Wikipedia

Suillus brevipes

Suillus brevipesis a species offungusin the familySuillaceae.First described by Americanmycologistsin the late 19th century, it iscommonlyknown as thestubby-stalkor theshort-stemmed slippery Jack.Thefruit bodies(mushrooms) produced by the fungus are characterized by a chocolate to reddish-browncapcovered with a sticky layer of slime, and a short whitishstipethat has neither apartial veilnor prominent, colored glandular dots. The cap can reach a diameter of about10 cm (3+7⁄8in), while the stipe is up to6 cm (2+3⁄8in) long and2 cm (3⁄4in) thick. Like otherboletemushrooms,S. brevipesproducessporesin a vertically arranged layer of spongy tubes with openings that form a layer of small yellowish pores on the underside of the cap.

Suillus brevipes
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Suillaceae
Genus: Suillus
Species:
S. brevipes
Binomial name
Suillus brevipes
(Peck)Kuntze(1898)
Synonyms[1]
  • Boletus brevipesPeck (1885)
  • Boletus viscosusFrost(1885)
  • Rostkovites brevipes(Peck)Murrill(1948)
Suillus brevipes
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Poresonhymenium
Capisconvex orflat
Hymeniumisadnate ordecurrent
Stipeisbare
Spore printisbrown
Ecology ismycorrhizal
Edibility ischoice

Suillus brevipesgrows in amycorrhizalassociation with various species of two- and three-needled pines, especiallylodgepoleandponderosa pine.The fungus is found throughout North America, and has beenintroducedto several other countries via transplanted pines. In thesuccessionof mycorrhizal fungi associated with the regrowth ofjack pineafterclearcuttingorwildfires,S. brevipesis a multi-stage fungus, found during all stages of tree development. The mushrooms areedible,and are high in theessentialfatty acidlinoleic acid.

Taxonomy

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The species was first described scientifically asBoletus viscosusby American mycologistCharles Frostin 1874. In 1885,Charles Horton Peck,who had found specimens in pine woods ofAlbany County, New York,explained that the species name was ataxonomic homonym(Boletus viscosuswas already in use for another species named byVentenatin 1863[2]), and so renamed it toBoletus brevipes.[3][4]Its current name was assigned by GermanOtto Kuntzein 1898.[5]William Alphonso Murrillrenamed it asRostkovites brevipesin 1948;[6]the genusRostkovitesis now considered to besynonymouswithSuillus.[7]

AgaricalesspecialistRolf SingerincludedSuillus brevipesin thesubsectionSuillusof genusSuillus,an infrageneric (ataxonomiclevel below genus) grouping of species characterized by a cinnamon-brownspore print,and pores less than 1 mm wide.[8]

Thespecific epithetis derived from theLatinbrevipes,meaning "short-footed".[9]The mushroom iscommonly knownas the "stubby-stalk"[10]or the "short-stemmed slippery Jack".[11]

Description

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The cap flesh is white or pale yellow, and does not change color when cut.
The pores on the underside of the cap are minute, typically 2–3 per millimeter.

Thecapis deep brown to reddish-brown, fading totanor yellowish with age,[12]and it does not bruise with handling. The cap surface is smooth, and, depending on the moisture in the environment, may range from sticky to the touch to slimy. Depending on its maturity, the cap shape may range from spherical to broadly convex. The cap diameter measures5–10 cm (2–3+7⁄8in),[13]and thecap cuticlecan be peeled from the surface. The tubes are yellow, becoming olive-green with age, and they have an attachment to the stipe that ranges fromadnate(with most of the tube fused to the stipe) todecurrent(with the tubes broadly attached, but running somewhat down the length of the stipe). They are typically up to1 cm (3⁄8in) deep, and there are about 1–2 tube mouths (pores) per millimeter.[14]The pores are pale yellow, round, 1–2 mm wide, and do not change color when bruised.[15]

Thestipeis white to pale yellow, dry, solid, not bruising, andpruinose(having a very fine whitish powder on the surface). A characteristic feature of manySuillusspecies are the glandular dots found on the stipe—clumps ofhyphalcell ends through which the fungus secretes various metabolic wastes, leaving a sticky or resinous "dot". InS. brevipes,the form of the glandular dots is variable: they may be absent, slightly underdeveloped or obscurely formed with age. The stipe is usually short in comparison to the diameter of the cap, typically2–6 cm (3⁄4–2+3⁄8in) long and1–2 cm (3⁄8–3⁄4in) thick. It is either of equal width throughout, or may taper downwards; its surface bears minute puncture holes at maturity, and is it slightly fibrous at the base.[16]Collections made in New Zealand tend to have a reddish coloration at the very base of the stipe.[17]Thefleshof the mushroom is initially white, but turns pale yellow in age. The odor and taste are mild. The spore print is cinnamon-brown.[18]

