Wikipedia

St. Clair Streett

St. Clair Streett(October 6, 1893 – September 28, 1970), known as "Bill", was aUnited States Air Force(USAF) major general and writer who first organized and led theStrategic Air Command(SAC).[2]Streett served as aide to air power advocate GeneralBilly Mitchell,and was viewed by General of the Air ForceHenry H. Arnoldas his own personal "troubleshooter".[7]

St. Clair Streett
Streett in the 1940s
Nickname(s)Bill[1]
Born(1893-10-06)October 6, 1893
Washington, D.C.
DiedSeptember 28, 1970(1970-09-28)(aged 76)
Andrews Air Force Base
Buried
Arlington National Cemetery
AllegianceUnited States
Service/ branchU.S. Army Reserve
Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps
United States Army Air Service
United States Army Air Corps
United States Army Air Forces
United States Air Force
Years of service1910–1952
RankMajor General
Commands11th Bombardment Group
Third Air Force
Second Air Force
Thirteenth Air Force
Continental Air Forces[2]
Strategic Air Command
Battles / warsWorld War I
World War II
AwardsDistinguished Flying Cross[3]
Mackay Trophy
Distinguished Service Medal(3)[4]
Legion of Merit(2)[5]
Purple Heart[3]
Air Medal[6]

Earlier in his career, Streett served in France during the last stages ofWorld War I.In 1920, he was awarded theMackay Trophyand theDistinguished Flying Crossfor leading a squadron of U.S. airmen on a pioneering air voyage fromNew York CitytoNome, Alaskaand back. Streett wrote of his squadron's difficulties in an article forNational Geographic.Streett assisted Mitchell during the famous bombing demonstration againstbattleships.After participating in several air races, he made an exploratory flight to extreme altitude during which he experienced frozenflight controls,and then wrote a story about the adventure forPopular Science.[8]

DuringWorld War II,Streett commanded various training units inHawaii,FloridaandColorado,solving logistical, training, and personnel problems. In Washington, D.C., he led the Theater Group of the Operations Division in the Office of the Chief of Staff where he expressed grave misgivings about the role of GeneralDouglas MacArthurin thePacific War—some two years later Streett was sent to theSouth West Pacific Areato work under MacArthur commanding theThirteenth Air Forceduring its first offensive drive.[4]

With victory certain, Streett returned to theUnited Statesto organize for Arnold the Continental Air Forces (CAF), and then to expand its operation across the country. Streett retained command when the CAF turned into the SAC, and continued to experience friction with MacArthur. After retiring from theUnited States Air Forcein 1952, Streett was named to the Sarnoff Commission, a presidential formation tasked with trimming unnecessary military spending.[9]

Early career

edit

St. Clair Streett was born on October 6, 1893, inWashington, D.C.,the first child of Shadrach Watkins Streett and his wife, the former Lydia Ann Coggins.[10][4]Streett was named for his grandfather, Dr. St. Clair Streett of Maryland. St. Clair is a family name originating from the mid-18th century when a Martha St. Clair married aJohn Streettin Maryland.

St. Clair Streett joined theUnited States Armyafter high school. By 1916, he was a sergeant in the Signal Corps, Enlisted Reserve.,[4]This is after the start of the World War I in Europe 1914-1918 and before America's entry into the war. In December 1916, Streett signed up as an aviation cadet and was trained at the Curtis School atNewport News, Virginiaand atWright Fieldin Ohio. America entered the world war in April 1917. On September 27, 1917, St. Clair Streett was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Signal Officers' Reserve Corps.[4]

In December 1917, Streett was posted toIssoudun,France, as an air training instructor. The majority of the United States Army troops and pilots would arrive later, in 1918. He was then assigned to the5th Pursuit Groupoperating out ofLay-Saint-Remy Aerodrome,France. Later, after the Allied victory in November 1918, he served in Germany with the American occupation forces, and returned to the United States in August 1919. On July 1, 1920, Streett was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Regular Army Officers' Reserve Corps, Air Service.[4]

Pioneering flights

edit

The Alaska Flying Expedition

edit
Capt. St. Clair Streett (at left) with pilots of the 1920 Alaskan Expedition

