Wikipedia

Superhero

(Redirected fromSuperheroes)
For other uses, seeSuperhero (disambiguation).

Asuperheroorsuperheroineis a fictional character who typically possessessuperpowersor abilities beyond those of ordinary people, is frequently costumed concealing their identity, and fits the role of thehero;typically using their powers to help theworld become a better place,or dedicating themselves toprotecting the publicand fightingcrime.Superhero fictionis the genre offictionthat is centered on such characters,[1]especially, since the 1930s, inAmerican comic books(and later inHollywood films,film serials, television andvideo games), as well as in Japanese media (includingkamishibai,tokusatsu,manga,animeand video games).

Whiz Comicscover featuringCaptain Marvel,published byFawcett Comicsin 1940

Superheroes come from a wide array of different backgrounds and origins. Some superheroes (such asSpider-ManandSuperman) possess non-human orsuperhumanbiology or use and practicemagicto achieve their abilities (such asDoctor StrangeandCaptain Marvel) while others (for example,Iron ManandBatman) derive their status from advancedtechnologythey create and use.[2][3][4]TheDictionary.comdefinition of "superhero" is "a figure, especially in acomic striporcartoon,endowed with superhuman powers and usually portrayed as fighting evil or crime ",[5]and theMerriam-Websterdictionary gives the definition as "a fictional hero having extraordinary or superhuman powers; also: an exceptionally skillful or successful person."[6]Terms such as masked crime fighters, costumed adventurers or maskedvigilantesare sometimes used to refer to characters such asthe Spirit,who may not be explicitly referred to as superheroes but nevertheless share similar traits.

Some superheroes use their powers to help fight daily crime while also combating threats against humanity fromsupervillains,who are their criminal counterparts. Often at least one of these supervillains will be the superhero'sarchenemyornemesis.Some popular supervillains becomerecurring charactersin their own right.

History

edit
Main articles:Superhero fiction § History,History of comics,Superhero film,andTokusatsu

Influences

edit

Antecedentsof the archetype include mythological characters such asGilgamesh,Hanuman,Perseus,Odysseus,David,anddemigodslikeHeracles,all of whom were blessed with extraordinary abilities, which later inspired the superpowers that became a fundamental aspect of modern-day superheroes.[7][8]The distinct clothing and costumes of individuals fromEnglish folklore,likeRobin HoodandSpring-Heeled Jack,also became inspirations.[9]The dark costume of the latter, complete with adomino maskand a cape, became influential for the myriad of masked rogues inpenny dreadfulsanddime novels.[10][11]

Thevigilantesof the AmericanOld Westalso became an influence to the superhero.[12]Several vigilantes during this time period hid their identities using masks.[10]In frontier communities where de jure law was not yet matured, people sometimes took the law into their own hands with makeshift masks made out ofsacks.Vigilante mobs and gangs like the San Diego Vigilantes and theBald Knobbersbecame infamous throughout that Old West era.[10][13][14]Such masked vigilantism later inspired fictional masked crimefighters in American story-telling, beginning with the characterDeadwood Dickin 1877.[10][12]

1900s–1939

edit
Fox Feature Syndicate's 1930s–1940s superhero theFlame

The wordsuperherodates back to 1899.[15]The 1903 British playThe Scarlet Pimperneland its spinoffs popularized the idea of a masked avenger and the superhero trope of asecret identity.[9]Over the next few decades, masked and costumedpulp fictioncharacters such asJimmie Dale/The Grey Seal(1914),Zorro(1919),Buck Rogers(1928),The Shadow(1930), andFlash Gordon(1934), andcomic stripheroes such as thePhantom(1936), began appearing, as did non-costumed characters withsuper strength,including the comic-strip charactersPatoruzú(1928) andPopeye(1929) and novelistPhilip Wylie's characterHugo Danner(1930).[16]Another early example wasSarutobi Sasuke,a Japanese superheroninjafromchildren's novelsin the 1910s;[17][18][19]by 1914, he had a number of superhuman powers and abilities.[17]The French characterL'Oiselle,created in 1909, can be classed as a superheroine.[20]

In August 1937, in a letter column of the pulp magazineThrilling Wonder Stories,the wordsuperherowas used to define the title character of the comic stripZarnak,by Max Plaisted.[21][22]In the 1930s, the trends converged in some of the earliest superpowered costumed heroes, such as Japan'sŌgon Bat(1931) and Prince of Gamma (early 1930s), who first appeared inkamishibai(a kind of hybrid media combining pictures with live storytelling),[23][24]Mandrake the Magician(1934),[25][26][27]Olga Mesmer(1937)[28]and thenSuperman(1938) andCaptain Marvel(1939) at the beginning of theGolden Age of Comic Books,whose span, though disputed, is generally agreed to have started with Superman's launch.[29]Superman has remained one of the most recognizable superheroes,[29]and his success spawned a new archetype of characters with secret identities and superhuman powers.[30][31][32]At the end of the decade, in 1939,Batmanwas created byBob KaneandBill Finger.

1940s

edit
America's Best Comics #7October 1943

During the 1940s there were many superheroes:The Flash,Green LanternandBlue Beetledebuted in this era. This era saw the debut of one of the earliest female superheroes, writer-artistFletcher Hanks's characterFantomah,an agelessancient Egyptianwoman in the modern day who could transform into a skull-faced creature with superpowers to fight evil; she debuted inFiction House'sJungle Comic#2 (Feb. 1940), credited to the pseudonymous "Barclay Flagg".[33][34]TheInvisible Scarlet O'Neil,a non-costumed character who fought crime and wartime saboteurs using the superpower ofinvisibilitycreated by Russell Stamm, would debut in the eponymoussyndicatednewspapercomic stripa few months later on June 3, 1940.[35]

In 1940, Maximo the Amazing Superman debut inBig Little Book series,byRussell R. Winterbotham(text), Henry E. Vallely and Erwin L. Hess (art).[36][37]

Mr. Scarlet,the "Red Raider of Justice", a superhero appearing inWow Comics(1940)

Captain Americaalso appeared for the first time in print in December 1940, a year prior to the attack onPearl Harborby the Japanese government, when America was still inisolationism.Created byJoe SimonandJack Kirby,the superhero was the physical embodiment of the American spirit during World War II.

