Acanthuridaeare afamilyofray-finned fishwhich includessurgeonfishes,tangs,andunicornfishes.The family includes about 86extantspecies ofmarinefish living in tropical seas, usually aroundcoral reefs.Many of the species are brightly colored and popular inaquaria.
Surgeonfish Temporal range:
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Sohal surgeonfish,Acanthurus sohal.The orange mark on the tailpeduncleshows where the spine is folded in. | |
Scientific classification![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Acanthuriformes |
Suborder: | Acanthuroidei |
Family: | Acanthuridae Bonaparte,1835[1] |
Genera | |
see text |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Acanthurus_spine_peduncle.jpg/220px-Acanthurus_spine_peduncle.jpg)
Etymology and taxonomic history
editThe name of the family is derived from the Greek wordsakanthaandoura,which loosely translate to "thorn" and "tail", respectively. This refers to the distinguishing characteristic of the family, the "scalpel"found on thecaudal peduncle.[2]In the early 1900s, the family was calledHepatidae.[3]
Subfamilies and genera
editAcanthuridae contains the followingextantsubfamilies and genera:[4][1]
- SubfamilyNasinaeFowler&Bean,1929
- SubfamilyAcanthurinaeBonaparte,1835
- TribeAcanthuriniBonaparte, 1839[5]
- GenusAcanthurusForsskål1775
- GenusCtenochaetusGill,1884
- TribePrionuriniJ. L. B. Smith,1966
- GenusPrionurusLacépède, 1804
- TribeZebrasominiWinterbottom,1993
- GenusParacanthurusBleeker,1863
- GenusZebrasomaSwainson,1839
- TribeAcanthuriniBonaparte, 1839[5]
Evolution and fossil record
editThere are several extinct genera known from fossils dating from theEocenetoMiocene:
Eocene genera
editOligocene genera
editMiocene genera
editMorphology
editThe distinctive characteristic of the family is that they have scalpel-likemodified scales,one or more on either side of thepeduncleof the tail.[6]The spines are dangerously sharp and may seriously injure anyone who carelessly handles such a fish. Thedorsal,anal,andcaudal finsare large, extending for most of the length of the body. The mouths are small and have a single row of teeth adapted to grazing on algae.[2]
Surgeonfishes sometimes feed as solitary individuals, but they often travel and feed in schools. Feeding in schools may be a mechanism for overwhelming the highly aggressive defense responses of small territorialdamselfishesthat vigorously guard small patches of algae on coral reefs.[7] Most species are fairly small, with a maximum length of 15–40 cm (6–15.5 in), but some in the genusAcanthurus,some in the genusPrionurus,and most species in the genusNasomay grow larger; thewhitemargin unicornfish(Naso annulatus) is the largest species in the family, reaching a length of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in). These fishes may grow quickly in aquaria, so average growth size and suitability should be checked before adding them to any marine aquarium.
A larval acanthurid, known as anacronurus,looks strikingly different from the juvenile and adult forms of the same individual. It is mostly transparent and tends to have apelagiclifestyle, living in open water for an extended period of time before settling on the ocean bottom near the shore, where it develops into the juvenile and ultimately the adult form.[8]
Symbiotic bacteria
editAcanthurids are the only known hosts of the bacteria of the genusEpulopisciumbacteria. These bacteria affect the digestion of surgeonfishes enabling them to digest the algae in their diet.[9][10][11]
In the aquarium
editTangs are very sensitive to disease in the home aquarium. However, if the tang is fed enough algae and the aquarium is properly maintained disease should not be a problem. It is usually necessary to quarantine the animals for a period before introducing them to the aquarium.
Adults range from 15 to 40 centimetres (5.9 to 15.7 in) in length and most grow quickly even in aquaria. When considering a tang for an aquarium it is important to consider the size to which these fish can grow. Larger species such as the popularPacific blue tang surgeonfish(ofFinding Nemofame),Nasoor lipstick tang,lined surgeonfish,Sohal surgeonfishandAtlantic blue tang surgeonfishcan grow to 40 cm (16 in) and require swimming room and hiding places.
