Sydneyis thecapital cityof thestateofNew South Walesand themost populous city in Australia.Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surroundsSydney Harbourand extends about 80 km (50 mi) from thePacific Oceanin the east to theBlue Mountainsin the west, and about 80 km (50 mi) from theKu-ring-gai Chase National Parkand theHawkesbury Riverin the north and north-west, to theRoyal National ParkandMacarthurin the south and south-west.[5]Greater Sydney consists of 658 suburbs, spread across 33 local government areas. Residents of the city are colloquially known as "Sydneysiders".[6]The estimated population in June 2023 was 5,450,496,[1]which is about 66% of the state's population.[7]The city's nicknames include the "Emerald City" and the "Harbour City".[8]
| Sydney New South Wales | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Map of the Sydney metropolitan area | |||||||||
  Sydney | |||||||||
| Coordinates | 33°52′04″S151°12′36″E/ 33.86778°S 151.21000°E | ||||||||
| Population | 5,450,496 (2023)[1](1st) | ||||||||
| • Density | 441/km2(1,140/sq mi) (2023)[1] | ||||||||
| Established | 26 January 1788 | ||||||||
| Area | 12,367.7 km2(4,775.2 sq mi)(GCCSA)[2] | ||||||||
| Time zone | AEST(UTC+10) | ||||||||
| • Summer (DST) | AEDT(UTC+11) | ||||||||
| Location | |||||||||
| LGA(s) | Various(33) | ||||||||
| County | Cumberland[3] | ||||||||
| State electorate(s) | Various(49) | ||||||||
| Federal division(s) | Various(24) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Aboriginal Australianshave inhabited the Greater Sydney region for at least 30,000 years, andtheir engravingsand cultural sites are common. Thetraditional custodiansof the land on which modern Sydney stands are the clans of theDarug,DharawalandEorapeoples.[9]During hisfirst Pacific voyagein 1770,James Cookcharted the eastern coast of Australia, making landfall atBotany Bay.In 1788, theFirst Fleetofconvicts,led byArthur Phillip,founded Sydney as a Britishpenal colony,the first European settlement in Australia.[10]After World War II, Sydney experienced mass migration and by 2021 over 40 per cent of the population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are mainland China, India, the United Kingdom, Vietnam and the Philippines.[11]
Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world,[12][13]Sydney frequently ranks in the top tenmost liveable cities.[14][15][16]It is classified as anAlpha cityby theGlobalization and World Cities Research Network,indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world.[17][18]Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity,[19]Sydney has an advanced market economy with strengths in education, finance, manufacturing andtourism.[20][21]TheUniversity of Sydneyand theUniversity of New South Walesare ranked equal 19th in the world.[22]
Sydney has hosted major international sporting events such as the2000 Summer Olympics.The city is among the top fifteen most-visited,[23]with millions of tourists coming each year to see the city's landmarks.[24]The city has over 1,000,000 ha (2,500,000 acres) ofnature reserves and parks,[25]and itsnotable natural featuresincludeSydney HarbourandRoyal National Park.TheSydney Harbour Bridgeand the World Heritage-listedSydney Opera Houseare major tourist attractions.Central Stationis the hub of Sydney's suburban train, metro and light rail networks and longer-distance services. The main passenger airport serving the city isKingsford Smith Airport,one of the world's oldest continually operating airports.[26]
Toponymy
editIn 1788, CaptainArthur Phillip,the first governor of New South Wales, named the cove where the first British settlement was establishedSydney Coveafter Home SecretaryThomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney.[27]The cove was calledWarraneby the Aboriginal inhabitants.[28]Phillip considered naming the settlementAlbion,but this name was never officially used.[27]By 1790 Phillip and other officials were regularly calling the township Sydney.[29]Sydney was declared a city in 1842.[30]
TheGadigal(Cadigal) clan, whose territory stretches along the southern shore ofPort JacksonfromSouth HeadtoDarling Harbour,are the traditional owners of the land on which the British settlement was initially established, and call their territoryGadi(Cadi). Aboriginal clan names within the Sydney region were often formed by adding the suffix "-gal" to a word denoting the name for their territory, a specific place in their territory, a food source, or totem. Greater Sydney covers the traditional lands of 28 known Aboriginal clans.[31]
History
editFirst inhabitants of the region
edit
The first people to inhabit the area now known as Sydney wereAboriginal Australianswho had migrated from southeast Asia via northern Australia.[32]Flaked pebbles found in Western Sydney's gravel sediments might indicate human occupation from 45,000 to 50,000 years ago,[33]whileradiocarbon datinghas shown evidence of human activity in the region from around 30,000 years ago.[34]Prior to the arrival of the British, there were 4,000 to 8,000 Aboriginal people in the greater Sydney region.[35][9]
The inhabitants subsisted on fishing, hunting, and gathering plants and shellfish. The diet of the coastal clans was more reliant on seafood whereas hinterland clans ate more forest animals and plants. The clans had distinctive equipment and weapons mostly made of stone, wood, plant materials, bone and shell. They also differed in their body decorations, hairstyles, songs and dances. Aboriginal clans had a rich ceremonial life, part of a belief system centring on ancestral, totemic and supernatural beings. People from different clans and language groups came together to participate in initiation and other ceremonies. These occasions fostered trade, marriages and clan alliances.[36]
