Isotopes of sulfur

Isotopesofsulfur(₁₆S)
Standard atomic weightAr°(S)
	[32.059,32.076]; 32.06±0.02(abridged);
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Sulfur(₁₆S) has 23 knownisotopeswith mass numbers ranging from 27 to 49, four of which are stable:³²S (95.02%),³³S (0.75%),³⁴S (4.21%), and³⁶S (0.02%). The preponderance of sulfur-32 is explained by its production from carbon-12 plus successive fusion capture of fivehelium-4nuclei, in the so-calledalpha processof exploding type II supernovas (seesilicon burning).

Other than³⁵S, theradioactive isotopesof sulfur are all comparatively short-lived.³⁵S is formed fromcosmic ray spallationof⁴⁰Arin theatmosphere.It has ahalf-lifeof 87 days. The next longest-lived radioisotope is sulfur-38, with a half-life of 170 minutes. The shortest-lived is⁴⁹S, with a half-life shorter than 200 nanoseconds. Heavier radioactive isotopes of sulfur decay tochlorine.

When sulfidemineralsare precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δ³⁴S values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration. Theδ¹³Cand δ³⁴S of coexistingcarbonatesand sulfides can be used to determine thepHandoxygen fugacityof the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation.

In mostforestecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites also contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer inhydrologicstudies. Differences in thenatural abundancescan also be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the³⁴S of ecosystem components.Rocky Mountainlakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have different δ³⁴S values from oceans believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate.

List of isotopes

Nuclide^[3] ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[4] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life	Decay mode ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spinand parity ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Nuclide^[3] ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life	Decay mode ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spinand parity ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
²⁷S^{[n 8]}	16	11	27.01828(43)#	15.5(15) ms	β⁺(96.6%)	²⁷P	(5/2+)
					β⁺,p (2.3%)	²⁶Si
					β⁺,2p (1.1%)	²⁵Al
²⁸S	16	12	28.00437(17)	125(10) ms	β⁺(79.3%)	²⁸P	0+
²⁸S	16	12	28.00437(17)	125(10) ms	β⁺,p (20.7%)	²⁷Si	0+
²⁹S	16	13	28.99661(5)	188(4) ms	β⁺(53.6%)	²⁹P	5/2+#
²⁹S	16	13	28.99661(5)	188(4) ms	β⁺,p (46.4%)	²⁸Si	5/2+#
³⁰S	16	14	29.98490677(22)	1.1759(17) s	β⁺	³⁰P	0+
³¹S	16	15	30.97955701(25)	2.5534(18) s	β⁺	³¹P	1/2+
³²S^{[n 9]}	16	16	31.9720711744(14)	Stable			0+	0.9499(26)	0.94454-0.95281
³³S	16	17	32.9714589099(15)	Stable			3/2+	0.0075(2)	0.00730-0.00793
³⁴S	16	18	33.96786701(5)	Stable			0+	0.0425(24)	0.03976-0.04734
³⁵S	16	19	34.96903232(4)	87.37(4) d	β⁻	³⁵Cl	3/2+	Trace^{[n 10]}
³⁶S	16	20	35.96708070(20)	Stable			0+	0.0001(1)	0.00013−0.00027
³⁷S	16	21	36.97112551(21)	5.05(2) min	β⁻	³⁷Cl	7/2−
³⁸S	16	22	37.971163(8)	170.3(7) min	β⁻	³⁸Cl	0+
³⁹S	16	23	38.97513(5)	11.5(5) s	β⁻	³⁹Cl	(7/2)−
⁴⁰S	16	24	39.975483(4)	8.8(22) s	β⁻	⁴⁰Cl	0+
⁴¹S	16	25	40.979593(4)	1.99(5) s	β⁻(>99.9%)	⁴¹Cl	7/2−#
⁴¹S	16	25	40.979593(4)	1.99(5) s	β⁻,n (<.1%)	⁴⁰Cl	7/2−#
⁴²S	16	26	41.981065(3)	1.016(15) s	β⁻(>96%)	⁴²Cl	0+
⁴²S	16	26	41.981065(3)	1.016(15) s	β⁻,n (<4%)	⁴¹Cl	0+
⁴³S	16	27	42.986908(5)	265(13) ms	β⁻(60%)	⁴³Cl	3/2−#
⁴³S	16	27	42.986908(5)	265(13) ms	β⁻,n (40%)	⁴²Cl	3/2−#
^43mS	319(5) keV			415.0(26) ns	IT	⁴³S	(7/2−)
⁴⁴S	16	28	43.990119(6)	100(1) ms	β⁻(81.7%)	⁴⁴Cl	0+
⁴⁴S	16	28	43.990119(6)	100(1) ms	β⁻,n (18.2%)	⁴³Cl	0+
^44mS	1365.0(8) keV			2.619(26) μs	IT	⁴⁴S	0+
⁴⁵S	16	29	44.99572(111)	68(2) ms	β⁻,n (54%)	⁴⁴Cl	3/2−#
⁴⁵S	16	29	44.99572(111)	68(2) ms	β⁻(46%)	⁴⁵Cl	3/2−#
⁴⁶S	16	30	46.00037(54)#	50(8) ms	β⁻	⁴⁶Cl	0+
⁴⁷S	16	31	47.00791(54)#	20# ms [>200 ns]	β⁻	⁴⁷Cl	3/2−#
⁴⁸S	16	32	48.01370(64)#	10# ms [>200 ns]	β⁻	⁴⁸Cl	0+
⁴⁹S^[5]	16	33	49.02264(72)#		β⁻	⁴⁹Cl	3/2−#
This table header & footer: view

