start a five-year integrated Master of Science degree in Software Engineering.[citation needed]

Since then, software engineering undergraduate degrees have been established at many universities. A standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees,SE2004,was defined by a steering committee between 2001 and 2004 with funding from theAssociation for Computing Machineryand theIEEE Computer Society.As of 2004,about 50 universities in the U.S. offer software engineering degrees, which teach both computer science and engineering principles and practices. The first software engineeringmaster's degreewas established atSeattle Universityin 1979. Since then, graduate software engineering degrees have been made available from many more universities. Likewise in Canada, the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) of theCanadian Council of Professional Engineershas recognized several software engineering programs.

In 1998, the USNaval Postgraduate School(NPS) established the firstdoctorateprogram in Software Engineering in the world.[citation needed]Additionally, many online advanced degrees in Software Engineering have appeared such as the Master of Science in Software Engineering (MSE) degree offered through the Computer Science and Engineering Department atCalifornia State University, Fullerton.Steve McConnellopines that because most universities teach computer science rather than software engineering, there is a shortage of true software engineers.[41]ETS(École de technologie supérieure) University andUQAM(Université du Québec à Montréal) were mandated by IEEE to develop the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK), which has become an ISO standard describing the body of knowledge covered by a software engineer.[6]

Profession

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Main articles:Software engineering professionalismandRegulation and licensure in engineering

Legalrequirements for the licensing or certification of professional software engineers vary around the world. In the UK, there is no licensing or legal requirement to assume or use the job title Software Engineer. In some areas of Canada, such as Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario,[42]and Quebec, software engineers can hold the Professional Engineer (P.Eng) designation and/or the Information Systems Professional (I.S.P.) designation. In Europe, Software Engineers can obtain theEuropean Engineer(EUR ING) professional title. Software Engineers can also become professionally qualified as aChartered Engineerthrough theBritish Computer Society.

In the United States, theNCEESbegan offering aProfessional Engineerexam for Software Engineering in 2013, thereby allowing Software Engineers to be licensed and recognized.[43]NCEES ended the exam after April 2019 due to lack of participation.[44]Mandatory licensing is currently still largely debated, and perceived as controversial.[45][46]

TheIEEE Computer Societyand theACM,the two main US-based professional organizations of software engineering, publish guides to the profession of software engineering. The IEEE'sGuide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge – 2004 Version,orSWEBOK,defines the field and describes the knowledge the IEEE expects a practicing software engineer to have. The most current SWEBOK v3 is an updated version and was released in 2014.[6]The IEEE also promulgates a "Software Engineering Code of Ethics".[47]

Employment

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See also:Software engineering demographics

There are an estimated 26.9 million professional software engineers in the world as of 2022, up from 21 million in 2016.[48][49]

Many software engineers work as employees or contractors. Software engineers work with businesses, government agencies (civilian or military), and non-profit organizations. Some software engineers work for themselves asfreelancers.Some organizations have specialists to perform each of the tasks in thesoftware development process.Other organizations require software engineers to do many or all of them. In large projects, people may specialize in only one role. In small projects, people may fill several or all roles at the same time. Many companies hireinterns,often university or college students during a summer break, orexternships.Specializations includeanalysts,architects,developers,testers,technical support,middleware analysts,project managers,software product managers,educators,andresearchers.

Most software engineers and programmers work 40 hours a week, but about 15 percent of software engineers and 11 percent of programmers worked more than 50 hours a week in 2008.[50]Potential injuries in these occupations are possible because like other workers who spend long periodssittingin front of a computer terminal typing at a keyboard, engineers and programmers are susceptible to eyestrain, back discomfort,Thrombosis,Obesity,and hand and wrist problems such ascarpal tunnel syndrome.[51]

United States

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TheU. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics(BLS) counted 1,365,500 software developers holding jobs in theU.S.in 2018.[52]Due to its relative newness as a field of study, formal education in software engineering is often taught as part of a computer science curriculum, and many software engineers hold computer science degrees.[53]The BLS estimates from 2023 to 2033 that computer software engineering would increase by 17%.[54]This is down from the 2022 to 2032 BLS estimate of 25% for software engineering.[54][55]And, is further down from their 30% 2010 to 2020 BLS estimate.[56]Due to this trend, job growth may not be as fast as during the last decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead be outsourced to computer software engineers in countries such as India and other foreign countries.[57][50]In addition, the BLS Job Outlook for Computer Programmers, theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics(BLS) Occupational Outlook predicts a decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026, a further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031.[57]and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032.[57]Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower.[57][58][59]Furthermore, the ratio of women in many software fields has also been declining over the years as compared to other engineering fields.[60]Then there is the additional concern that recent advances inArtificial Intelligencemight impact the demand for future generations of Software Engineers.[61][62][63][64][65][66][67]However, this trend may change or slow in the future as many current software engineers in the U.S. market flee the profession orage outof the market in the next few decades.[57]

Certification

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TheSoftware Engineering Instituteoffers certifications on specific topics likesecurity,process improvement andsoftware architecture.[68]IBM,Microsoftand other companies also sponsor their own certification examinations. ManyITcertificationprograms are oriented toward specific technologies, and managed by the vendors of these technologies.[69]These certification programs are tailored to the institutions that would employ people who use these technologies.