The earliestBritish settlersrecorded the word 'Eora' as an Aboriginal term meaning either 'people' or 'from this place'.[37][9]The clans of the Sydney area occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate, however, about which group or nation these clans belonged to, and the extent of differences in language and rites. The major groups were the coastal Eora people, the Dharug (Darug) occupying the inland area fromParramattato the Blue Mountains, and the Dharawal people south of Botany Bay.[9]Darginung and Gundungurra languages were spoken on the fringes of the Sydney area.[38]
| Clan | Territory name | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Bediagal | Not recorded | Probably north-west ofParramatta |
| Birrabirragal | Birrabirra | Lower Sydney Harbour around Sow and Pigs reef |
| Boolbainora | Boolbainmatta | Parramatta area |
| Borogegal | Booragy | ProbablyBradleys Headand surrounding area |
| Boromedegal | Not recorded | Parramatta |
| Buruberongal | Not recorded | North-west of Parramatta |
| Darramurragal | Not recorded | Turramarraarea |
| Gadigal | Cadi (Gadi) | South side of Port Jackson, fromSouth HeadtoDarling Harbour |
| Gahbrogal | Not recorded | LiverpoolandCabramattaarea |
| Gamaragal | Cammeray | North shore of Port Jackson |
| Gameygal | Kamay | Botany Bay |
| Gannemegal | Warmul | Parramatta area |
| Garigal | Not recorded | Broken Bayarea |
| Gayamaygal | Kayeemy | ManlyCove |
| Gweagal | Gwea | Southern shore of Botany Bay |
| Wallumedegal | Wallumede | North shore of Port Jackson, opposite Sydney Cove |
| Wangal | Wann | South side of Port Jackson, from Darling Harbour to Rose Hill |
| Clans of the Sydney region whose territory wasn't reliably recorded are: the Domaragal, Doogagal, Gannalgal, Gomerigal, Gooneeowlgal, Goorunggurregal, Gorualgal, Murrooredial, Noronggerragal, Oryangsoora and Wandeandegal. | ||
| Note:The names and territory boundaries do not always correspond with those usedby contemporary Aboriginal groups of the greater Sydney area.[38][39][40] | ||
The first meeting between Aboriginals and British explorers occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed atBotany Bay(Kamay[41]) and encountered theGweagalclan.[42]Two Gweagal men opposed the landing party and one was shot and wounded.[43][44]Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, collecting water, timber, fodder and botanical specimens and exploring the surrounding area. Cook sought to establish relations with the Aboriginal population without success.[45]
Convict town (1788–1840)
edit
Britainhad been sending convicts to its American colonies for most of the eighteenth century, and the loss of these colonies in 1783 was the impetus to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay. Proponents of colonisation also pointed to the strategic importance of a new base in the Asia-Pacific region and its potential to provide much-needed timber and flax for the navy.[46]
TheFirst Fleetof 11 ships under the command of CaptainArthur Philliparrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. It comprised more than a thousand settlers, including 736 convicts.[47]The fleet soon moved to the more suitablePort Jacksonwhere a settlement was established atSydney Coveon 26 January 1788.[48]The colony of New South Wales was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Philip described as "the finest Harbour in the World... Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security".[49]
The settlement was planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade and shipbuilding were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated. However, the soil around the settlement proved poor and the first crops failed, leading to several years of hunger and strict rationing. The food crisis was relieved with the arrival of theSecond Fleetin mid-1790 and theThird Fleetin 1791.[50]Former convicts received small grants of land, and government and private farms spread to the more fertile lands aroundParramatta,WindsorandCamdenon theCumberland Plain.By 1804, the colony was self-sufficient in food.[51]
A smallpox epidemic in April 1789 killed about half the region's Indigenous population.[9][52]In November 1790Bennelongled a group of survivors of the Sydney clans into the settlement, establishing a continuous presence of Aboriginal Australians in settled Sydney.[53]
Phillip had been given no instructions for urban development, but in July 1788 submitted a plan for the new town atSydney Cove.It included a wide central avenue, a permanent Government House, law courts, hospital and other public buildings, but no provision for warehouses, shops, or other commercial buildings. Phillip promptly ignored his own plan, and unplanned development became a feature of Sydney's topography.[54][55]
After Phillip's departure in December 1792, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods from visiting ships. Former convicts engaged in trade and opened small businesses. Soldiers and former convicts built houses on Crown land, with or without official permission, in what was now commonly called Sydney town. GovernorWilliam Bligh(1806–08) imposed restrictions on commerce and ordered the demolition of buildings erected on Crown land, including some owned by past and serving military officers. The resulting conflict culminated in theRum Rebellionof 1808, in which Bligh was deposed by theNew South Wales Corps.[56][57]
GovernorLachlan Macquarie(1810–1821) played a leading role in the development of Sydney and New South Wales, establishing a bank, a currency and a hospital. He employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings.Parramatta Road,linking Sydney and Parramatta, was opened in 1811,[58]and a road across theBlue Mountainswas completed in 1815, opening the way for large-scale farming and grazing west of theGreat Dividing Range.[59][60]