In early 1920, Streett made a five-week, 4,000-mile (6,400 km) survey flight to assess field conditions in eleven states.[1]Then, at the suggestion of GeneralBilly Mitchellwho wished to strengthen the American air presence inAlaska Territory,[11]Streett commandedThe Alaska Flying Expedition,an exploratory flight made by the Air Service between 15 July and 20 Oct. 1920, fromMitchel FieldonLong IslandtoNome, Alaska.[12]Dubbed theBlack Wolf Squadronfor the logo painted on the fuselage sides of their four De HavillandDH-4Bbiplanes, the eight men flew 9,349 miles (15,000 km) round trip in 112 hours of flying time, dividing the route into 18 legs across the northern United States and the western provinces of Canada, then north toFairbanks, AlaskaviaDawson City, Yukon.The flight reached Nome on 23 Aug. 1920 and returned to Mitchel Field on 20 Oct. 1920. An advance party prepared landing fields, stocked fuel and provisions to replenish the flyers and their aircraft.[13]

Afterward, Streett speculated, "Some day this trip may be made overnight—who knows?"[14]For this pioneering effort demonstrating that Alaska could be linked by air to the United States, Streett was awarded theDistinguished Flying Cross[8]and theMackay Trophy,the later given to the "most meritorious flight of the year" made by a U.S. military airman.[15]

General Billy Mitchell

edit
Brigadier GeneralBilly Mitchell(left)shakes hands with St. Clair Streett, hatless, wearing a shirt and tie, 1920

Following this successful publicity flight, Streett was appointed assistant to General Billy Mitchell, the deputy chief of the Air Service. When Mitchell formed the 1st Provisional Air Brigade in May 1921 for the purpose of demonstrating that a bomber could sink abattleship,Streett was closely connected. Mitchell sent Streett to Air Corps headquarters to inform his superiorCharles T. Menoherthat the battleships could not be sunk as planned, with the bombers flying at 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Streett informed Menoher that Mitchell intended to break the rules and fly much lower to ensure a newsworthy sinking, but that the Navy should not know of this change.[7]During the June and July bombing demonstrations, Streett flew in the back seat as navigator inOsprey,Mitchell's personal DH-4B heavy bomber as they bombed from heights of about 2,000 to 3,000 feet (600 to 900 m).[16]Mitchell also planned to sink the target ship with several very close near-miss explosions that would cause severe damage to the ship's hull below the waterline. The US Navy's rules for the bombing limited the actual number of direct hits allowed on the target ship. The US Navy had intended to inspect the damage to these ships after the bombings, and US Navy gunfire to learn as much as possible about the effects of shell & bomb hits on battleship armor and structure. The target ship, the former German World War I battleshipOstfrieslandwas sunk with only a few direct hits, and several intentional very near-misses. The US Navy leadership was shocked and angry over the target's sinking. In late July after the battleshipOstfrieslandhad been sunk, Mitchell carried out a 19-bomber mock raid againstManhattan.About the stunt, Streett wrote an article entitled "14th Heavy Bombardment Squadron Attacks New York City" for the Army and Navy aviation magazineU.S. Air Service.[1]

During this time, Streett wrote an article about the Alaskan venture entitled "The First Alaskan Air Expedition" for theNational Geographicmagazine, with the issue appearing in May 1922. In July, he became commanding officer of the headquarters detachment atBolling Field.[4]

Air races

edit

Flying an ArmyOrenco Don November 27, 1920, Streett finished in fourth place in the first Pulitzer Trophy Air Race, held atMitchel FieldonLong Island.[17]On October 14, 1922, Streett participated in the third Pulitzer race flown out ofSelfridge Fieldnear Detroit but an oil line burst in hisVerville-Sperry R-3and forced him to abandon the race on the fifth and final lap.[18]

In January 1924, Streett was named assistant chief of the Airways Section in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps. In this role he helped gather prevailing weather data, airfield locations, maps and reports of flying conditions for the Air Corps men undertaking thefirst aerial circumnavigationduring March–September 1924. He planned for and ordered caches of oil and fuel to be kept at likely locations during the multistage voyage.[7]Streett's preparations were praised as "very complete and of greatest assistance" in carrying out the feat.[19]In September 1925, he entered theAir Corps Tactical Schoolat Langley Field, Virginia, graduating the following June.[4]

