Suina(also known asSuiformes) is asuborderofomnivorous,non-ruminantartiodactylmammals that includes thedomestic pigandpeccaries.A member of thiscladeis known as asuine.Suina includes the familySuidae,termed suids, known in English as pigs or swine, as well as the familyTayassuidae,termed tayassuids or peccaries. Suines are largely native to Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia, with the exception of thewild boar,which is additionally native to Europe and Asia and introduced to North America and Australasia, including widespread use in farming of thedomestic pigsubspecies. Suines range in size from the 55 cm (22 in) longpygmy hogto the 210 cm (83 in) longgiant forest hog,and are primarily found in forest, shrubland, and grasslandbiomes,though some can be found in deserts, wetlands, or coastal regions. Most species do not have population estimates, though approximately two billion domestic pigs are used in farming, while several species are considered endangered or critically endangered with populations as low as 100. One species,Heude's pig,is considered by theInternational Union for Conservation of Natureto have gone extinct in the 20th century.
| Suina Temporal range:Late EocenetoHolocene,
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| Eight suine species (counter-clockwise from top left):red river hog(Potamochoerus porcus),collared peccary(Dicotyles tajacu),feral pigs(Sus scrofa domesticus),north Sulawesi babirusa(Babyrousa celebensis),wild boar(Sus scrofa),pygmy hog(Porcula salvanius),common warthog(Phacochoerus africanus), andBornean bearded pig(Sus barbatus) | |
Scientific classification
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Clade: | Artiofabula |
| Suborder: | Suina Gray,1868 |
| Genera and families | |
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Classification
editSuina's placement withinArtiodactylacan be represented in the followingcladogram:[1][2][3][4][5]
| Artiodactyla |
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The suborder Suina consists of 21extantspecies in nine genera. These are split between theSuidaefamily, containing 18 species belonging to 6 genera, and theTayassuidaefamily, containing 3 species in 3 genera. This does not includehybrid speciessuch asboar–pig hybridsor extinct prehistoric species. Additionally, one species,Heude's pig,went extinct in the 20th century.
- FamilySuidae(Pigs)
- GenusBabyrousa:four species
- GenusHylochoerus:one species
- GenusPhacochoerus:two species
- GenusPorcula:one species
- GenusPotamochoerus:two species
- GenusSus:nine species
- FamilyTayassuidae(Peccaries)
References
edit- ^Beck, N.R. (2006)."A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals".BMC Evol Biol.6:93.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93.PMC1654192.PMID17101039.
- ^O'Leary, M.A.; Bloch, J.I.; Flynn, J.J.; Gaudin, T.J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N.P.; Goldberg, S.L.; Kraatz, B.P.; Luo, Z.-X.; Meng, J.; Ni, X.; Novacek, M.J.; Perini, F.A.; Randall, Z.S.; Rougier, G.W.; Sargis, E.J.; Silcox, M.T.; Simmons, N.B.; Spaulding, M.; Velazco, P.M.; Weksler, M.; Wible, J.R.; Cirranello, A.L. (2013). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals".Science.339(6120): 662–667.Bibcode:2013Sci...339..662O.doi:10.1126/science.1229237.hdl:11336/7302.PMID23393258.S2CID206544776.
- ^Song, S.; Liu, L.; Edwards, S.V.; Wu, S. (2012)."Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.109(37): 14942–14947.Bibcode:2012PNAS..10914942S.doi:10.1073/pnas.1211733109.PMC3443116.PMID22930817.
- ^dos Reis, M.; Inoue, J.; Hasegawa, M.; Asher, R.J.; Donoghue, P.C.J.; Yang, Z. (2012)."Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny".Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.279(1742): 3491–3500.doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0683.PMC3396900.PMID22628470.
- ^Upham, N.S.; Esselstyn, J.A.; Jetz, W. (2019)."Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation".PLOS Biology.17(12): e3000494.doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494.PMC6892540.PMID31800571.(see e.g. Fig S10)