Following the departure of Macquarie, official policy encouraged the emigration of free British settlers to New South Wales. Immigration to the colony increased from 900 free settlers in 1826–30 to 29,000 in 1836–40, many of whom settled in Sydney.[61][62]By the 1840s Sydney exhibited a geographic divide between poor and working-class residents living west of theTank Streamin areas such asThe Rocks,and the more affluent residents living to its east.[62]Free settlers, free-born residents and former convicts now represented the vast majority of the population of Sydney, leading to increasing public agitation for responsible government and an end to transportation. Transportation to New South Wales ceased in 1840.[63]
Conflict on the Cumberland Plain
editIn 1804, Irish convicts led around 300 rebels in theCastle Hill Rebellion,an attempt to march on Sydney, commandeer a ship, and sail to freedom.[64]Poorly armed, and with their leader Philip Cunningham captured, the main body of insurgents were routed by about 100 troops and volunteers atRouse Hill.At least 39 convicts were killed in the uprising and subsequent executions.[65][66]
As the colony spread to the more fertile lands around theHawkesbury River,north-west of Sydney, conflict between the settlers and theDarugpeople intensified, reaching a peak from 1794 to 1810. Bands of Darug people, led byPemulwuyand later by his sonTedbury,burned crops, killed livestock and raided settler stores in a pattern of resistance that was to be repeated as thecolonial frontier expanded.A military garrison was established on the Hawkesbury in 1795. The death toll from 1794 to 1800 was 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug.[67][68]
Conflict again erupted from 1814 to 1816 with the expansion of the colony into Dharawal country in the Nepean region south-west of Sydney. Following the deaths of several settlers, Governor Macquarie dispatched three military detachments into Dharawal lands, culminating in theAppin massacre(April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed.[69][70]
Colonial city (1841–1900)
editThe New South Wales Legislative Council became a semi-elected body in 1842. Sydney was declared a city the same year, and a governing council established, elected on a restrictive property franchise.[63]
The discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 initially caused economic disruption as men moved to the goldfields. Melbourne soon overtook Sydney as Australia's largest city, leading to an enduring rivalry between the two. However, increased immigration from overseas and wealth from gold exports increased demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban amenities.[71]The New South Wales government also stimulated growth by investing heavily in railways, trams, roads, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services.[72]The population of Sydney and its suburbs grew from 95,600 in 1861 to 386,900 in 1891.[73]The city developed many of its characteristic features. The growing population packed into rows of terrace houses in narrow streets. New public buildings of sandstone abounded, including at theUniversity of Sydney(1854–61),[74]theAustralian Museum(1858–66),[75]the Town Hall (1868–88),[76]and theGeneral Post Office(1866–92).[77]Elaboratecoffee palacesand hotels were erected.[78]Daylight bathing at Sydney's beaches was banned, but segregated bathing at designated ocean baths was popular.[79]
Drought, the winding down of public works and a financial crisis led to economic depression in Sydney throughout most of the 1890s. Meanwhile, the Sydney-based premier of New South Wales,George Reid,became a key figure in the process of federation.[80]
State capital (1901–present)
edit
When the six colonies federated on 1 January 1901, Sydney became the capital of the State of New South Wales. The spread ofbubonic plaguein 1900 prompted the state government to modernise the wharves and demolish inner-city slums. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw more Sydney males volunteer for the armed forces than the Commonwealth authorities could process, and helped reduce unemployment. Those returning from the war in 1918 were promised "homes fit for heroes" in new suburbs such as Daceyville and Matraville. "Garden suburbs" and mixed industrial and residential developments also grew along the rail and tram corridors.[62]The population reached one million in 1926, after Sydney had regained its position as the most populous city in Australia.[81]The government created jobs with massive public projects such as the electrification of theSydney rail networkand building the Sydney Harbour Bridge.[82]
Sydney was more severely affected by theGreat Depressionof the 1930s than regional New South Wales or Melbourne.[83]New building almost came to a standstill, and by 1933 the unemployment rate for male workers was 28 per cent, but over 40 per cent in working class areas such as Alexandria and Redfern. Many families were evicted from their homes and shanty towns grew along coastal Sydney and Botany Bay, the largest being "Happy Valley" atLa Perouse.[84]The Depression also exacerbated political divisions. In March 1932, when populist Labor premierJack Langattempted to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge he was upstaged byFrancis de Grootof the far-rightNew Guard,who slashed the ribbon with a sabre.[85]
In January 1938, Sydney celebrated theEmpire Gamesand the sesquicentenary of European settlement in Australia. One journalist wrote, "Golden beaches. Sun tanned men and maidens...Red-roofed villas terraced above the blue waters of the harbour...EvenMelbourneseems like some grey and stately city of Northern Europe compared with Sydney's sub-tropical splendours. "A congress of the" Aborigines of Australia "declared 26 January" ADay of Mourning"for" the whiteman's seizure of our country. "[86]