^^mS – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ Modes of decay:

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
^Bold symbolas daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^Has 2haloprotons
^Heaviest theoretically stable nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons
^Cosmogenic

• The beams of several radioactive isotopes (such as those of⁴⁴S) have been studied theoretically within the framework of the synthesis of superheavy elements, especially those ones in the vicinity ofisland of stability.^[6]^[7]

References

^"Standard Atomic Weights: Sulfur".CIAAW.2009.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^Half-life, decay mode, nuclear spin, and isotopic composition is sourced in:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017)."The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.41(3): 030001.Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.
^Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017)."The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.41(3): 030003-1–030003-442.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.
^Neufcourt, L.; Cao, Y.; Nazarewicz, W.; Olsen, E.; Viens, F. (2019). "Neutron drip line in the Ca region from Bayesian model averaging".Physical Review Letters.122(6): 062502–1–062502–6.arXiv:1901.07632.Bibcode:2019PhRvL.122f2502N.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.062502.PMID 30822058.S2CID 73508148.
^Zagrebaev, Valery; Greiner, Walter (2008-09-24)."Synthesis of superheavy nuclei: A search for new production reactions".Physical Review C.78(3): 034610.arXiv:0807.2537.Bibcode:2008PhRvC..78c4610Z.doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.78.034610.S2CID 122586703.
^Zhu, Long (2019-12-01)."Possibilities of producing superheavy nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions based on radioactive targets *".Chinese Physics C.43(12): 124103.Bibcode:2019ChPhC..43l4103Z.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/43/12/124103.ISSN 1674-1137.S2CID 250673444.

External links

Sulfur isotopes data fromThe Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

[4] S – Excitednuclear isomer.

[6] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-7] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[8] Modes of decay:

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission

[9] Bold symbolas daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[10] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[TNN-11] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[12] Has 2haloprotons

[13] Heaviest theoretically stable nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons

[14] Cosmogenic

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Sulfur".CIAAW.2009.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.

[NUBASE2016-3] Half-life, decay mode, nuclear spin, and isotopic composition is sourced in:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017)."The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.41(3): 030001.Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.

[AME2016_II-5] Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017)."The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.41(3): 030003-1–030003-442.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.

[Neufcourt(S)-15] Neufcourt, L.; Cao, Y.; Nazarewicz, W.; Olsen, E.; Viens, F. (2019). "Neutron drip line in the Ca region from Bayesian model averaging".Physical Review Letters.122(6): 062502–1–062502–6.arXiv:1901.07632.Bibcode:2019PhRvL.122f2502N.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.062502.PMID 30822058.S2CID 73508148.

[16] Zagrebaev, Valery; Greiner, Walter (2008-09-24)."Synthesis of superheavy nuclei: A search for new production reactions".Physical Review C.78(3): 034610.arXiv:0807.2537.Bibcode:2008PhRvC..78c4610Z.doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.78.034610.S2CID 122586703.

[17] Zhu, Long (2019-12-01)."Possibilities of producing superheavy nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions based on radioactive targets *".Chinese Physics C.43(12): 124103.Bibcode:2019ChPhC..43l4103Z.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/43/12/124103.ISSN 1674-1137.S2CID 250673444.

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Isotopes of sulfur

Contents

List of isotopes

See also

References

External links