Altitude

edit
TheXCO-5,an experimental observation biplane

Streett was transferred to Selfridge Field, Michigan, in August 1926, and appointed commanding officer of the First Pursuit Group Headquarters. He was assigned to Wright Field, Ohio in March 1928 as test pilot and chief of the Flying Branch. Flying theXCO-5on October 10, 1928, Streett andAlbert William Stevensachieved an unofficial altitude record for aircraft carrying more than one person: 37,854 feet (11,538 m);[18]less than 1,000 feet (300 m) short of the official single-person altitude record.[20]At that height they measured a temperature of −78 °F (−61 °C), cold enough to freeze the aircraft controls.[8]With frozen controls, Streett was unable to reduce altitude or to turn off the engine until some twenty minutes later when it ran out of fuel, after which he piloted the fragile experimental biplane down in a gentle glide and made adeadstick landing.[8]An article about the feat appeared inPopular Sciencein May 1929, entitled "Stranded—Seven Miles Up!"[8]During July 1932, he was on special assignment as assistant in the preparation of data on performance tests of aircraft.[4]

Streett spent the following three years at service schools. He entered theCommand and General Staff SchoolatFort Leavenworth,Kansas, In August 1932. After graduation In June 1934, he began a course at the Chemical Warfare School atEdgewood Arsenal,Maryland, which he completed in August. He was then transferred to theArmy War College,from which he graduated in June 1935.[4]

Streett's next assignment was with theWar DepartmentGeneral Staff where he served as a member of the Miscellaneous and Operations Section of the War Plans Division. He became a student at theNaval War CollegeatNewport, Rhode Island,in June 1939, and in July 1940 reported toHickam Field,Hawaii, for duty as commanding officer of the11th Bombardment Group,where the group operatedB-18 Bolomedium bombers. On December 1, the 11th was redesignated a heavy bombardment group, and Streett prepared them to receiveB-17 Flying Fortressheavies, the first ones arriving in April 1941 with Lieutenant ColonelAlbert Francis Hegenbergerto command them.[21]Streett shifted to become plans and training officer for theHawaiian DepartmentatFort Shafter,and then was attached to the Army Air Forces division of the War Department as deputy chief of operations.[4]

World War II

edit
Col. St. Clair Streett (at left) with Gen. Eisenhower in War Plans Division meeting, March 1942

In March 1942, Streett became chief of the Theater Group of the Operations Division in the Office of the Chief of Staff. WhenUnited States Army Air Forces(USAAF) Chief of StaffHenry H. "Hap" Arnoldproposed toGeorge Marshallin October 1942 that an Army man be named supreme commander for the whole Allied effort in the Pacific, suggestingDouglas MacArthur,Lesley McNairor airmanJoseph T. McNarneyfor the position, Marshall without comment passed the request to his staff for analysis. There,Albert Wedemeyerand Streett examined the problem. Wedemeyer, an Army officer, thought the supreme commander should be an airman; either Arnold or McNarney. Streett, too, was in favor of one supreme commander but he recognized the political challenges—he projected that thepresidentwould have to make the appointment, not a committee of military men prone to interservice rivalry. For supreme commander in the Pacific, Streett suggested McNarney or AdmiralChester W. Nimitz,depending on whether an air or a naval strategy was considered most important. About MacArthur, Streett wrote that "[a]t the risk of being considered naive and just plain country-boy dumb,"[22]he thought that MacArthur would have to be removed from the Pacific in order for there to be any sound cooperation in the theater. Streett suggested MacArthur be appointed ambassador to "Russia" or some similar position of high stature but low military influence.[22]Of this analysis work, nothing was enacted; Marshall did not bring the problem and its suggested solutions to either the Navy or the president.[22]

Tampa

edit

In November 1942, Arnold assigned Streett to take charge of theThird Air Force,amedium bombertraining command based atTampa, Florida.[7]The unit had seen enoughB-26 Maraudertraining accidents that grim-humored airmen coined the phrase "one a day in Tampa Bay." (The oft-repeated line was an exaggeration; ignoring crashes into land, 13 Maraudersditchedin Tampa Bay in the 14 months between the first one on August 5, 1942, and the final one on October 8, 1943.[23]) Streett implemented a tightening of training policy to reduce losses through human error, and he initiated research into solutions for the technical problems the bomber was having.