With the outbreak ofSecond World Warin 1939, Sydney experienced a surge in industrial development. Unemployment virtually disappeared and women moved into jobs previously typically reserved for males. Sydney was attacked byJapanese submarinesin May and June 1942 with 21 killed. Households builtair raidshelters and performed drills.[87]Military establishmentsin response toWorld War II in Australiaincluded theGarden Island Tunnel System,the onlytunnel warfarecomplex in Sydney, and the heritage-listed militaryfortificationsystemsBradleys Head Fortification ComplexandMiddle Head Fortifications,which were part of a totaldefence system for Sydney Harbour.[88]
A post-war immigration and baby boom saw a rapid increase in Sydney's population and the spread of low-density housing in suburbs throughout the Cumberland Plain. Immigrants—mostly from Britain and continental Europe—and their children accounted for over three-quarters of Sydney's population growth between 1947 and 1971.[89]The newly created Cumberland County Council oversaw low-density residential developments, the largest atGreen ValleyandMount Druitt.Older residential centres such as Parramatta,BankstownandLiverpoolbecame suburbs of the metropolis.[90]Manufacturing, protected by high tariffs, employed over a third of the workforce from 1945 to the 1960s. However, as the long post-war economic boom progressed, retail and other service industries became the main source of new jobs.[91]
An estimated one million onlookers, most of the city's population, watchedQueen Elizabeth IIland in 1954 at Farm Cove where Captain Phillip had raised the Union Jack 165 years earlier, commencing herAustralian Royal Tour.It was the first time a reigning monarch stepped onto Australian soil.[92]
Increasing high-rise development in Sydney and the expansion of suburbs beyond the "green belt" envisaged by the planners of the 1950s resulted in community protests. In the early 1970s, trade unions and resident action groups imposedgreen banson development projects in historic areas such as The Rocks. Federal, State and local governments introduced heritage and environmental legislation.[62]The Sydney Opera House was also controversial for its cost and disputes between architectJørn Utzonand government officials. However, soon after it opened in 1973 it became a major tourist attraction and symbol of the city.[93]The progressive reduction in tariff protection from 1974 began the transformation of Sydney from a manufacturing centre to a "world city".[94]From the 1980s,overseas immigrationgrew rapidly, withAsia,theMiddle EastandAfricabecoming major sources. By 2021, the population of Sydney was over 5.2 million, with 40% of the population born overseas. China and India overtook England as the largest source countries for overseas-born residents.[95]
Geography
editTopography
edit
Sydney is a coastal basin with theTasman Seato the east, theBlue Mountainsto the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north, and theWoronora Plateauto the south.
Sydney spans two geographic regions. TheCumberland Plainlies to the south and west of the Harbour and is relatively flat. TheHornsby Plateauis located to the north and is dissected by steep valleys. The flat areas of the south were the first to be developed; it was not until the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge that the northern reaches became more heavily populated.Seventy surf beachescan be found along its coastline, with Bondi Beach being the most famous.
TheNepean Riverwraps around the western edge of the city and becomes the Hawkesbury River before reachingBroken Bay.Most of Sydney's water storages can be found on tributaries of the Nepean River. TheParramatta Riveris mostly industrial and drains a large area of Sydney's western suburbs into Port Jackson. The southern parts of the city are drained by theGeorges Riverand theCooks Riverinto Botany Bay.
There is no single definition of the boundaries of Sydney. The Australian Statistical Geography Standard definition of Greater Sydney covers 12,369 km2(4,776 sq mi) and includes the local government areas ofCentral Coastin the north,Hawkesburyin the north-west,Blue Mountainsin the west,Sutherland Shirein the south, andWollondillyin the south-west.[96]The local government area of theCity of Sydneycovers about 26 square kilometres fromGarden islandin the east to Bicentennial Park in the west, and south to the suburbs of Alexandria andRosebery.[97]
Geology
edit
Sydney is made up of mostlyTriassicrock with some recentigneousdykes andvolcanicnecks (typically found in theProspect dolerite intrusion,west of Sydney).[98]TheSydney Basinwas formed in the early Triassic period.[99]The sand that was to become the sandstone of today was laid down between 360 and 200 million years ago. The sandstone hasshalelenses and fossil riverbeds.[99]
TheSydney Basinbioregion includes coastal features of cliffs, beaches, and estuaries. Deep river valleys known asriaswere carved during the Triassic period in theHawkesbury sandstoneof the coastal region. The rising sea level between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago flooded the rias to form estuaries and deep harbours.[99]Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one suchria.[100]Sydney features two major soil types:sandy soils(which originate from the Hawkesbury sandstone) andclay(which are from shales andvolcanic rocks), though some soils may be a mixture of the two.[101]
Directly overlying the older Hawkesbury sandstone is theWianamatta shale,a geological feature found in western Sydney that was deposited in connection with a largeriver deltaduring theMiddle Triassic.The Wianamatta shale generally comprises fine grainedsedimentary rockssuch as shales,mudstones,ironstones,siltstonesandlaminites,with less common sandstone units.[102]The Wianamatta Group is made up ofBringelly Shale,Minchinbury SandstoneandAshfield Shale.[103]