One superpowered character was portrayed as anantiheroine,a rarity for its time: theBlack Widow,a costumed emissary ofSatanwho killed evildoers in order to send them toHell—debuted inMystic Comics#4 (Aug. 1940), fromTimely Comics,the 1940s predecessor ofMarvel Comics.Most of the other female costumed crime fighters during this era lacked superpowers. Notable characters includeThe Woman in Red,[38][39]introduced inStandard Comics'Thrilling Comics#2 (March 1940);Lady Luck,debuting in the Sunday-newspapercomic-book insertThe Spirit SectionJune 2, 1940; the comedic characterRed Tornado,debuting inAll-American Comics#20 (Nov 1940);Miss Fury,[40]debuting in the eponymous comic strip by female cartoonistTarpé Millson April 6, 1941; thePhantom Lady,introduced inQuality ComicsPolice Comics#1 (Aug. 1941); theBlack Cat,[41][42]introduced inHarvey Comics'Pocket Comics#1 (also Aug. 1941); and theBlack Canary,introduced inFlash Comics#86 (Aug. 1947) as a supporting character.[43]The most iconic comic book superheroine, who debuted during the Golden Age, isWonder Woman.[44]Modeled from the myth of theAmazonsofGreek mythology,she was created bypsychologistWilliam Moulton Marston,with help and inspiration from his wifeElizabethand theirmutual loverOlive Byrne.[45][46]Wonder Woman's first appearance was inAll Star Comics#8 (Dec. 1941), published byAll-American Publications,one of two companies that would merge to formDC Comicsin 1944.

Pérákwas anurban legendoriginating from the city ofPragueduring theGerman occupation of Czechoslovakiain the midst ofWorld War II.In the decades following the war, Pérák has also been portrayed as the onlyCzechsuperhero in film and comics.

1950s

edit

In 1952,Osamu Tezuka'smangaTetsuwan Atom,more popularly known in the West asAstro Boy,was published. The series focused upon a robot boy built by ascientistto replace his deceased son. Being built from an incomplete robot originally intended formilitarypurposes, Astro Boy possessed amazing powers such as flight throughthrustersin his feet and the incredible mechanical strength of his limbs.

The 1950s saw theSilver Age of Comics.During this era DC introduced the likes ofBatwomanin 1956,Supergirl,Miss Arrowette,andBat-Girl;all femalederivativesof established male superheroes.

In 1957 Japan,Shintohoproduced the first film serial featuring the superhero characterSuper Giant,signaling a shift inJapanese popular culturetowardstokusatsumasked superheroes overkaijugiant monsters. Along withAstro Boy,theSuper Giantserials had a profound effect onJapanese television.1958 saw the debut of superheroMoonlight Maskon Japanese television. It was the first of numerous televised superhero dramas that would make up thetokusatsusuperhero genre.[47]Created byKōhan Kawauchi,he followed up its success with the tokusatsu superhero showsSeven Color Mask(1959) andMessenger of Allah(1960), both starring a youngSonny Chiba.

1960s

edit

It is arguable that theMarvel Comicsteams of the early 1960s brought the biggest assortment of superheroes ever at one time into permanent publication, the likes ofSpider-Man(1962),The Hulk,Iron Man,Daredevil,Nick Fury,The Mighty Thor,The Avengers(featuring a rebootedCaptain America,Thor, Hulk,Ant-Man,Quicksilver), and many others were given their own monthly titles.

Typically the superhero supergroups featured at least one (and often the only) female member, much like DC's flagship superhero team theJustice League of America(whose initial roster included Wonder Woman as thetoken female); examples include theFantastic Four'sInvisible Girl,theX-Men'sJean Grey(originally known asMarvel Girl), theAvengers'Wasp,and theBrotherhood of Mutants'Scarlet Witch(who later joined the Avengers) with her brother, Quicksilver.

In 1963,Astro Boywas adapted into a highly influentialanimetelevision series.Phantom Agentsin 1964 focused onninjasworking for the Japanese government and would be the foundation forSentai-type series. 1966 saw the debut of the sci-fi/horror seriesUltra Qcreated byEiji Tsuburayathis would eventually lead to the sequelUltraman,spawning asuccessful franchisewhich pioneered theKyodai Herosubgenre where the superheroes would be as big as giant monsters (kaiju) that they fought.

ThekaijumonsterGodzilla,originally a villain, began being portrayed as a radioactive superhero in theGodzillafilms,[48]starting withGhidorah, the Three-Headed Monster(1964).[49]By the 1970s, Godzilla came to be viewed as a superhero, with the magazineKing of the Monstersin 1977 describing Godzilla as "Superhero of the '70s."[50]

1970s

edit

In 1971,Kamen Riderlaunched the "Henshin Boom" onJapanese televisionin the early 1970s, greatly impacting thetokusatsusuperhero genre in Japan.[51]In 1972, theScience Ninja Team Gatchamananime debuted, which built upon the superhero team idea of the live-actionPhantom Agentsas well as introducing different colors for team members and special vehicles to support them, said vehicles could also combine into a larger one. Another important event was the debut ofMazinger Zby Go Nagai, creating theSuper Robotgenre. Go Nagai also wrote the mangaCutey Honeyin 1973; although theMagical Girlgenre already existed, Nagai's manga introduced Transformation sequences that would become a staple of Magical Girl media.

The 1970s would see more anti-heroes introduced into Superhero fiction such examples included the debut ofShotaro Ishinomori'sSkull Man(the basis for his laterKamen Rider) in 1970, Go Nagai'sDevilmanin 1972 and Gerry Conway and John Romita'sPunisherin 1974.

The darkSkull Manmanga would later get a television adaptation and underwent drastic changes. The character was redesigned to resemble a grasshopper, becoming the renowned first masked hero of theKamen Riderseries. Kamen Rider is a motorcycle-riding hero in an insect-like costume, who shouts Henshin (Metamorphosis) to don his costume and gain superhuman powers.

The ideas ofsecond-wave feminism,which spread through the 1960s into the 1970s, greatly influenced the way comic book companies would depict as well as market their female characters: Wonder Woman was for a time revamped as amod-dressingmartial artistdirectly inspired by theEmma Peelcharacter from theBritish television seriesThe Avengers(no relation to the superhero team of the same name),[52]but later reverted to Marston's original concept after the editors ofMs. magazinepublicly disapproved of the character being depowered and without her traditional costume;[53]Supergirl was moved from being a secondary feature onAction Comicsto headlineAdventure Comicsin 1969; theLady Liberatorsappeared in an issue ofThe Avengersas a group of mind-controlled superheroines led byValkyrie(actually adisguised supervillainess) and were meant to be a caricatured parody of feminist activists;[54]and Jean Grey became the embodiment of a cosmic being known as thePhoenix Forcewith seemingly unlimited power in the late 1970s, a stark contrast from her depiction as the weakest member of her team a decade ago.

Both major American publishers began introducing new superheroines with a more distinct feminist theme as part of their origin stories or character development. Examples includeBig Barda,Power Girl,andthe Huntressby DC comics; and from Marvel, thesecond Black Widow,Shanna the She-Devil,andThe Cat.[55]Femalesupporting characterswho were successful professionals or hold positions of authority in their own right also debuted in the pages of several popular superhero titles from the late 1950s onward:Hal Jordan's love interestCarol Ferriswas introduced as the Vice-President ofFerris Aircraftand later took over the company from her father;Medusa,who was first introduced in theFantastic Fourseries, is a member of theInhuman Royal Familyand a prominent statesperson within her people's quasi-feudal society; andCarol Danvers,a decoratedofficerin theUnited States Air Forcewho would become a costumed superheroine herself years later.