Microscopic characteristics

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Thesporesareellipticaltooblong,smooth, and have dimensions of 7–10 by 3–4μm.[15]The spore-bearing cells, thebasidia,are thin-walled, club-shaped to roughly cylindrical, and measure 2–25 by 5–7 μm. They bear either two or four spores. The pleurocystidia (cystidiathat are found on the face of a gill) are roughly cylindrical with rounded ends, thin-walled, and 40–55 by 5–8 μm. The cells often have brown contents, and in the presence of 2%potassium hydroxide(KOH) will appearhyaline(translucent) orvinaceous(red wine-colored); inMelzer's reagentthey become pale yellow or brown. The cheilocystidia (cystidia found on the edge of a gill) are 30–60 by 7–10 μm, club-shaped to almost cylindrical, thin-walled, with brown incrusting material at the base, and arranged like a bundle of fibers. In KOH they appear hyaline, and are pale yellow in Melzer's reagent. Caulocystidia (found on the stipe) are 60–90 by 7–9 μm, mostly cylindrical with rounded ends, and arranged in bundles with brownpigmentparticles at the base. The caulocystidia stain vinaceous in KOH. The cuticle of the cap is made of a layer of interwoven gelatinous hyphae that are individually 2–5 μm thick; the gelatinous hyphae are responsible for the sliminess of the cuticle.[16]There are noclamp connectionsin thehyphae.[15]

Edibility

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Sources recommend peeling off the slimy cap cuticle before eating the mushroom.

Like many species of the genusSuillus,S. brevipesisedible,and the mushroom is considered choice by some.[18][19]The odor is mild, and the taste mild or slightly acidic.[9]Field guidestypically recommended to remove the slimy cap cuticle, and, in older specimens, the tube layer before consumption.[9][20]The mushrooms are common in the diet ofgrizzly bearsinYellowstone National Park.[21]

Thefatty acidcomposition ofS. brevipesfruit bodies has been analyzed. The cap contained a higherlipidcontent than the stipe—18.4% of thedry weight,compared to 12.4%. In the cap,linoleic acidmade up 50.7% of the total lipids (65.7% in the stipe),oleic acidwas 29.9% (12.4% in the stipe), followed bypalmitic acidat 10.5% (12.6% in the stipe).[22]Linoleic acid—a member of the group ofessential fatty acidscalledomega-6 fatty acids—is an essential dietary requirement for humans.[23]

Similar species

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SeveralSuillusspecies which grow under pines could be confused withS. brevipes.S. granulatushas a longer stipe, and distinct raised granules on the stipe.S. brevipesis differentiated fromS. albidipesby not having a cottony roll of velar tissue (derived from apartial veil) at the margin when young.S. pallidicepsis by distinguished its pale yellow cap color; andS. albivelatushas a veil.[15]S. pungenshas a characteristic pungent odor, compared to the mild smell ofS. brevipes,and likeS. granulatus,has glandular dots on the stipe.[18]Boletus flaviporusis also similar.[24]

Molecular phylogeneticanalyses ofribosomal DNAsequences shows that the most closely related species toS. brevipesincludeS. luteus,S. pseudobrevipes,andS. weaverae.[25]

Ecology

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S. brevipesappears early in the succession of mycorrhizal fungi during the regrowth of pine after wildfire.

Suillus brevipesis amycorrhizalfungus, and it develops a closesymbioticassociation with the roots of various tree species, especiallypine.The undergroundmyceliaform a sheath around the tree rootlets, and the fungal hyphae penetrate between thecorticalcells of the root, formingectomycorrhizae.In this way, the fungus can supply the tree with minerals, while the tree reciprocates by supplyingcarbohydratescreated byphotosynthesis.In nature, it associates with two- and three-needle pines, especiallylodgepoleandponderosa pine.Under controlled laboratory conditions, the fungus has been shown to form ectomycorrhizae with ponderosa, lodgepole,[26]loblolly,eastern white,[27][28]patula,[29]pond,[30]radiata,[31]andred pines.[28]In vitromycorrhizal associations formed with non-pine species includePacific madrone,bearberry,[32]western larch,Sitka spruce,andcoast Douglas-fir.[33]Fungal growth is inhibited by the presence of high levels of theheavy metalscadmium(350ppm),lead(200 ppm), andnickel(20 ppm).[34]