Many also suggest adding aggressive tangs to the aquarium last as they are territorial and may fight and possibly kill other fish.
Tangs primarily graze onmacroalgaefrom genera such asCaulerpaandGracilaria,although they have been observed in an aquarium setting to eat meat-based fish foods. A popular technique for aquarists, is to grow macroalgae in asumporrefugium.This technique not only is economically beneficial, but serves to promote enhanced water quality throughnitrateabsorption. The growth of the algae can then be controlled by feeding it to the tang.
Gallery
edit- Selected species
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Achilles tang,Acanthurus achilles
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Eyestripe surgeonfish,Acanthurus dussumieri
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Powderblue surgeonfish,Acanthurus leucosternon
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Doubleband surgeonfish,Acanthurus tennenti
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Kole tang,Ctenochaetus strigosus
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Bignose unicornfish,Naso vlamingii
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Bluespine unicornfish,Naso unicornis
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Red Sea sailfin tang,Zebrasoma desjardinii
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Orangespot surgeonfish,Acanthurus olivaceus,being cleaned by twoHawaiian cleaner wrasse,Labroides phthirophagus
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Regal tang,Paracanthurus hepatusin an aquarium
References
edit- ^abRichard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014)."Family-group names of recent fishes".Zootaxa.3882(2): 1–230.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1.PMID25543675.
- ^abFroese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2007)."Acanthuridae"inFishBase.February 2007 version.
- ^Seale, Alvin (1909)."New Species of Philippine Fishes".Philippine Journal of Science.4(6).Bureau of Science in Manila.doi:10.5962/bhl.title.54135.
- ^J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).Fishes of the World(5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 497–502.ISBN978-1-118-34233-6.Archived fromthe originalon 2019-04-08.Retrieved2023-07-10.
- ^Samuel Hubbard Scudder(1884)."Nomenclator Zoologicus: An Alphabetical List of All Generic Names that Have Been Employed by Naturalists for Recent and Fossil Animals from the Earliest Times to the Close of the Year 1879".Bulletin (United States National Museum)(19).
- ^Sorenson, L., Santini, F., Carnevale, G. and Alfaro, M.E. (2013) "A multi-locus timetree of surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae, Percomorpha), with revised family taxonomy".Molecular phylogenetics and evolution,68(1): 150–160.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.014
- ^W. S. Alevizon (1976). "Mixed schooling and its possible significance in a tropical western Atlantic parrotfish and surgeonfish".Copeia.1976(4): 797–798.doi:10.2307/1443464.JSTOR1443464.
- ^Jonna, R. Jamil."Acanthuridae (Surgeonfishes, tangs, unicornfishes)".Animal Diversity Web.Retrieved2024-04-20.
- ^Miyake, Sou; Ngugi, David Kamanda; Stingl, Ulrich (2015). "Diet strongly influences the gut microbiota of surgeonfishes".Molecular Ecology.24(3): 656–672.doi:10.1111/mec.13050.ISSN1365-294X.PMID25533191.S2CID206181801.
- ^Fishelson, L. (1999-03-01). "Polymorphism in gigantobacterial symbionts in the guts of surgeonfish (Acanthuridae: Teleostei)".Marine Biology.133(2): 345–351.doi:10.1007/s002270050473.ISSN1432-1793.S2CID84816281.
- ^Pollak, Peggy E.; Montgomery, W. Linn (1994-08-01). "Giant bacterium (Epulopiscium fishelsoni ) influences digestive enzyme activity of an herbivorous surgeonfish (Acanthurus nigrofuscus)".Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology.108(4): 657–662.doi:10.1016/0300-9629(94)90352-2.ISSN0300-9629.
External links
edit- Media related toAcanthuridaeat Wikimedia Commons
- R. Jamil Jonna."Acanthuridae: surgeonfishes, tangs, unicornfishes".Animal Diversity Web.University of MichiganMuseum of Zoology.
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002)."A compendium of fossil marine animal genera".Bulletins of American Paleontology.364:560. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-23.