In 1975Shotaro Ishinomori'sHimitsu Sentai Gorengerdebuted on what is now TV Asahi, it brought the concepts of multi-colored teams and supporting vehicles that debuted in Gatchaman into live-action, and began theSuper Sentaifranchise (later adapted into the AmericanPower Rangersseries in the 1990s). In 1978, Toei adaptedSpider-Manintoa live-action Japanese television series.In this continuity, Spider-Man had a vehicle called Marveller that could transform into a giant and powerful robot called Leopardon, this idea would be carried over to Toei'sBattle Fever J(also co-produced with Marvel) and now multi-colored teams not only had support vehicles but giant robots to fight giant monsters with.

1980–present

edit

In subsequent decades, popular characters likeDazzler,She-Hulk,Elektra,Catwoman,Witchblade,Spider-Girl,Batgirlandthe Birds of Preybecame stars of long-running eponymous titles. Female characters began assuming leadership roles in many ensemble superhero teams; theUncanny X-Menseries and its related spin-off titles in particular have included many female characters in pivotal roles since the 1970s.[56]Volume 4 of theX-Men comic book seriesfeatured an all-female team as part of theMarvel NOW!branding initiative in 2013.[57]Superpowered female characters likeBuffy the Vampire Slayer[58]andDarna[59][60]have a tremendous influence on popular culture in their respective countries of origin.

With more and moreanime,mangaandtokusatsubeing translated or adapted, Western audiences were beginning to experience the Japanese styles of superhero fiction more than they were able to before.Saban'sMighty Morphin Power Rangers,an adaptation ofZyuranger,created a multimedia franchise that used footage fromSuper Sentai.[61]Internationally, theJapanese comic book character,Sailor Moon,is recognized as one of the most important and popular female superheroes ever created.[62][63][64][65][66]

Trademark status

edit

Background

edit

The first use of the word "super hero" dates back to 1917.[67]At the time, the word was merely used to describe a "public figure of great accomplishments."[67]However, in 1967, Ben Cooper, Inc., an American Halloween costume manufacturer, became the first entity to commercialize the phrase "super hero" when it registered the mark in connection with Halloween costumes.[67]In 1972,Mego Corporation,an American toy company, attempted to register the mark "World's Greatest Superheroes" in connection with its line of action figures.[68]Mego Corporation’s attempted registration led Ben Cooper, Inc. to sue Mego Corporation for trademark infringement.[68]Due to its financial struggles, Mego Corporation was unwilling to defend itself against Ben Cooper Inc.'s suit.[68]As a result, in 1977, Mego Corporation jointly assigned its interest in the trademark toDC Comics,Inc. ( "DC" ) andMarvel Comics( "Marvel" ).[68]Due to the financial prowess of DC and Marvel, Ben Cooper, Inc. decided to withdraw its trademark opposition and jointly assigned its interest in the "World's Greatest Super Heroes" mark to DC and Marvel.[68]Two years later in 1979, DC and Marvel applied for the mark in connection with comic books, and were granted the mark by theUnited States Patent and Trademark Office(USPTO) in 1981.[69]

In the years leading up to the assignment of the mark, both DC and Marvel battled to register various trademarks involving the phrase “superhero.”[70]However, DC and Marvel quickly discovered that they could only register marks involving the phrase "superhero" if the phrase referenced their own company or a character associated with their company.[70]As a result, DC and Marvel decided to become joint owners of the "superhero" trademark.[70]

Although many consumers likely see DC and Marvel as competitors, the two comic book publishing giants are allies when it comes to protecting the trademark "superhero" and variants thereof. Although joint ownership in a trademark is uncommon, the USPTO will grant joint ownership in a mark.[71]For example, in the caseArrow Trading Co., Inc. v. Victorinox A.G. and Wegner S.A.,Opposition No. 103315 (TTAB June 27, 2003), the TTAB held that when "two entities have a long-standing relationship and rely on each other for quality control, it may be found, in appropriate circumstances, that the parties, as joint owners, do represent a single source."[72]

DC and Marvel have continued to expand theircommercializationof the "superhero" mark to categories beyond comic books.[73]Now, the two publishers jointly own numerous trademarks forfigurines(see Spider-Man, Batman), movies, TV shows, magazines, merchandise, cardboard stand-up figures,playing cards,erasers,pencils,notebooks,cartoons,and many more.[73]For instance, the companies filed a trademark application as joint owners for the mark "SUPER HEROES" for a series of animatedmotion picturesin 2009 (Reg. No. 5613972).[69]Both DC and Marvel also individually owned[74][75]trademarks involving the "super hero" mark.[69]Notably, DC owns the mark "Legion of Super-Heroes"for comic magazines and Marvel owns the mark" Marvel Super Hero Island "for story books, fiction books, and children’s activity books.[69]

DC and Marvel have become known for aggressively protecting their registered marks.[76]In 2019, the companies pursued a British law student named Graham Jules who was attempting to publish aself-help booktitledBusiness Zero to Superhero.[77]Much academic debate exists about whether the "super hero" mark has become generic and whether DC and Marvel have created aduopolyover the "super hero" mark.[69][78][79]Conversely, DC and Marvel hold that they are merely exercising their right and duty to protect their registered marks.[79]

Current status/relevant cases

edit

The following trademarks were or are registered jointly with MARVEL CHARACTERS, INC. and DC COMICS:

  • 73222079 SUPER HEROES for publications[80](Cancelled)
  • 72243225 SUPER HERO for costumes[81](Cancelled)
  • 77732560 SUPER HEROES for production and distribution of a series of animated motion picture[82]
  • 78356610 SUPER HEROES for t-shirts[83](Cancelled)
  • 73011796 SUPER HEROES for toy figures[84](Cancelled)

As mentioned, the two companies also own a variety of other superhero-related marks. For instance, DC owns "Legion of Super-Heroes" and "DC Super Hero Girls"and Marvel owns “Marvel Super Hero Island" and "Marvel Super Hero Adventures."[85]

DC and Marvel have garnered a reputation for zealously protecting their superhero marks. As noted above, one of these instances included a man by the name of Graham Jules, who sought to publish a book entitledBusiness Zero to Superhero.[86]In 2014, he received a cease and desist from DC and Marvel who claimed that his use of the term superhero would cause confusion and dilute their brands.[86]He was offered a few thousand dollars in settlement to change the name of his book, but he did not concede.[86]A few days prior to the scheduled hearing at the Intellectual Property Office in London, the companies backed down.[86]

A similar scenario occurred when comic book creator Ray Felix attempted to register his comic book seriesA World Without Superheroeswith the USPTO.[87]Felix is one of many who argue that the term "superhero" has become generic (see discussion below).[87]Felix's mark is currently abandoned, but he has stated that he intends to fight against DC and Marvel for use of the term.[88]

In 2024, Superbabies Limited managed to obtain a default judgement and cancel the "super heroes" trademarks as genericized, except for the animation pictures mark.[89]This was unexpected as Marvel and DC had filed a motion to extend time to answer.[90]

edit

There is an ongoing debate among legal scholars and in the courts about whether the term "superhero" has becomegenericizeddue to its widespread use in popular culture, similar to terms like "aspirin" or "escalator" which lost their trademark protection and became generic terms for their respective products.[91]Some argue the term "SUPER HERO" trademark is at risk of becoming generic.