Ecology
edit
The most prevalentplant communitiesin the Sydney region are grassy woodlands (i.e.savannas)[104]and some pockets of drysclerophyllforests,[105]which consist ofeucalyptustrees,casuarinas,melaleucas,corymbiasandangophoras,with shrubs (typicallywattles,callistemons,grevilleasandbanksias), and a semi-continuous grass in theunderstory.[106]The plants in this community tend to have rough, spiky leaves due to lowsoil fertility.Sydney also features a few areas of wet sclerophyll forests in the wetter, elevated areas in thenorthandnortheast.These forests are defined by straight, tall treecanopieswith a moist understory of soft-leaved shrubs,tree fernsand herbs.[107]
The predominant vegetation community in Sydney is theCumberland Plain WoodlandinWestern Sydney(Cumberland Plain),[108]followed by theSydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forestin the Inner West andNorthern Sydney,[109]theEastern Suburbs Banksia Scrubin the coastline and theBlue Gum High Forestscantily present in the North Shore – all of which are critically endangered.[110][111]The city also includes theSydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodlandfound inKu-ring-gai Chase National Parkon theHornsby Plateauto the north.[112]
Sydney is home to dozens ofbirdspecies,[113]which commonly include theAustralian raven,Australian magpie,crested pigeon,noisy minerand thepied currawong.Introducedbird species ubiquitously found in Sydney are thecommon myna,common starling,house sparrowand thespotted dove.[114]Reptilespecies are also numerous and predominantly includeskinks.[115][116]Sydney has a fewmammalandspiderspecies, such as thegrey-headed flying foxand theSydney funnel-web,respectively,[117][118]and has a huge diversity ofmarine speciesinhabiting its harbour and beaches.[119]
Climate
edit
Under theKöppen–Geiger classification,Sydney has ahumid subtropical climate(Cfa)[120]with "warm, sometimes hot" summers and "generally mild",[121][122][123]to "cool" winters.[124]TheEl Niño–Southern Oscillation,theIndian Ocean Dipoleand theSouthern Annular Mode[125][126]play an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns:droughtandbushfireon the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the oppositephases of the oscillation in Australia.The weather ismoderatedby proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs.[127]
At Sydney's primary weather station atObservatory Hill,extreme temperatures have ranged from 45.8 °C (114.4 °F) on 18January 2013to 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) on 22 June 1932.[128][129][130]An average of 14.9 days a year have temperatures at or above 30 °C (86 °F) in the central business district (CBD).[127]In contrast, the metropolitan area averages between 35 and 65 days, depending on the suburb.[131]The hottest day in the metropolitan area occurred inPenrithon 4 January 2020, where a high of 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) was recorded.[132]The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) in September to 23.7 °C (74.7 °F) in February.[133]Sydney has an average of 7.2 hours of sunshine per day[134]and 109.5 clear days annually.[4]Due to the inland location,frostis recorded early in the morning inWestern Sydneya few times in winter. Autumn and spring are the transitional seasons, with spring showing a larger temperature variation than autumn.[135]
Sydney experiences anurban heat islandeffect.[136]This makes certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, including coastal suburbs.[136][137]In late spring and summer, temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are not uncommon,[138]though hot, dry conditions are usually ended by asoutherly buster,[139]a powerful southerly that bringsgalewinds and a rapid fall in temperature.[140]Since Sydney is downwind of theGreat Dividing Range,it occasionally experiences dry, westerlyfoehn windstypically in winter and early spring (which are the reason for its warm maximum temperatures).[141][142][143]Westerly winds are intense when theRoaring Forties(or theSouthern Annular Mode) shift towards southeastern Australia,[144]where they may damage homes andaffect flights,in addition tomaking the temperatureseemcolder than it actually is.[145][146]
Rainfall has a moderate to low variability and has historically been fairly uniform throughout the year, although in recent years it has been more summer-dominant and erratic.[147][148][149][150]Precipitation is usually higher in summer through to autumn,[122]and lower in late winter to early spring.[125][151][127][152]In late autumn and winter,east coast lowsmay bring large amounts of rainfall, especially in the CBD.[153]In the warm seasonblack nor'eastersare usually the cause of heavy rain events, though other forms oflow-pressure areas,including remnants ofex-cyclones,may also bring heavy deluge and afternoon thunderstorms.[154][155]Snowfall was last reported in 1836, though a fall ofgraupel,or soft hail, in theUpper North Shorewas mistaken by many for snow, in July 2008.[156]In 2009, dry conditions brought a severedust storm towards the city.[157][158]
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | 45.8 (114.4) |
42.1 (107.8) |
39.8 (103.6) |
35.4 (95.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.5 (79.7) |
31.3 (88.3) |
34.6 (94.3) |
38.2 (100.8) |
41.8 (107.2) |
42.2 (108.0) |
45.8 (114.4) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 36.8 (98.2) |
34.1 (93.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
29.7 (85.5) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.9 (73.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
29.9 (85.8) |
33.6 (92.5) |
34.1 (93.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
38.8 (101.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
23.6 (74.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
