Asuite,inWestern classical music,is an ordered set ofinstrumentalororchestral/concert bandpieces. It originated in the late14th centuryas a pairing of dance tunes; and grew in scope so that by the early 17th century it comprised up to five dances, sometimes with aprelude.The separatemovementswere often thematically and tonally linked.[1]The term can also be used to refer to similar forms in other musical traditions, such as theTurkishfasıland theArabnuubaat.
Estienne du Tertrepublishedsuyttes debranslesin 1557, giving the first general use of the term "suite" 'suyttes' in music, although the usual form of the time was as pairs of dances. The first recognizable suite isPeuerl'sNewe Padouan, Intrada, Dantz, andGalliardaof 1611, in which the four dances of the title appear repeatedly in ten suites. TheBanchetto musicalebyJohann Schein(1617) contains 20 sequences of five different dances. The first four-movement suite credited to a named composer,Sandley's Suite,was published in 1663.[4][5]
TheBaroquesuite consisted ofallemande,courante,sarabande,andgigue,in that order, and developed during the17th centuryin France, the gigue appearing later than the others.Johann Jakob Frobergeris usually credited with establishing the classical suite through his compositions in this form, which were widely published and copied, although this was largely due to his publishers standardizing the order; Froberger's original manuscripts have many different orderings of the movements, e.g. the gigue preceding the sarabande. The publisher's standardized order was, however, highly influential especially on the works of Bach.
Many later suites included other movements placed between sarabande and gigue. These optional movements were known asgalanteries:common examples are theminuet,gavotte,passepied,andbourrée.Often there would be two contrastinggalanterieswith the same name, e.g. Minuet I and II, to be playedalternativement,meaning that the first dance is played again after the second (but without the internal repeats), thus I, II, I.
The later addition of an overture to make up an "overture-suite" was extremely popular with German composers;Telemannclaimed to have written over 200 overture-suites,Christoph Graupnerwrote 86 orchestral overture-suites and 57 partitas forharpsichord,J.S. Bachhad his four orchestral suites along with other suites, andHandelput hisWater MusicandMusic for the Royal Fireworksin this form. Handel wrote 22 keyboard suites; Bach produced multiple suites for lute, cello, violin, flute, and other instruments, as well asEnglish suites,French suitesandPartitas for keyboard.François Couperin's later suites (which he called "Ordres" ) often dispensed entirely with the standard dances and consisted entirely ofcharacter pieceswith fanciful names.
By the 1750s, the suite had come to be seen as old-fashioned, superseded by the symphony and concerto, and few composers were still writing suites during that time. But since the19th century,composers have frequently arranged ballets, operas, and other works into suites for concert performance. Arrangement into a suite can make the music more accessible and available to a wider audience, and has greatly helped popularize the music itself, such as inTchaikovsky'ssuite fromThe Nutcracker,orAaron Copland's suite fromAppalachian Spring.Suites for orchestra or concert band usually consist of one or moremovements.An example isGrieg'sPeer GyntOrchestral Suites I and II, each consisting of four movements. Such suites may consist of
an instrumental selection from a larger work such as an opera, ballet, film score, or musical;
a sequence of smaller pieces tied together by a common theme, such as the nationalistically inflected suites of Grieg,Sibelius,or Tchaikovsky andThe PlanetsbyHolst;
a work deliberately referential of Baroque themes, as in the mischievous Suite for Piano bySchoenberg.
Brought on byImpressionism,the piano suite was reintroduced by early 20th-century French composers such asRavelandDebussy.Debussy'sPour le pianois a suite in three movements, published in 1901, and hisSuite bergamasque,revised in 1905, is probably one of the most famous suites, especially the third movement,Clair de Lune.Ravel is particularly well known for hisMiroirssuite for piano and lesser known forLe tombeau de Couperin,both requiring tremendous skill and dexterity from the pianist.
Arnold Schoenberg's first use of thetwelve-tone techniquethroughout an entire work was in hisSuite for Piano, op. 25.Modeled on the Baroque keyboard suite, the piece consists of six movements entitledPräludium(Prelude),Gavotte,Musette,Intermezzo,Menuett(Minuet, with Trio), andGigue.
The dance suite was a collection of dance music popular in theBaroque era.It consists of the followingmovementsin this order:
Allemande.
Allemande:Literally translates from French as "German”, but by the time of its canonization in the suite it was thoroughly French, and was archaic as an actual dance by the 17th century. It is a moderate dance with a meter of4 4characterized by uniform movement in sixteenth notes, a mostly homophonic texture, even rhythms, and a generally restrained mood.