Courts have noted that determining whether a term has become generic is a highly factual inquiry not suitable for resolution without considering evidence like dictionary definitions, media usage, and consumer surveys.[92]Trademark owners can take steps to preventgenericide,such as using the trademark with the generic product name, educating the public, and policing unauthorized uses.[93]However, misuse by the public alone does not necessarily cause a trademark to become generic if the primary significance of the term is still to indicate a particular source.[94]

Some legal experts argue that, like the once-trademarked terms "aspirin" and "yo-yo," the term "superhero" now primarily refers to a general type of character with extraordinary abilities, rather than characters originating from specific publishers.

Minority superheroes

edit

In keeping with their origins as representing the archetypicalherostock character in 1930s American comics, superheroes are predominantly depicted asWhite Americanmiddle- or upper-classyoung adult males and females who are typically tall, athletic, educated, physically attractive and in perfect health. Beginning in the 1960s with thecivil rights movementin the United States, and increasingly with the rising concern overpolitical correctnessin the 1980s, superhero fiction centered on cultural, ethnic, national, racial and languageminority groups(from the perspective ofUS demographics) began to be produced. This began with depiction ofblack superheroesin the 1960s, followed in the 1970s with a number of other ethnic-minority superheroes.[95]In keeping with the political mood of the time,cultural diversityandinclusivismwould be an important part of superhero groups starting from the 1980s. In the 1990s, this was further augmented by the first depictions of superheroes as homosexual. In 2017,Sign Geneemerged, the first group ofdeafsuperheroes with superpowers through the use ofsign language.[96]

Female superheroes and villains

edit
Main article:Portrayal of women in American comics

Female super heroes—and villains—have been around since the early years of comic books dating back to the 1940s.[97]The representation of women in comic books has been questioned in the past decade following the rise of comic book characters in the film industry (Marvel/DC movies). Women are presented differently than their male counterparts, typically wearing revealing clothing that showcases their curves and cleavage and showing a lot of skin in some cases.[98][99]Heroes like Power Girl and Wonder Woman are portrayed wearing little clothing and showing cleavage.[98][99]Power Girl is portrayed as wearing a suit not unlike the swimsuits in the T.V. showBaywatch.The sexualization of women in comic books can be explained mainly by the fact that the majority of writers are male.[99]Not only are the writers mostly male, but the audience is mostly male as well.[100][99]Therefore, writers are designing characters to appeal to a mostly male audience.[100][101]The super hero characters illustrate a sociological idea called the "male gaze"which is media created from the viewpoint of a normative heterosexual male.[101][102]The female characters in comic books are used to satisfy male desire for the "ideal" woman (small waist, large breasts, toned, athletic body).[101][103][99]These characters have god-like power, but the most easily identifiable feature is their hyper sexualized bodies: they are designed to be sexually pleasing to the hypotheticalheteronormativemale audience.[98][102][103][99]

Villains, such asHarley QuinnandPoison Ivy,use their sexuality to take advantage of their male victims.[99]In the film versions of these characters, their sexuality and seductive methods are highlighted. Poison Ivy uses seduction through poison to take over the minds of her victims as seen in the 1997 filmBatman and Robin.Harley Quinn in 2016'sSuicide Squaduses her sexuality to her advantage, acting in a promiscuous manner.

Through the overdeveloped bodies of the heroes or the seductive mannerisms of the villains, women in comic books are used as subordinates to their male counterparts, regardless of their strength or power.[104]Wonder Woman has been subject to a long history of suppression as a result of her strength and power, including American culture's undoing of the Lynda Carter television series.[105]In 2017'sWonder Woman,she had the power of a god, but was still drawn to a much weaker, mortal male character.[102]This can be explained by the sociological concept "feminine apologetic," which reinforces a woman's femininity to account for her masculine attributes (strength, individualism, toughness, aggressiveness, bravery).[102]Women in comic books are considered to be misrepresented due to being created by men, for men.[101][103]

The Hawkeye Initiativeis a website satirizing the sexualized portrayal of women in comics by recreating the same poses using male superheroes, especially Marvel'sHawkeye.[106][107][108]

Ethnic and religious minorities

edit
See also:Ethnic stereotypes in comics,African characters in comics,List of black superheroes,List of Asian superheroes,List of Latino superheroes,List of Native American superheroes,List of Jewish superheroes,List of Filipino superheroes,andList of Russian superheroes

In 1966, Marvel introduced theBlack Panther,an Africanmonarchwho became the first non-caricaturedblack superhero.[109]The firstAfrican-Americansuperhero, theFalcon,followed in 1969, and three years later,Luke Cage,a self-styled"hero-for-hire",became the firstblack superheroto star inhis own series.In 1989, theMonica Rambeauincarnation of Captain Marvelwas the first female black superhero from a major publisher to get her own title in a special one-shot issue. In 1971,Red Wolfbecame the firstNative Americanin the superheroic tradition to headline a series.[110]In 1973,Shang-Chibecame the first prominentAsian superheroto star in an American comic book (Katohad been a secondary character of theGreen Hornetmedia franchise series since its inception in the 1930s.[111]).Kitty Pryde,a member of the X-Men, was an openly Jewish superhero in mainstream American comic books as early as 1978.[112]

Comic-book companies were in the early stages of cultural expansion and many of these characters played to specificstereotypes;Cage and many of his contemporaries often employed lingo similar to that ofblaxploitationfilms, Native Americans were often associated withshamanismandwild animals,andAsian Americanswere often portrayed askung fu martial artists.Subsequent minority heroes, such as theX-Men'sStormand theTeen Titans'Cyborgavoided such conventions; they were both part of ensemble teams, which became increasingly diverse in subsequent years. The X-Men, in particular, were revived in 1975 with a line-up of characters drawn from several nations, including theKenyanStorm,GermanNightcrawler,Soviet/RussianColossus,IrishBanshee,andJapaneseSunfire.In 1993,Milestone Comics,an African-American-owned media/publishing company entered into a publishing agreement with DC Comics that allowed them to introduce a line of comics that included characters of many ethnic minorities. Milestone's initial run lasted four years, during which it introducedStatic,a character adapted into theWB Networkanimated seriesStatic Shock.