At the time, Tampa was rated the worst U.S. city forsyphilisinfections among USAAF personnel, and the city with the most rampantprostitution.USAAF Captain Robert Dyer, charged with protecting the country's airmen fromvenereal disease(VD), had no success getting Tampa authorities to address the problem.[24]When Streett arrived at his command and saw the extent of the VD crisis atMacDill Field,he threatened to close certain areas of Tampa to all military personnel if the city's police were unable to curb prostitution. This action would have ruined a number of legitimate local businesses, and a campaign was initiated to arrest prostitutes and to bar unmarried couples from renting a room together.[24]Police arrests, however, were limited to misdemeanor charges of vagrancy or loitering—there were no state or local laws specific to prostitution. In response to complaints from Streett and other military leaders, in January 1943 Florida's Department of Health mounted a statewide media blitz encouraging testing and treatment for VD. Later that year, the state passed a law giving police wide latitude to arrest prostitutes for hire and also unmarried persons participating in "licentious sexual intercourse without hire."[24]

Heavy bombers

edit

In September 1943, Streett assumed command of theSecond Air ForceatPeterson Field,Colorado Springs, Colorado,trainingheavy bombercrews to fly theB-24 Liberator.[4]

In January 1944, he was assigned to the Southwest Pacific Area and assumed command of theThirteenth Air Forcewhen it was consolidated into an offensive stance in June.[4]Streett served underGeorge Kenney,who was the USAAF theater commander subordinate to MacArthur. At the end of September and in early October, Streett mounted a series of 2,500-mile (4,000 km) round trip air raids by heavy bombers flying fromHollandia,New Guineato attackBalikpapan,a major center of Japanese petroleum processing and storage. In U.S. media reports, the raids were compared to thePloesti raids of 1943,with strong Japanese resistance on the second raid said to be responsible for downing seven B-24s—a loss of 70 aircrew.[25]Streett guided the Thirteenth through their part of the initial phases of thePhilippines Campaign,in concert with theFifth Air Forceas part ofUnited States Far East Air Forces.[26]

Postwar career

edit

When Arnold needed to solve a thorny problem, he was known to demand "Where is Bill Streett?"[7]In January 1945 as victory in the war appeared certain, Arnold was faced with postwar reorganization of the Army Air Forces. Arnold ordered Streett to return stateside to form for him the Continental Air Forces (CAF) at Bolling Field.[7]Streett served under Arnold as deputy commander of the CAF, but Arnold held at that time two major commands: Air Staff and CAF, with Air Staff taking his full attention. In effect, Streett was left in charge of CAF.[2]In November 1945, Streett proposed a reorganization of United States air power into separate commands: Eastern and Western air defense commands, a tactical air support command and a training command. His proposal placed strategic bombers in a task force under the commander of the Army Air Forces.[2]When the Continental Air Forces becameStrategic Air Command(SAC) in March 1946, he retained his nominal position as deputy commander, and actually commanded the new organization until October when Kenney's prior obligations to theUnited Nationscame to an end and he could finally take the reins of the SAC as originally intended by GeneralCarl Andrew Spaatz.[2]

On October 22, 1946, Streett delivered a lecture entitledThe Strategic Air Commandto theAir War CollegeatMaxwell Air Force Basein Alabama.[27]He revealed to the students that the SAC was not yet very powerful—only two strike groups were fully operational and that three months in the future after a rush of preparation, there still would be only fourB-29 Superfortressgroups and two long-rangefighter aircraftgroups. This was in contrast to the then-current public relations statements by the SAC which proclaimed "quick retaliation will be our answer [to any future aggressor] in the form of an aerial knockout..."[27]Streett described how General MacArthur, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Far East Command, refused to release to SAC the control of one very heavy bombardment group and one very long-range reconnaissance group of theTwentieth Air Force.[28]Streett offered his opinion that the SAC should stage into the Far East and take operational control of those units.[28]