During the regrowth of pine trees after disturbance likeclearcuttingorwildfire,there appears an orderly sequence of mycorrhizal fungi as one species is replaced by another. A study on theecological successionof ectomycorrhizal fungi in Canadianjack pineforests following wildfire concluded thatS. brevipesis a multi-stage fungus. It appears relatively early during tree development; fruit bodies were common in 6-year-old tree stands, and the fungus colonized the highest proportion of root tips. The fungus persists throughout the life of the tree, having been found in tree stands that were 41, 65, and 122 years old. There is, however, a relative reduction in the prevalence of the fungus with increasing stand age, which may be attributed to increased competition from other fungi, and a change in habitat brought about by closure of theforest canopy.[35]Generally,S. brevipesresponds favorably tosilviculturalpractices such as thinning and clearcutting. A 1996 study demonstrated that fruit bodies increased in abundance as the severity of disturbance increased.[36]It has been suggested that the thick-walled, wiryrhizomorphsproduced by the fungus may serve as an adaptation that helps it to survive and remain viable for a period of time following disturbance.[37]

Habitat and distribution

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Suillus brevipesgrows singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground in late summer and autumn. A common—and sometimes abundant—mushroom, it occurs over most of North America (including Hawaii[38]),[13]south to Mexico,[39]and north to Canada.[40]This species has been found inPuerto Ricogrowing under plantedPinus caribaea,where it is thought to have beenintroducedinadvertently fromNorth Carolinaby theUSDA Forest Servicein 1955.[41][42]Other introductions have also occurred in exotic pine plantations in Argentina, India, New Zealand,[43][44]Japan, and Taiwan.[45]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Suillus brevipes(Peck) Kuntze 1898 ".MycoBank.International Mycological Association.Retrieved2015-05-22.
  2. ^"Boletus viscosusVent. 1863 ".MycoBank.International Mycological Association.Retrieved2010-09-01.
  3. ^Peck CH. (1885). "Report of the Botanist (1884)".Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History.38:110.
  4. ^Halling RE. (1983). "Boletes described by Charles C. Frost".Mycologia.75(1): 70–92.doi:10.2307/3792925.JSTOR3792925.
  5. ^Kuntze O. (1898).Revisio Generum Plantarum(in German). Vol. 3. Leipzig: A. Felix. p. 535.
  6. ^Murrill WA. (1948). "Florida boletes".Lloydia.11:29.
  7. ^Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).Dictionary of the Fungi(10th ed.). Wallingford, Connecticut: CAB International. p. 607.ISBN978-0-85199-826-8.
  8. ^Singer R. (1986).The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy(4th ed.). Koenigstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. p. 756.ISBN978-3-87429-254-2.
  9. ^abcEvenson VS. (1997).Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains.Boulder, CO: Westcliffe Publishers. p. 158.ISBN978-1-56579-192-3.
  10. ^McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987).A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America.Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. plate 11.ISBN978-0-395-91090-0.
  11. ^Arora D. (1986).Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi.Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. pp.501–502.ISBN978-0-89815-169-5.
  12. ^Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009).Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest.Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 221.ISBN978-0-88192-935-5.
  13. ^abMiller HR,Miller OK(2006).North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi.Guilford, Connecticut:FalconGuide.p. 357.ISBN978-0-7627-3109-1.
  14. ^Healy RA, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G (2008).Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States.Bur Oak Guide. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. p. 171.ISBN978-1-58729-627-7.
  15. ^abcdTylukti EE. (1987).Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest. Vol. 2. Non-gilled Hymenomycetes.Moscow, Idaho: The University of Idaho Press.ISBN978-0-89301-097-3.
  16. ^abGrund DW, Harrison AK (1976).Nova Scotian Boletes.Lehre, Germany: J. Cramer. pp. 176–78.ISBN978-3-7682-1062-1.
  17. ^McNabb RFR. (1968)."The Boletaceae of New Zealand".New Zealand Journal of Botany.6(2): 137–76 (see p. 162).doi:10.1080/0028825X.1968.10429056.
  18. ^abcOrr DB, Orr RT (1979).Mushrooms of Western North America.Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 88–90.ISBN978-0-520-03656-7.
  19. ^Phillips, Roger (2010).Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America.Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 292.ISBN978-1-55407-651-2.
  20. ^Weber NS, Smith AH (1980).The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide.Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 98.ISBN978-0-472-85610-7.