In addition to the creation of new minority heroes, publishers have filled the identities and roles of once-Caucasian heroes with new characters from minority backgrounds. The African-AmericanJohn Stewartappeared in the 1970s as an alternate for Earth's Green LanternHal Jordan,and would become a regular member of theGreen Lantern Corpsfrom the 1980s onward. The creators of the 2000s-eraJustice Leagueanimated seriesselected Stewart as the show's Green Lantern. In theUltimate Marveluniverse,Miles Morales,a youth ofPuerto Ricanand African-American ancestry who was also bitten by a genetically-altered spider, debuted asthe new Spider-Manafter theapparent deathofthe original Spider-Man, Peter Parker.Kamala Khan,aPakistani-AmericanMuslimteenager who is revealed to haveInhuman lineageafter hershapeshiftingpowers manifested, takes on the identity ofMs. Marvelin 2014 afterCarol Danvershad become Captain Marvel. Her self-titled comic book series became a cultural phenomenon, with extensive media coverage byCNN,theNew York TimesandThe Colbert Report,and embraced by anti-Islamophobiacampaigners inSan Franciscowho plastered over anti-Muslim bus adverts with Kamala stickers.[113]Other such successor-heroes of color includeJames "Rhodey" RhodesasIron Manand to a lesser extentRiri "Ironheart" Williams,Ryan Choiasthe Atom,Jaime ReyesasBlue BeetleandAmadeus ChoasHulk.

Certain established characters have had their ethnicity changed when adapted to another continuity or media. A notable example isNick Fury,who is reinterpreted asAfrican-Americanboth in the Ultimate Marvel as well as theMarvel Cinematic Universecontinuities.

Sexual orientation and gender identity

edit
Main article:LGBT themes in comics
See also:List of LGBT characters in comics

In 1992, MarvelrevealedthatNorthstar,a member of theCanadianmutant superhero teamAlpha Flight,washomosexual,after years of implication.[114]This ended a long-standing editorial mandate that there would be no homosexual characters in Marvel comics.[115]Although some minor secondary characters inDC Comics' mature-audience 1980s miniseriesWatchmenwere gay, and the reformed supervillainPied Pipercame outtoWally Westin an issue ofThe Flashin 1991, Northstar is considered to be the first openly gay superhero appearing in mainstream comic books. From the mid-2000s onward, several established Marvel and DC comics characters (or a variant version of the pre-existing character) were outed or reintroduced as LGBT individuals by both publishers. Examples include theMikaal Tomas incarnation of Starmanin 1998;Colossusin theUltimate X-Menseries;Renee Montoyain DC'sGotham Centralseries in 2003; theKate Kane incarnation of Batwomanin 2006;RictorandShatterstarin an issue ofX-Factorin 2009; the Golden Age Green LanternAlan Scottis reimagined as openly gay followingThe New 52reboot in 2011;[116][117]and in 2015, a younger time displaced version ofIcemanin an issue ofAll-New X-Men.[118]

Many new openly gay, lesbian and bisexual characters have since emerged in superhero fiction, such asGen13's Rainmaker,ApolloandMidnighterofThe Authority,andWiccanandHulklingof theYoung Avengers.Notabletransgenderorgender bendingcharacters are fewer in number by comparison: the alter ego of superheroineZsazsa Zaturnnah,a seminal character in Philippine popular culture,[119]is an effeminate gay man who transforms into a female superhuman after ingesting a magical stone.DesirefromNeil Gaiman'sThe Sandmanseries, Cloud fromDefenders,andXavinfrom theRunawaysare all characters who could (and often) change their gender at will.Alysia Yeoh,a supporting character created by writerGail Simonefor theBatgirlongoing series published by DC Comics, received substantial media attention in 2011 for being the first major transgender character written in a contemporary context in a mainstream American comic book.[120]

TheSailor Moonseries is known for featuring a substantial number of openlyLGBTcharacters since its inception, asJapanhave traditionally been more open about portraying homosexuality in its children's media compared to many countries in the West.[121][122]Certain characters who are presented as homosexual or transgender in one continuity may not be presented as such in others, particularly with dubbed versions made for international release.[123]

An animated shortThe Ambiguously Gay Duoparodies comic book superheroes and features Ace and Gary (Stephen Colbert, Steve Carell). It originated onThe Dana Carvey Showand then moved toSaturday Night Live.

Language minority

edit

In 2017, Pluin introducedSign Gene,a film featuring a group ofdeafsuperheroes whose powers derive from their use ofsign language.The film was produced by and with deaf people and deals withDeaf culture,history and language.[96][124][125]