21.6 (70.9) |
23.2 (73.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
22.8 (73.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.5 (74.3) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.1 (71.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
13.4 (56.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
20.4 (68.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.3 (59.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
14.7 (58.5) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
14.2 (57.6) |
11.0 (51.8) |
8.3 (46.9) |
6.5 (43.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
6.1 (43.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
5.3 (41.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 10.6 (51.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
9.3 (48.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
2.1 (35.8) |
2.2 (36.0) |
2.7 (36.9) |
4.9 (40.8) |
5.7 (42.3) |
7.7 (45.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
2.1 (35.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 91.1 (3.59) |
131.5 (5.18) |
117.5 (4.63) |
114.1 (4.49) |
100.8 (3.97) |
142.0 (5.59) |
80.3 (3.16) |
75.1 (2.96) |
63.4 (2.50) |
67.7 (2.67) |
90.6 (3.57) |
73.0 (2.87) |
1,149.7 (45.26) |
| Average rainy days(≥ 1 mm) | 8.2 | 9.0 | 10.1 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 9.3 | 7.2 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 7.6 | 8.7 | 7.9 | 95.2 |
| Average afternoonrelative humidity(%) | 60 | 62 | 59 | 58 | 58 | 56 | 52 | 47 | 49 | 53 | 57 | 58 | 56 |
| Averagedew point°C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) |
17.2 (63.0) |
15.4 (59.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
10.3 (50.5) |
7.8 (46.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 232.5 | 205.9 | 210.8 | 213.0 | 204.6 | 171.0 | 207.7 | 248.0 | 243.0 | 244.9 | 222.0 | 235.6 | 2,639 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 53 | 54 | 55 | 63 | 63 | 57 | 66 | 72 | 67 | 61 | 55 | 55 | 60 |
| Source 1:Bureau of Meteorology[159][160][161][162] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:Bureau of Meteorology,Sydney Airport(sunshine hours)[163] | |||||||||||||
Regions
edit
TheGreater Sydney Commissiondivides Sydney into three "cities" and five "districts" based on the 33 LGAs in the metropolitan area. The "metropolis of three cities" comprisesEastern Harbour City,Central River CityandWestern Parkland City.[164]The Australian Bureau of Statistics also includes City of Central Coast (the former Gosford City and Wyong Shire) as part of Greater Sydney for population counts,[165]adding 330,000 people.[166]
Inner suburbs
edit
The CBD extends about 3 km (1.9 mi) south fromSydney Cove.It is bordered byFarm Covewithin theRoyal Botanic Gardento the east andDarling Harbourto the west. Suburbs surrounding the CBD includeWoolloomoolooandPotts Pointto the east,Surry HillsandDarlinghurstto the south,PyrmontandUltimoto the west, andMillers PointandThe Rocksto the north. Most of these suburbs measure less than 1 km2(0.4 sq mi) in area. The Sydney CBD is characterised by narrow streets and thoroughfares, created in its convict beginnings.[167]
Several localities, distinct from suburbs, exist throughout Sydney's inner reaches.CentralandCircular Quayare transport hubs with ferry, rail, and bus interchanges.Chinatown,Darling Harbour, andKings Crossare important locations for culture, tourism, and recreation. TheStrand Arcade,located betweenPitt Street MallandGeorge Street,is a historicalVictorian-styleshoppingarcade.Opened on 1 April 1892, its shop fronts are an exact replica of the original internal shopping facades.[168]Westfield Sydney,located beneath theSydney Tower,is the largest shopping centre by area in Sydney.[169]
Since the late 20th century, there has been a trend ofgentrificationamongst Sydney's inner suburbs. Pyrmont, located on the harbour, was redeveloped from a centre of shipping and international trade to an area ofhigh density housing,tourist accommodation, and gambling.[170]Originally located well outside of the city, Darlinghurst is the location of the historicDarlinghurst Gaol,manufacturing, and mixed housing. For a period it was known as an area ofprostitution.The terrace-style housing has largely been retained and Darlinghurst has undergone significant gentrification since the 1980s.[171][172][173]
Green Squareis a former industrial area ofWaterloowhich is undergoing urban renewal worth $8 billion. On the city harbour edge, the historic suburb and wharves of Millers Point are being built up as the new area ofBarangaroo.[174][175]The suburb ofPaddingtonis known for its restoredterrace houses,Victoria Barracks,and shopping including the weekly Oxford Street markets.[176]
Inner West
edit
TheInner Westgenerally includes theInner West Council,Municipality of Burwood,Municipality of Strathfield,andCity of Canada Bay.These span up to about 11 km west of the CBD. Historically, especially prior to the building of the Harbour Bridge,[177]the outer suburbs of the Inner West such asStrathfieldwere the location of "country" estates for the colony's elites. By contrast, the inner suburbs in the Inner West, being close to transport and industry, have historically housed working-class industrial workers. These areas have undergone gentrification in the late 20th century, and many parts are now highly valued residential suburbs.[178]As of 2021, an Inner West suburb (Strathfield) remained one of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price (the others were all in metropolitan Sydney, all in Northern Sydney or the Eastern Suburbs).[179]TheUniversity of Sydneyis located in this area, as well as theUniversity of Technology, Sydneyand a campus of theAustralian Catholic University.The Anzac Bridge spans Johnstons Bay and connectsRozelletoPyrmontand the city, forming part of theWestern Distributor.