In January 1947, Streett was assigned to the adjutant general's office as chief of the Military Personnel Procurement Service. He was appointed the air inspector in the newly established Office of the Inspector General in January 1948, and two months later became deputy inspector general.[4]Streett was named deputy commander ofAir Materiel CommandatWright-Patterson Air Force Base,Ohio, in October 1949. In December 1951, he became special assistant to the commanding general of Air Materiel Command.[4]Streett retired from the USAF in February 1952 with the rank of Major General, having flown numerous aircraft from early biplanes to the early jets.[4]

In October 1952, Streett was named to the Citizens Advisory Commission on Manpower Utilization in the Armed Services, popularly known as the Sarnoff Commission for its chairman Brigadier GeneralDavid Sarnoff,the long-serving chairman ofRCA.Defense SecretaryRobert A. Lovettestablished the commission for the purpose of identifying and eliminating excess military spending without reducing combat effectiveness.[9]Robert Wood Johnson II,chairman ofJohnson & Johnson,resigned from the commission because of the strain it took on his health, but he noted that the USAF represented by Commissioner Streett was "cooperative and open to greater progress" with the commission, directly contrasting with theU.S. Navywhich he rated as "militantly resistant."[29]The Sarnoff Commission's 85-page report was delivered to theUnited States Senate Committee on Armed ServicesandCharles Erwin Wilson,PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower's new defense secretary, on February 17, 1953. It called for a ten percent reduction in military spending, amounting to the elimination of 500,000 civilian and military personnel and the cutting of $5B from the military's annual budget.[30]After studying the report, Wilson appointed a commission to heed its main points and streamline the Defense Department so that it could more efficiently wage a war. Instead of Streett, Wilson selected retired General Spaatz to represent the USAF.[30]

Personal life

edit

In 1922, Streett married Mary Lois Williams (1895–1999),[4]a personal friend of "Hap" Arnold and his wife "Bee".[31]The Streetts had one child, a son in 1927, St. Clair Streett Jr., also nicknamed "Bill", who graduated from theUnited States Military Academyat West Point with the Class of 1949 and took part in the infantryBattle of Old Baldyduring theKorean War.[32]General Streett's son, St. Clair Streett Jr. married Edith Peake Boatner (youngest daughter of USAF Lt. Gen. Bryant L. Boatner) in 1954 and had four children: St. Clair "Dan" Streett III, born in California in 1955, who graduated fromVirginia Military Institutein 1977, USAF Colonel Bryant Boatner Streett (VMI 1978) born atFort Belvoir,Virginia in 1956, Monica Page Streett born in 1959 in Nurnberg, Germany, and Emily Williams Streett born in 1961 at West Point, New York. General Streett's son retired from the US Army after 21 years of service in the Infantry and the Engineers. Besides serving in combat in Korea, and in South Vietnam as an advisor, St. Clair Jr. had participated in the US Army Corps of Engineer construction projects for NASA (in the race to put a man on the moon before the end of the decade) at Cape Caniveral, Florida and Huntsville, Alabama. "Bill" Streett Jr. married again in 1980 to Anitra Mae "Sue" Rustmeyer—the two had a daughter, Sarah Mae Streett, born the next year.[10]

Major General Streett died on September 28, 1970, atAndrews Air Force BaseinMaryland.[33]His wife (at age 104 years) died on October 17, 1999, and was buried with him atArlington National Cemetery.[4]