Subtypes

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^"Superhero Definition & Meaning".Merriam-Webster.Archivedfrom the original on November 5, 2014.RetrievedSeptember 7,2020.
  2. ^Niccum, John (March 17, 2006)."'V for Vendetta' is S for Subversive ".Lawrence Journal-World.Lawrence, Kansas.Archivedfrom the original on November 14, 2013.
  3. ^Gesh, Lois H.; Weinberg, Robert (2002)."The Dark Knight: Batman: A NonSuper Superhero"(PDF).The Science of Superheroes.John Wiley & Sons.ISBN978-0-471-02460-6.Archived(PDF)from the original on November 6, 2015.
  4. ^Lovece, Frank(July 16, 2008)."The Dark Knight".(movie review)Film Journal International.Archived fromthe originalon November 7, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 5,2009.Batman himself is an anomaly as one of the few superheroes without superpowers
  5. ^"Superhero's | Define Superhero's".Dictionary.com. Archived fromthe originalon November 13, 2014.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  6. ^"Superhero Definition & Meaning".Merriam-Webster. March 22, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on November 5, 2014.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  7. ^Coogan, Peter (July 25, 2006).Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre.Austin, Texas:MonkeyBrain Books.ISBN1-932265-18-X.Archivedfrom the original on March 3, 2020.RetrievedMarch 28,2020.
  8. ^"Roger Ebert. Roger Ebert's review ofWatchmen;rogerebert.com; March 4, 2009 ".Archived fromthe originalon February 9, 2013.RetrievedOctober 4,2021.
  9. ^abPacker, Sharon (2009).Superheroes and Superegos: Analyzing the Minds Behind the Masks.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 52.ISBN978-0313355363.
  10. ^abcdIrvine, Clarke (July 4, 2024)."A History of Historical Superheroes and Masked Vigilantes".Ezine Articles.Archivedfrom the original on July 5, 2024.RetrievedJuly 5,2024.
  11. ^Bell, Karl. "8 The Decline and Demise of Spring-heeled Jack". The Legend of Spring-Heeled Jack: Victorian Urban Folklore and Popular Cultures, Boydell and Brewer: Boydell and Brewer, 2012, pp. 200-222.https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782040392-010ArchivedSeptember 26, 2024, at theWayback Machine
  12. ^abGavaler, Chris.On the Origin of Superheroes: From the Big Bang to Action Comics No. 1.University Of Iowa Press; 1 edition (November 1, 2015). p. 132.ISBN978-1609383817
  13. ^Crawford, Richard (April 30, 1992)."The Wild West: Executions Staged by Vigilantes Marred Justice in the 1880s".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on August 7, 2020.RetrievedJuly 21,2020.April 30, 1992
  14. ^Sokol, Tony (January 20, 2019)."The Punisher and The Dark Myth of the Real Life Vigilante".Den of Geek.Archivedfrom the original on August 7, 2020.RetrievedJuly 21,2020.January 20, 2019
  15. ^"Superhero – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary".Archived fromthe originalon October 8, 2021.RetrievedOctober 12,2021.
  16. ^Lovece, Frank(November 11, 2013)."Superheroes Go the American Way on PBS".Newsday.New York /Long Island.Archivedfrom the original on February 22, 2014.RetrievedNovember 15,2013.
  17. ^abTorrance, Richard (2005)."Literacy and Literature in Osaka, 1890–1940".The Journal of Japanese Studies(31). Society for Japanese Studies: 56.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2024.RetrievedApril 15,2022.Sarutobi Sasuke precipitated a "ninja boom" among the young throughout the country. Sarutobi is an adolescent superhero who, in addition to his ability to chant incantations, appear and disappear at will, and leap to the top of the highest tree, can hear whispered conversations hundreds of yards away, is superhumanly strong, can ride on clouds, is able to conjure water, fire and wind as well as transform himself into other people and animals.
  18. ^"A primer on the history of" NINJA "".Vintage Ninja.Archivedfrom the original on October 18, 2018.RetrievedNovember 20,2011.
  19. ^Yoshimoto, Mitsuhiro (2000).Kurosawa: Film Studies and Japanese Cinema.Duke University Press.p. 417.ISBN978-0-8223-2519-2.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2024.RetrievedMarch 11,2022.
  20. ^"Oubliée pendant un siècle, L'Oiselle, première superhéroïne française, reprend son envol".Le Monde.fr(in French). April 1, 2022.Archivedfrom the original on April 11, 2022.RetrievedApril 11,2022.
  21. ^Davin, Eric Leif (2006).Partners in Wonder: Women and the Birth of Science Fiction, 1926–1965.Lexington Books.ISBN978-0-7391-1267-0.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2024.RetrievedNovember 21,2020.
  22. ^"Superhero".Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction.Archivedfrom the original on January 23, 2022.RetrievedMarch 8,2022.
  23. ^Davisson, Zack (December 19, 2010)."The First Superhero – The Golden Bat?".ComicsBulletin.com. Archived fromthe originalon November 9, 2014.RetrievedNovember 18,2014.
  24. ^Bradner, Liesl (November 29, 2009)."The superheroes of Japan who predated Superman and Batman".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on January 5, 2014.RetrievedNovember 18,2014.
  25. ^"Who was the first superhero?".Archived fromthe originalon March 30, 2012.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  26. ^"The Adventures of Patsy".Don Markstein's Toonopedia.March 11, 1935.Archivedfrom the original on May 25, 2024.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  27. ^"First superhero ever in the world. Mandrake the Magician Lee Falk Popeye the Sailor Man Superman".Thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. February 17, 1936. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  28. ^Glen Weldon; Michael Kantor.Superheroes!: Capes cowls and the creation of comic book culture.p. 87.
  29. ^ab"The Golden Age Of Comics".www.pbs.org.Archivedfrom the original on September 5, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 11,2018.
  30. ^Burke, Liam (2008).Superhero Movies.Harpenden, UK: Oldcastle Books.ISBN978-1842432754.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2024.RetrievedNovember 21,2020.If Superman can be credited with the creation of the superhero archetype, then Batman should be recognised for its refinement.
  31. ^Lee, Stan(2013)."The Two Superhero Archetypes".Stan Lee's How to Draw Superheroes.Watson-Guptill.p. 38.ISBN978-0823098453.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2024.RetrievedNovember 21,2020.
  32. ^LoCicero, Don (2007).Superheroes and Gods: A Comparative Study from Babylonia to Batman.McFarland & Company. p. 7.ISBN978-0786431847.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2024.RetrievedNovember 21,2020.[T]he superhero is a concept [...] an archetype residing in the human psyche.
  33. ^Markstein, Don."The Black Widow".Don Markstein's Toonopedia.Archived fromthe originalon May 25, 2024.RetrievedJuly 26,2013.Fantomah was the first female character in comics to use extraordinary powers in combatting evil.The Woman in Redwas the first to wear a flashy costume and maintain a dual identity while doing so. On the other hand,The Black Widowwas the first to do both.
  34. ^Fantomah, Mystery Woman of the JungleatDon Markstein's Toonopedia.Archivedfrom the original on January 29, 2015.
  35. ^Heintjes, Tom (May 11, 2012)."Not Seen but not Forgotten: The Invisible Scarlet O'Neil".Hogan's Alley.No. 17. Archived fromthe originalon June 12, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 16,2013.
  36. ^Schelly, Bill (June 18, 2013).The Best of Alter Ego Volume 2.TwoMorrows Publishing.ISBN978-1-60549-048-9.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2024.RetrievedNovember 21,2020.
  37. ^Carper, Steve (June 27, 2019).Robots in American Popular Culture.McFarland.ISBN978-1-4766-3505-7.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2024.RetrievedNovember 21,2020.