The Inner West is today well known as the location of village commercial centres with cosmopolitan flavours, such as the "Little Italy" commercial centres of Leichardt, Five Dock and Haberfield,[180]"Little Portugal" in Petersham,[181]"Little Korea" in Strathfield[182]or "Little Shanghai" in Ashfield.[183]Large-scale shopping centres in the area includeWestfield Burwood,DFO HomebushandBirkenhead Point Outlet Centre.There is a large cosmopolitan community and nightlife hub onKing Street, Newtown.
The area is serviced bySydney Trains'T1,T2andT3services, including theMain Suburban Line,which was the first to be constructed in New South Wales.Strathfield railway stationis a secondary railway hub within Sydney, and major station on the Suburban andNorthernlines. It was constructed in 1876.[184]The futureSydney Metro Westwill also connect this area with the City and Parramatta. The area is also serviced by theParramatta River servicesofSydney Ferries,[185]numerous bus routes and cycleways.[186]
Eastern suburbs
edit
The Eastern Suburbs encompass theMunicipality of Woollahra,theCity of Randwick,theWaverley Municipal Council,and parts of theBayside Council.They include some of the most affluent and advantaged areas in the country, with some streets being amongst the most expensive in the world. As at 2014,Wolseley Road,Point Piper,had a top price of $20,900 per square metre, making it the ninth-most expensive street in the world.[188]More than 75% of neighbourhoods in theElectoral District of Wentworthfall under the top decile of SEIFA advantage, making it the least disadvantaged area in the country.[189]As of 2021, of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price, nine were in the Eastern Suburbs.[179]
Major landmarks includeBondi Beach,which was added to theAustralian National Heritage Listin 2008;[190]andBondi Junction,featuring aWestfield shopping centreand an estimated office workforce of 6,400 by 2035,[191]as well as arailway stationon theT4 Eastern Suburbs Line.The suburb ofRandwickcontainsRandwick Racecourse,theRoyal Hospital for Women,thePrince of Wales Hospital,Sydney Children's Hospital,andUniversity of New South Wales Kensington Campus.[192]
Construction of theCBD and South East Light Railwas completed in April 2020.[193]The project aims to provide reliable and high-capacity tram services to residents in the City and South-East.
Major shopping centres in the area includeWestfield Bondi JunctionandWestfield Eastgardens.
Southern Sydney
edit
The Southern district of Sydney includes the suburbs in thelocal government areasof theGeorges River Council(collectively known asSt George) and theSutherland Shire(colloquially known as 'The Shire'), on the southern banks of theGeorges River.
TheKurnell peninsula,near Botany Bay, is the site of the first landfall on the eastern coastline made by James Cook in 1770.La Perouse,a historic suburb named after the French navigatorJean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse,is notable for its old military outpost atBare Islandand theBotany Bay National Park.
The suburb ofCronullainsouthern Sydneyis close to Royal National Park, Australia's oldest national park. Hurstville, a large suburb with commercial and high-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline, has become a CBD for the southern suburbs.[194]
Northern Sydney
edit
'Northern Sydney' may also include the suburbs in theUpper North Shore,Lower North Shoreand theNorthern Beaches.
The Northern Suburbs include several landmarks –Macquarie University,Gladesville Bridge,Ryde Bridge,Macquarie Centreand Curzon Hall inMarsfield.This area includes suburbs in thelocal government areasofHornsby Shire,Ku-ring-gai Council,City of Ryde,theMunicipality of Hunter's Hilland parts of theCity of Parramatta.
The North Shore includes the commercial centres ofNorth Sydneyand Chatswood. North Sydney itself consists of a large commercial centre, which contains the second largest concentration of high-rise buildings in Sydney after the CBD. North Sydney is dominated by advertising, marketing and associated trades, with many large corporations holding offices.
The Northern Beaches area includesManly,one of Sydney's most popular holiday destinations for much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The region also featuresSydney Heads,a series ofheadlandswhich form the entrance to Sydney Harbour. The Northern Beaches area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), west toMiddle Harbourand north to the entrance ofBroken Bay.The 2011 Australian census found the Northern Beaches to be the mostwhiteandmono-ethnicdistrict in Australia, contrasting with its more-diverse neighbours, the North Shore and theCentral Coast.[195]
As of the end of 2021, half of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia (by median house price) were in Northern Sydney, including four on the Northern Beaches, two on the Lower North Shore, three on the Upper North Shore, and one straddlingHunters HillandWoolwich.[179]
Hills district
editTheHills districtgenerally refers to the suburbs in north-western Sydney including the local government areas ofThe Hills Shire,parts of theCity of Parramatta CouncilandHornsby Shire.Actual suburbs and localities that are considered to be in the Hills District can be somewhat amorphous. For example, the Hills District Historical Society restricts its definition to the Hills Shire local government area, yet its study area extends from Parramatta to the Hawkesbury. The region is so named for its characteristically comparatively hilly topography as the Cumberland Plain lifts up, joining the Hornsby Plateau.WindsorandOld Windsor Roadsare the second and third roads, respectively, laid in Australia.[196]
Western suburbs
edit