Couranteor Corrente: A courante is a highly structured French dance in3 2time featuring polyphonic textures, characteristic hemiola effects implying6 4especially in its formulaic cadences, and bursts of motion over a moderate underlying pulse. The Corrente is an Italian version in quick3 4or3 8,generally in two parts with a simpler harmonic structure, more uniform note values, more virtuosic character, and freer form than its French counterpart.
Sarabande:A slow, stately dance in3 4time, infrequently in3 2.The original Spanish dance (inherited through Mexico) was very lively and quick, and famously controversial owing to its perceived lascivious character. However, by the time of its inclusion in the suite via France, it had been totally reimagined as a sedate centerpiece. The Sarabande tends toward harmonic richness and lyrical melody.
Gigue:The gigue or 'jig' originates in Britain and Ireland, and is a fast dance, almost always in compound time and/or triple meter, with6 8and12 8most common. However, the Gigue permits by far the most variation among the standard dances, with prominent examples in practically every time signature. The French gigue is characterized by a distinct jaunty dotted rhythm in6 8and invariably written in two-part counterpoint, whereas the Italian (sometimes ‘Giga’) is a more varied and virtuosic format with running small notes in acrobatic passages. The Italian style largely superseded the French by the early-mid 18th century, at which point German composers had established it as a showpiece for not only technical virtuosity but also contrapuntal complexity, with some of JS Bach’s gigues nearly qualifying as proper fugues.
A suite may be introduced by a movement such as the following.
Entrée (ballet):Sometimes an entrée is composed as part of a suite; but there it is purely instrumental music and no dance is performed. It is an introduction, a march-like piece played during the entrance of a dancing group, or played before a ballet. Usually in4 4time. It is related to the Italian 'intrada'.
Between the Sarabande and Gigue, the followingGalanteriesmay be included.
Badinerie:a brief quick dance in2 4time that merged with theScherzoto give rise to a movement of fast tempo induple metercommon in the Romanticism as a substitute to the Minuet.
Bourrée:A light, quick dance in4 4time. A bourée begins with the last beat of a bar and continues with two or three bars until the 4th beat of one bar takes a light stress giving a sense of return to the beginning of the rhythm structure.
Chaconne(Chacona): a slow Spanish dance intriple meter,much used as a vehicle forvariationon a repeated short harmonic progression with a short, repetitive, bass-line.
Gavotte.Gavotte:The gavotte is a dance in4 4or related time signature. It begins on the third beat of an incomplete bar. It continues for a few bars where the third beat takes a light stress giving a sense of returning to the beginning of the rhythm structure. The gavotte tends to feature even staccato rhythms and has a charming rustic character.
Loure:a slow dance of French origin named after theinstrument of the same name,though examples found in suites diverge almost completely from the idiom of that instrument. Sometimes likened to a ‘slow gigue’, the Loure is usually in6 4.
Minuet(Menuetto): A3 4dance in a stately and graceful manner. It is often short and simple often with only clear theme and little variation. In many suites there are two minuets, in such cases the first minuet is played with repeats, then follows the second minuet with repeats, then the first minuet is repeated (da capo) usually without repeats. This order is standard whenever an optional dance is doubled, but the practice is most common with Minuets. The Minuet is notable in surviving the transition to theClassicalperiod, becoming standard as the third movement in theSonataform which replaced the suite as the most prominent cyclical instrumental genre.
Passacaglia(Pasacalles): a lively, often serious Spanish dance in3 4or3 2meter. Commonly based on abass-ostinato.
Passepied:A French dance movement in3 8or9 8.The rhythm is almost always in quaver form. It begins on the last beat of an incomplete bar though the upbeat does not resolve until the end of each section (unlike the bourée or gavotte where there can be a resolution of the upbeat(s) every three or four bars. It is a light dance with a strong feeling of movement.
Pavane:A slow dance in4 4or2 2time of Spanish and/or Italian origin.
Polonaise:A dance in3 4which comes in cycles of two bars. A heavy stress is placed on the first beat of the first bar and a lighter stress is placed on the second beat of the second bar giving a slight feeling of disorientation.
Siciliana(Sicilienne): A dance in6 8or12 8in which most of the dance is fixed to one of three typical rhythms involving syncopation and inversion of the rhythm structure. It is often in a minor key and somewhat sombre.