  38. ^"Don Markstein's Toonopedia: The Woman in Red".Toonopedia.com.Archivedfrom the original on May 27, 2024.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  39. ^"GCD:: Issue:: Thrilling Comics #v1#2 (2)".Comics.org. January 11, 1940.Archivedfrom the original on February 23, 2009.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  40. ^"Don Markstein's Toonopedia: Miss Fury".Toonopedia.com. April 6, 1941. Archived fromthe originalon May 25, 2024.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  41. ^"Don Markstein's Toonopedia: The Black Cat".Toonopedia.com.Archivedfrom the original on May 25, 2024.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  42. ^"GCD:: Issue:: Pocket Comics #1".Comics.org.Archivedfrom the original on March 1, 2009.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  43. ^Jim Amash & Eric Nolen-Weathington, (2010),Carmine Infantino: Penciler, Publisher, Provocateurp.30-32
  44. ^Curtis M. Wong (August 19, 2015)."Wonder Woman Officiates Her First Gay Wedding".Huffingtonpost.com.Archivedfrom the original on November 26, 2015.RetrievedMarch 27,2016.
  45. ^Lamb, Marguerite (Fall 2001)."Who Was Wonder Woman?".Bostonia.Archived fromthe originalon January 19, 2007.
  46. ^Malcolm, Andrew H. (February 18, 1992)."OUR TOWNS - She's Behind the Match For That Man of Steel - NYTimes.com".New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on February 14, 2009.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  47. ^Japan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture,p. 262ISBN0-7656-0560-0
  48. ^Lankes, Kevin (June 22, 2014)."Godzilla's Secret History".Huffington Post.Archivedfrom the original on July 17, 2017.RetrievedMarch 19,2018.
  49. ^Grebey, James (May 28, 2019)."The history of Ghidorah, Godzilla's rival for the title of King of the Monsters".Syfy Wire.NBCUniversal.Archivedfrom the original on August 8, 2020.RetrievedMay 27,2020.
  50. ^Glut, Donald F. (2001)."Godzilla, Saurian Superhero".Jurassic Classics: A Collection of Saurian Essays and Mesozoic Musings.McFarland & Company.p. 225.ISBN978-0-7864-6246-9.Archivedfrom the original on August 7, 2023.RetrievedMay 27,2020.
  51. ^Takeshobo, ed. (November 30, 1995). "BonusColumn “変 thân ブーム đáo lai!!” "[Bonus Column 'The Henshin Boom Arrives!'].Siêu nhân họa báo quốc sản giá không ヒーロー tứ thập niên の bộ み[The Super Heroes Chronicles: The History of Japanese Fantastic Televisions, Movies and Videos, 1957–1995] (in Japanese).Takeshobo.p. 85.ISBN4-88475-874-9.C0076.
  52. ^"We were all in love with Diana Rigg and that show she was on." Mike Sekowsky, quoted in Les Daniels,Wonder Woman: The Complete History(Chronicle, 2004), p. 129.
  53. ^Wonder Woman Wears Pants:Wonder Woman,Feminism and the 1972 "Women's Lib" IssueArchivedFebruary 17, 2016, at theWayback Machine,byAnn Matsuuchi,inColloquy: text theory critique,no.24 (2012); archived atMonash University
  54. ^W. Wright, Bradford (2001).Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America.United States: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p.250.ISBN0-8018-6514-X.RetrievedDecember 29,2014.lady liberators.
  55. ^Alter Ego#70 (July 1970): Roy Thomas interview, pp. 49–50
  56. ^Kristiansen, Ulrik; Sørensen, Tue (May 1, 1996)."An Interview with Chris Claremont".Comic Zone.Archived fromthe originalon September 28, 2007.
  57. ^Sunu, Steve (January 14, 2013)."Wood and Coipel Mutate" X-Men "for Marvel NOW!".Comic Book Resources.Archivedfrom the original on January 16, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 14,2013.
  58. ^By Maria Aspan."What We Learned About Power From Buffy the Vampire Slayer".Inc.com.Archivedfrom the original on March 9, 2016.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  59. ^"From Darna To Zsazsa Zaturnnah: Desire And Fantasy « Anvil Publishing, Inc".Anvilpublishing.com. Archived fromthe originalon March 4, 2016.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  60. ^"Darna ha ha ha!".Philippine Daily Inquirer.February 17, 2003.Archivedfrom the original on June 14, 2022.RetrievedJuly 19,2014.
  61. ^"Zyu2".GrnRngr.com. October 24, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on November 11, 2013.RetrievedNovember 11,2013.
  62. ^"Can Sailor Moon Break Up the Superhero Boys Club?".The Atlantic.Archivedfrom the original on November 22, 2016.RetrievedJuly 19,2014.
  63. ^"Sailor Moon superhero may replace Power Rangers".Ludington Daily News.Archivedfrom the original on May 22, 2016.RetrievedJuly 19,2014.
  64. ^Sailor Moon (superhero).The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic Book Icons. January 1, 2004.ISBN9781578591541.Archivedfrom the original on February 6, 2024.RetrievedJuly 19,2014.
  65. ^"Moon Prism Power! Why Sailor Moon is the perfect female superhero".Leslie IRL. Archived fromthe originalon February 23, 2014.RetrievedJuly 19,2014.
  66. ^Comella, Anthony (March 24, 2013)."Grrrl power: why female superheroes matter".Pop Mythology.Archivedfrom the original on August 5, 2014.RetrievedJuly 19,2014.
  67. ^abcStewart, D. G. (May 6, 2022)."The" Superhero "Trademark: how the name of a genre came to be owned by DC and Marvel, and how they enforce it".World Comic Book Review.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2024.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
  68. ^abcdeSurisetti, Prateek (August 18, 2016)."The" Superhero "Trade Mark".SpicyIP.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2024.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
  69. ^abcdeScoville, Alexandra (May 16, 2019).""SUPER HEROES" Team Up: A Look at Joint Trademark Ownership ".Linkedin.com.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
  70. ^abcAdler, Adam (November 29, 2018)."When Marvel and DC Teamed Up to Own Super Heroes".The Escapist.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2024.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
  71. ^"How to File for Joint Ownership in a Trademark".Trademark Engine.Archivedfrom the original on May 23, 2024.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
  72. ^"Arrow Trading Co., Inc. v. Victorinox A.G. and Wenger S.A, No. 91103315 | Casetext".casetext.com.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2024.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
  73. ^abAdler, Adam (November 29, 2018)."When Marvel and DC Teamed Up to Own Super Heroes".Escapist Magazine.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2024.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
  74. ^US Trademark Office cancels Marvel, DC's 'Super Hero' marks
  75. ^Superbabies Ltd v. Marvel Characters Inc, Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, Cancellation No. 92085201.
  76. ^Adler, Adam (December 6, 2018)."The Super Hero Trademark Needs a Powerful Challenger".Escapist Magazine.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2024.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
  77. ^Tung, Jonathan (March 21, 2019)."Law Student Beats DC Comics and Marvel in 'Superhero' Lawsuit".FindLaw.com.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2024.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
  78. ^Bartz, Steven (August 9, 2023)."Joint ventures, IP, and the siren song of joint ownership: IP-related pitfalls".Reuters.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
  79. ^abUlaby, Neda (March 27, 2006)."Comics Creators Search for 'Super Hero' Alternative".NPR.org.Archivedfrom the original on September 22, 2013.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
  80. ^"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval".tsdr.uspto.gov.Archivedfrom the original on February 18, 2020.RetrievedMay 8,2024.
  81. ^"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval".tsdr.uspto.gov.Archivedfrom the original on February 18, 2020.RetrievedMay 8,2024.
  82. ^"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval".tsdr.uspto.gov.Archivedfrom the original on February 18, 2020.RetrievedMay 8,2024.