  21. ^Mattson DJ, Podruzny SR, Haroldson MA (2002)."Consumption of fungal sporocarps by Yellowstone Grizzly Bears"(PDF).Ursus.13:95–103. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2012-03-03.Retrieved2010-09-01.
  22. ^Sumner JL. (1973)."The fatty acid composition of Basidiomycetes".New Zealand Journal of Botany.11(3): 435–42.doi:10.1080/0028825x.1973.10430293.
  23. ^Russo GL. (2009). "Dietaryn-6 andn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: from biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention ".Biochemical Pharmacology.77(6): 937–46.doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.020.PMID19022225.
  24. ^Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012).Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America.Berkeley:University of California Press.p. 329.ISBN978-0-520-95360-4.OCLC797915861.
  25. ^Kretzer A, Li Y, Szaro T, Bruns TD (1996). "Internal transcribed spacer sequences from 38 recognized species ofSuillussensu lato: Phylogenetic and taxonomic implications ".Mycologia.88(5): 776–85.doi:10.2307/3760972.JSTOR3760972.
  26. ^Grand LF. (1968). "Conifer associated and mycorrhizal syntheses of some Pacific NorthwestSuillusspecies ".Forest Science.14(3): 304–12.
  27. ^Doak KB. (1934). "Fungi that produce ectotrophic mycorrhizae".Phytopathology.24:7.
  28. ^abPalm ME, Stewart EL (1984). "In vitrosynthesis of mycorrhizae between presumed specific and nonspecificPinus+Suilluscombinations ".Mycologia.76(4): 579–600.doi:10.2307/3793215.JSTOR3793215.
  29. ^Mohan V, Natarajan K, Ingleby K (1993). "Anatomical studies on ectomycorrhizas.2. The ectomycorrhizas produced byAmanita muscaria,Laccaria laccataandSuillus brevipesonPinus patula".Mycorrhiza.3(1): 43–49.doi:10.1007/bf00213467.ISSN0940-6360.S2CID59942804.
  30. ^Suggs EG, Grand LF (1971). "Formation of mycorrhizae in monoxenic culture by pond pine (Pinus serotina) ".Canadian Journal of Botany.50(5): 1003–7.doi:10.1139/b72-122.
  31. ^Morrison TM, Burr R (1973). "Physiology of the mycorrhizas of Radiata Pine".Report of Forest Research Institute for 1972, New Zealand Forest Service.1:19–20.
  32. ^Molina R, Trappe JM (1982)."Lack of mycorrhizal specificity by the ericaceous hostsArbutus menzeniesiiandArctostaphylos uva-ursi".New Phytologist.90(3): 495–509.doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1982.tb04482.x.
  33. ^Molina R, Trappe JM (1982). "Patterns of ectomycorrhizal host specificity and potential among Pacific Northwest conifers and fungi".Forest Science.28:423–58.
  34. ^McCreight JD, Schroeder DB (1982). "Inhibition of growth of nine ectomycorrhizal fungi by cadmium, lead, and nickelin vitro".Environmental and Experimental Botany.60(9): 1601–5.
  35. ^Visser S. (1995)."Ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in Jack Pine stands following wildfire".New Phytologist.129(3): 389–401.doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb04309.x.JSTOR2558393.S2CID85061542.
  36. ^Kropp BR, Albee S (1996). "The effects of silvicultural treatments on occurrence of mycorrhizal sporocarps in aPinus contortaforest: A preliminary study ".Biological Conservation.78(3): 313–18.doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00140-1.
  37. ^Bradbury SM, Danielson RM, Visser S (1998). "Ectomycorrhizas of regenerating stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) ".Canadian Journal of Botany.76(2): 218–27.doi:10.1139/cjb-76-2-218.
  38. ^Hemmes DE, Desjardin D (2002).Mushrooms of Hawai'i: An Identification Guide.Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 31.ISBN978-1-58008-339-3.
  39. ^Cappello S, Cifuentes J (1982). "New records of the genusSuillus(Boletaceae) from Mexico ".Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Micologia(17): 196–206.ISSN0085-6223.
  40. ^Bossenmaier EF. (1997).Mushrooms of the Boreal Forest.Saskatoon, Canada: University Extension Press, University of Saskatchewan. p. 60.ISBN978-0-88880-355-9.
  41. ^Miller OK Jr, Lodge DJ, Baroni TJ (2000). "New and interesting ectomycorrhizal fungi from Puerto Rico, Mona, and Guana Islands".Mycologia.92(3): 558–70.doi:10.2307/3761516.JSTOR3761516.
  42. ^Vozzo JA. (1971)."Field inoculations with mycorrhizal fungi".In Hacskaylo E (ed.).Mycorrhizae, proceedings of the first North American conference on mycorrhizae. April 1969. Forest Service Misc. Publication 1189.US Department of Agriculture. pp. 187–96.
  43. ^Read DJ. (2000)."The mycorrhizal status ofPinus".In Richardson DM (ed.).Ecology and Biogeography ofPinus.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 333.ISBN978-0-521-78910-3.
  44. ^Natarajan K, Raman N (1983). "South Indian Agaricales 20. Some mycorrhizal species".Kavaka.11:59–66.ISSN0379-5179.
  45. ^Yeh K-W, Chen Z-C (1983)."Boletes of Taiwan 4"(PDF).Taiwania.28:122–27. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-07-18.
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