Broader certification of general software engineering skills is available through various professional societies. As of 2006,theIEEEhad certified over 575 software professionals as aCertified Software Development Professional(CSDP).[70]In 2008 they added an entry-level certification known as the Certified Software Development Associate (CSDA).[71]TheACMhad a professional certification program in the early 1980s,[citation needed]which was discontinued due to lack of interest. The ACM and theIEEE Computer Societytogether examined the possibility of licensing of software engineers as Professional Engineers in the 1990s, but eventually decided that such licensing was inappropriate for the professional industrial practice of software engineering.[45]John C. Knight andNancy G. Levesonpresented a more balanced analysis of the licensing issue in 2002.[46]

In the U.K. theBritish Computer Societyhas developed a legally recognized professional certification calledChartered IT Professional (CITP),available to fully qualified members (MBCS). Software engineers may be eligible for membership of theBritish Computer SocietyorInstitution of Engineering and Technologyand so qualify to be considered forChartered Engineerstatus through either of those institutions. In Canada theCanadian Information Processing Societyhas developed a legally recognized professional certification calledInformation Systems Professional (ISP).[72]In Ontario, Canada, Software Engineers who graduate from aCanadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB)accredited program, successfully complete PEO's (Professional Engineers Ontario) Professional Practice Examination (PPE) and have at least 48 months of acceptable engineering experience are eligible to be licensed through theProfessional Engineers Ontarioand can become Professional Engineers P.Eng.[73]The PEO does not recognize any online or distance education however; and does not consider Computer Science programs to be equivalent to software engineering programs despite the tremendous overlap between the two. This has sparked controversy and a certification war. It has also held the number of P.Eng holders for the profession exceptionally low. The vast majority of working professionals in the field hold a degree in CS, not SE. Given the difficult certification path for holders of non-SE degrees, most never bother to pursue the license.

Impact of globalization

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The initial impact of outsourcing, and the relatively lower cost of international human resources in developing third world countries led to a massive migration of software development activities from corporations in North America and Europe to India and later: China, Russia, and other developing countries. This approach had some flaws, mainly the distance / time zone difference that prevented human interaction between clients and developers and the massive job transfer. This had a negative impact on many aspects of the software engineering profession. For example, some students in thedeveloped worldavoid education related to software engineering because of the fear ofoffshore outsourcing(importing software products or services from other countries) and of being displaced byforeign visa workers.[74]Although statistics do not currently show a threat to software engineering itself; a related career,computer programmingdoes appear to have been affected.[75]Nevertheless, the ability to smartly leverage offshore and near-shore resources via thefollow-the-sunworkflow has improved the overall operational capability of many organizations.[76]When North Americans leave work, Asians are just arriving to work. When Asians are leaving work, Europeans arrive to work. This provides a continuous ability to have human oversight on business-critical processes 24 hours per day, without paying overtime compensation or disrupting a key human resource, sleep patterns.

While global outsourcing has several advantages, global – and generally distributed – development can run into serious difficulties resulting from the distance between developers. This is due to the key elements of this type of distance that have been identified as geographical, temporal, cultural and communication (that includes the use of different languages and dialects of English in different locations).[77]Research has been carried out in the area of global software development over the last 15 years and an extensive body of relevant work published that highlights the benefits and problems associated with the complex activity. As with other aspects of software engineering research is ongoing in this and related areas.

Prizes

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There are various prizes in the field of software engineering:

  • TheCodie award,a yearly award issued by the Software and Information Industry Association for excellence in software development within the software industry.
  • Harlan Mills Awardfor "contributions to the theory and practice of the information sciences, focused on software engineering".
  • ICSE Most Influential Paper Award.[80]


Criticism

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Some call for licensing, certification and codified bodies of knowledge as mechanisms for spreading the engineering knowledge and maturing the field.[81]

Some claim that the concept of software engineering is so new that it is rarely understood, and it is widely misinterpreted, including in software engineering textbooks, papers, and among the communities of programmers and crafters.[82]

Some claim that a core issue with software engineering is that its approaches are not empirical enough because a real-world validation of approaches is usually absent, or very limited and hence software engineering is often misinterpreted as feasible only in a "theoretical environment."[82]

Edsger Dijkstra,a founder of many of the concepts in software development today, rejected the idea of "software engineering" up until his death in 2002, arguing that those terms were poor analogies for what he called the "radical novelty" ofcomputer science:

A number of these phenomena have been bundled under the name "Software Engineering". As economics is known as "The Miserable Science", software engineering should be known as "The Doomed Discipline", doomed because it cannot even approach its goal since its goal is self-contradictory. Software engineering, of course, presents itself as another worthy cause, but that is eyewash: if you carefully read its literature and analyse what its devotees actually do, you will discover that software engineering has accepted as its charter "How to program if you cannot."[83]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toSoftware engineers.

Study and practice

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Roles

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Professional aspects

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References

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Citations

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    1.Engineering disciplineEngineers make things work. They apply theories, methods and tools where these are appropriate [...] Engineers also recognize that they must work to organizational and financial constraints. [...]
    2.All aspects of software productionSoftware engineering is not just concerned with the technical processes of software development but also with activities such as software project management and with the development of tools, methods and theories to support software production.
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Sources

edit
  • Ian Sommerville (March 24, 2015).Software Engineering(10th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.ISBN978-0-13-394303-0.

Further reading

edit
  • Roger S. Pressman; Bruce Maxim (January 23, 2014).Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach(8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.ISBN978-0-07-802212-8.
  • Ian Sommerville (March 24, 2015).Software Engineering(10th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.ISBN978-0-13-394303-0.
edit
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