  83. ^"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval".tsdr.uspto.gov.Archivedfrom the original on February 18, 2020.RetrievedMay 8,2024.
  84. ^"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval".tsdr.uspto.gov.Archivedfrom the original on February 18, 2020.RetrievedMay 8,2024.
  85. ^"Trademark Search".tmsearch.uspto.gov.Archivedfrom the original on May 8, 2024.RetrievedMay 8,2024.
  86. ^abcdJournal, A. B. A."Law student prevails against Marvel and DC Comics over the use of word 'superhero' in book title".ABA Journal.Archivedfrom the original on May 8, 2024.RetrievedMay 8,2024.
  87. ^ab"Comic book creator takes on publishers Marvel and DC for right to use term 'superhero'".New York Daily News.April 25, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on May 8, 2024.RetrievedMay 8,2024.
  88. ^"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval".tsdr.uspto.gov.Archivedfrom the original on February 18, 2020.RetrievedMay 8,2024.
  89. ^https://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92085201&pty=CAN&eno=8
  90. ^https://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92085201&pty=CAN&eno=4
  91. ^Central Penn Distilling, Inc. v. Drake's Organic Spirits, Inc.,2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4183 (M.D. Pa. 2023)
  92. ^Central Penn,2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4183, at *15-16
  93. ^Gilson on Trademarks § 2.02[7][b] (2023)
  94. ^Elliot v. Google, Inc.,860 F.3d 1151, 1156-63 (9th Cir. 2017)
  95. ^Dowling, Jennifer (May 7, 2009). "'Oy Gevalt': A Peek at the Development of Jewish Superheroines ".The Contemporary Comic Book Superhero.Routledge.ISBN9781135213930.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2024.RetrievedAugust 22,2015.
  96. ^ab"Sign Gene by Emilio Insolera arrives at cinema".ASVOFF.September 10, 2017.Archivedfrom the original on December 14, 2017.RetrievedDecember 13,2017.
  97. ^Comic Book Lecture Moore, Dr. Eric. 2019. TAMUCC.
  98. ^abcNicosia, Matthew (2016).Performing the Female Superhero: An Analysis of Identity Acquisition, Violence, and Hypersexuality in DC Comics(Thesis). Bowling Green State University. Archived fromthe originalon December 7, 2019.RetrievedDecember 7,2019.
  99. ^abcdefgAvery-Natale, Edward (January 1, 2013)."An Analysis of Embodiment Among Six Superheroes in DC Comics".Social Thought and Research.doi:10.17161/str.1808.12434.hdl:1808/12434.ISSN1094-5830.
  100. ^abChute, Rebecca. 2016. "The" Pornographic Polemic ": The Objectification and Inferiority of Female Comic Book Characters."UNBC Award for Academic Writing International Student Academic Writing Award William & Mary Wanka History:1.
  101. ^abcdEMAD, MITRA C.(December 2006). "Reading Wonder Woman's Body: Mythologies of Gender and Nation".The Journal of Popular Culture.39(6): 954–984.doi:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00329.x.ISSN0022-3840.
  102. ^abcdWade, Lisa; Ferree, Myra Marx (2019).Gender(2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.ISBN978-0-393-66796-7.OCLC1050142539.
  103. ^abcCrawshaw, Trisha L. (August 2015).Truth, Justice, Boobs? Analyzing Female Empowerment and Objectification in the Graphic Novel Genre(Research Paper). Southern Illinois University Carbondale.Archivedfrom the original on March 30, 2024.RetrievedMay 9,2024.
  104. ^Rubin, Alexandra. 2015. "The Female Superhero: Fighting Villains and Stereotypes."A Publication of the Critical Writing Program the University of Pennsylvania 3808 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6221:18.
  105. ^Boucher, Ian (2018)."Casting a Wider Lasso: An Analysis of the Cultural Dismissal of Wonder Woman Through Her 1975–1979 Television Series".Popular Culture Review.29(2): 151–191.doi:10.1002/j.2831-865X.2018.tb00237.x.ISSN1060-8125.Archivedfrom the original on January 29, 2023.RetrievedMarch 30,2023.
  106. ^"The battle against 'sexist' sci-fi book covers".BBC News.January 18, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on August 6, 2020.RetrievedMay 15,2020.
  107. ^"The hilarious Hawkeye Initiative pokes fun at sexist comics art".Blastr.December 6, 2012. Archived fromthe originalon December 6, 2012.RetrievedMay 15,2020.
  108. ^"Strong Female Superhero Pose meme gets a Hawkeye reboot".The Daily Dot.December 3, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on August 7, 2020.RetrievedMay 15,2020.
  109. ^Brown, Jeffrey A. (2001).Black Superheroes, Milestone Comics and their Fans.University Press of Mississippi.ISBN1-57806-281-0.
  110. ^"Red Wolf (Old West, Johnny Wakely)".Marvunapp.com.Archivedfrom the original on December 8, 2012.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  111. ^Kim, Jonathan(January 15, 2011)."Why TheGreen Hornet's Kato Matters ".The Huffington Post.Archivedfrom the original on September 24, 2015.RetrievedAugust 22,2015.
  112. ^Kaplan, Arie(2008).From Krakow to Krypton: Jews and Comic Books.The Jewish Publication Society. p. 120.ISBN978-0827608436.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2024.RetrievedNovember 21,2020.InUncanny X-Men#129cover-datedJan. 1979 and on sale in late 1978, writerChris Claremontand the artistJohn Byrnecreated Katherine "Kitty" Pryde, aka Shadowcat, a young Jewish girl who possess the mutant ability to walk through walls.
  113. ^Lynskey, Dorian (March 25, 2015)."Kapow! Attack of the feminist superheroes".The Guardian.UK.Archivedfrom the original on August 19, 2015.
  114. ^Kawasaki, Anton."Northstar".Gayleague.com.Archivedfrom the original on November 26, 2014.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  115. ^Hick, Darren."The Comics Journal Performs a Public Service".The Comics Journal.Archived fromthe originalon October 5, 2009.
  116. ^"Entertainment | Batwoman hero returns as lesbian".BBC News.May 30, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on March 7, 2016.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  117. ^Neuman, Clayton (June 4, 2006)."Caped Crusaders".TIME.Archived fromthe originalon June 28, 2006.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  118. ^Hanks, Henry (April 22, 2015)."'X-Men' character Iceman outed as gay ".CNN.com.Archivedfrom the original on October 27, 2016.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  119. ^"The return of Zsazsa Zaturnnah | Inquirer lifestyle".Lifestyle.inquirer.net. January 27, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on March 8, 2016.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  120. ^Kane, Matt (April 10, 2013)."'Batgirl' Comic Introduces Transgender Character ".GLAAD.Archivedfrom the original on March 8, 2016.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  121. ^"Intersections: Male Homosexuality and Popular Culture in Modern Japan".She.murdoch.edu.au.Archivedfrom the original on March 27, 2008.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  122. ^Anime, mon amour: Forget Pokémon – Japanese animation explodes with gay, lesbian, and trans themes – video– Charles Solomon
  123. ^"Sailor Neptune and Uranus Come Out of the Fictional Closet".Huffington Post.May 21, 2014.Archivedfrom the original on September 25, 2015.RetrievedAugust 26,2015.
  124. ^Trigari, Michela (September 12, 2017)."Sign Gene è il nuovo film di supereroi sordi".Corriere della Sera(in Italian).Archivedfrom the original on July 5, 2018.RetrievedDecember 13,2017.
  125. ^"Quando il super eroe è sordo"(in Italian).Avvenire.September 10, 2017.Archivedfrom the original on October 17, 2020.RetrievedDecember 13,2017.

Further reading

edit
  • William Irwin (ed.),Superheroes: The Best of Philosophy and Pop Culture,Wiley, 2011.
  • Etienne F. Augé, Barry F. FitzgeraldSuperheroes: A scientist and a historian debate the biggest movie genre of today,Bot Uitgevers, 2024.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superhero&oldid=1258575982"