References

edit
Notes
  1. ^abcMaurer, Maurer.Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919–1939, "Part 301. United States Air Force, Office of Air Force History. Diane Publishing, 1987, pp. 121, 244–245, 261–262.ISBN0-912799-38-2
  2. ^abcdeUnited States Air Force.Planning and Organizing the Postwar Air Force, 1943–1947,pp. 117, 129–133.DIANE Publishing.ISBN1-4289-1581-8
  3. ^abOfficial Army Register, 1946. Page 662. "Streett, St. Clair" (O9619).Retrieved on November 22, 2009.
  4. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrArlington National Cemetery.St. Clair Streett. Major General, United States Air Force.Retrieved on November 22, 2009.
  5. ^"Air Force Award Cards [Legion of Merit]".U.S. Archives and Records Administration. January 28, 1952.RetrievedOctober 26,2024.
  6. ^"Air Force Award Cards [Air Medal]".U.S. Archives and Records Administration. October 2, 1942.RetrievedOctober 26,2024.
  7. ^abcdefMara, Cornelius J.; Jerry N. Hess. (1971)Oral History Interview with Brigadier General Cornelius J. Mara.Jerry N. Hess interviewer, Washington D.C., June 7 and 9, 1971. Harry S. Truman Library. Retrieved on January 4, 2010.
  8. ^abcdeArmagnac, Alden P.Popular Science,May 1929."Stranded—Seven Miles Up!"Retrieved on November 22, 2009.
  9. ^abUP,New York.The Bulletin,November 24, 1952."Salt Lake Man Next Secretary of Agriculture."Retrieved on January 3, 2010.
  10. ^abBurton, Edward L. (2009)Descendants of Thomas STREETT-1421.Hosted by Rootsweb. Retrieved on January 3, 2010.
  11. ^Cloe, John H. (2000)Top Cover and Global Engagement: A History of the Eleventh Air Force,p. 6. Anchorage: Alaska Quality Publishing. (pamphlet)
  12. ^Captain St. Clair Streett, U.S.A.S. Flight Commander,"The First Alaskan Air Expedition",The National Geographic Magazine, May, 1922, pp. 498-552.
  13. ^Cohen, Stan (1998).Alaska Flying Expedition.Missoula: Pictorials Histories Publishing Co., Inc. pp. v, 1–2.ISBN9781575100418.
  14. ^Borneman, Walter R. (2004)Alaska: Saga of a Bold Land,p. 293. Harper Collins.ISBN0-06-050307-6
  15. ^Aerofiles.comAwards: Mackay Trophy.Retrieved on January 3, 2010.
  16. ^Correll, John T. (2008)"Billy Mitchell and the Battleships."Airforce-magazine.com, Volume 91, Number 6, June 2008. Arlington: Air Force Association. Retrieved on January 4, 2010.
  17. ^Aerofiles.comThe Pulitzer Trophy Races.Retrieved on January 3, 2010.
  18. ^abBoyne, Walter J. (2001)The Best of Wings magazine,p. 12. Brassey's.ISBN1-57488-368-2
  19. ^National Museum of the U.S. Air Force.First Round-the-World Flight, March 22, 1924.ArchivedOctober 14, 2012, at theWayback MachineRetrieved on January 3, 2010.
  20. ^National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Aeronautics and Astronautics Chronology, 1925–1929.Retrieved on January 3, 2010.
  21. ^Turner Publishing. (1997)11th Bomb Group (H): The Gray Goose,pp. 15, 39. Turner Publishing Company.ISBN1-56311-239-6
  22. ^abcMorton, 1961
  23. ^Scutts, Jerry. (1997)B-26 Marauder units of the Eighth and Ninth Air Forces,p. 13.Osprey Publishing.ISBN1-85532-637-X
  24. ^abcThompson, Troy.Florida Public Health Review,2005, pp. 115–120."A Black Spot": Florida's Crusade against Venereal Disease, Prostitution and Female Sexuality During World War II.Archived2011-07-20 at theWayback MachineRetrieved on January 3, 2010.
  25. ^Time,October 16, 1944."World Battlefronts: Another Ploesti."Retrieved on January 3, 2010.
  26. ^Dorr, 1999, pp. 74–77.
  27. ^abFutrell, 1989, pp. 216, 264.
  28. ^abFutrell, 1989, pp. 223, 266.
  29. ^Time,March 2, 1953."National Affairs: A Matter of Life & Death"Retrieved on January 3, 2010.
  30. ^abClarfield, Gerard H. (1999)Security with solvency: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the shaping of the American military establishment,pp. 98, 116.Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN0-275-96445-0
  31. ^Arnold, Henry H.; John W. Huston. (2004)American Airpower Comes of Age: General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold's World War II Diaries, Volume 2,pp. 272–278. The Minerva Group, Inc.ISBN1-4102-1736-1
  32. ^Hermes, Walter G. (1966)Truce Tent and Fighting Front.Chapter XIII: Stalemate.Archived2009-12-25 at theWayback MachinePages 300–301. Retrieved on November 22, 2009.
  33. ^Air Force Historical Research Agency.Streett, St. Clair Papers. 1916–1957.Archived2009-09-16 at theWayback MachineRetrieved on January 3, 2010.
Bibliography
edit


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Clair_Streett&oldid=1253593356"