The greater western suburbs encompasses the areas of Parramatta, the sixth largest business district in Australia, settled the same year as the harbour-side colony,[197]Bankstown,Liverpool,Penrith,andFairfield.Covering 5,800 km2(2,200 sq mi) and having an estimated population as at 2017 of 2,288,554, western Sydney has the mostmulticultural suburbsin the country –Cabramattahas earned the nickname "Little Saigon"due to itsVietnamesepopulation, Fairfield has been named "LittleAssyria"for its predominantAssyrianpopulation andHarris Parkis known as "Little India"with its plurality ofIndianandHindu population.[198][199][200][201]The population is predominantly of aworking classbackground, with major employment in theheavy industriesandvocationaltrade.[202]Toongabbie is noted for being the third mainland settlement (after Sydney and Parramatta) set up after British colonisation began in 1788, although the site of the settlement is actually in the separate suburb ofOld Toongabbie.[203]
The western suburb ofProspect,in theCity of Blacktown,is home toRaging Waters,awater parkoperated byParques Reunidos.[204]Auburn Botanic Gardens,a botanical garden inAuburn,attracts thousands of visitors each year, including many from outside Australia.[205]The greater west also includesSydney Olympic Park,a suburb created to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, andSydney Motorsport Park,acircuitinEastern Creek.[206]Prospect Hill,a historically significant ridge in the west and the only area in Sydney with ancientvolcanic activity,[207]is also listed on the State Heritage Register.[208]
To the northwest,Featherdale Wildlife Park,a zoo inDoonside,nearBlacktown,is a majortourist attraction.[209]Sydney Zoo,opened in 2019, is another prominent zoo situated inBungaribee.[210]Established in 1799, theOld Government House,ahistoric house museumandtourist spotin Parramatta, was included in theAustralian National Heritage Liston 1 August 2007 andWorld Heritage Listin 2010 (as part of the 11 penal sites constituting theAustralian Convict Sites), making it the only site in greater western Sydney to be featured in such lists.[211]The house is Australia's oldest surviving public building.[212]
Further to the southwest is the region of Macarthur and the city ofCampbelltown,a significant population centre until the 1990s considered a region separate to Sydney proper.Macarthur Square,a shopping complex in Campbelltown, has become one of the largest shopping complexes in Sydney.[213]The southwest also featuresBankstown Reservoir,the oldest elevated reservoir constructed inreinforced concretethat is still in use and is listed on the State Heritage Register.[214]The southwest is home to one of Sydney's oldest trees, theBland Oak,which was planted in the 1840s byWilliam BlandinCarramar.[215]
Urban structure
edit
Architecture
editThe earliest structures in the colony were built to the bare minimum of standards. Governor Macquarie set ambitious targets for the design of new construction projects. The city now has a world heritage listed building, several national heritage listed buildings, and dozens of Commonwealth heritage listed buildings as evidence of the survival of Macquarie's ideals.[217][218][219]
In 1814, the Governor called on a convict namedFrancis Greenwayto designMacquarie Lighthouse.[220]The lighthouse'sClassicaldesign earned Greenway a pardon from Macquarie in 1818 and introduced a culture of refined architecture that remains to this day.[221]Greenway went on to design theHyde Park Barracksin 1819 and theGeorgianstyleSt James's Churchin 1824.[222][223]Gothic-inspired architecturebecame more popular from the 1830s.John Verge'sElizabeth Bay HouseandSt Philip's Churchof 1856 were built inGothic Revivalstyle along withEdward Blore'sGovernment Houseof 1845.[224][225]Kirribilli House, completed in 1858, and St Andrew's Cathedral, Australia's oldest cathedral,[226]are rare examples ofVictorian Gothicconstruction.[224][227]
From the late 1850s there was a shift towards Classical architecture.Mortimer Lewisdesigned theAustralian Museumin 1857.[228]TheGeneral Post Office,completed in 1891 inVictorian Free Classicalstyle, was designed byJames Barnet.[229]Barnet also oversaw the 1883 reconstruction of Greenway's Macquarie Lighthouse.[220][221]Customs Housewas built in 1844.[230]The neo-Classical andFrench Second EmpirestyleTown Hallwas completed in 1889.[231][232]Romanesquedesigns gained favour from the early 1890s.Sydney Technical Collegewas completed in 1893 using both Romanesque Revival andQueen Anneapproaches.[233]TheQueen Victoria Buildingwas designed in Romanesque Revival fashion byGeorge McRae;completed in 1898,[234]it accommodates 200 shops across its three storeys.[235]
As the wealth of the settlement increased and Sydney developed into a metropolis after Federation in 1901, its buildings became taller. Sydney's first tower was Culwulla Chambers which topped out at 50 m (160 ft) making 12 floors. The Commercial Traveller's Club, built in 1908, was of similar height at 10 floors. It was built in a brick stone veneer and demolished in 1972.[236]This heralded a change in Sydney's cityscape and with the lifting of height restrictions in the 1960s there came a surge of high-rise construction.[237]
The Great Depression had a tangible influence on Sydney's architecture. New structures became more restrained with far less ornamentation. The most notable architectural feat of this period is the Harbour Bridge. Its steel arch was designed byJohn Bradfieldand completed in 1932. A total of 39,000 tonnes of structural steel span the 503 m (1,650 ft) between Milsons Point andDawes Point.[238][239]
ModernandInternational architecturecame to Sydney from the 1940s. Since its completion in 1973 the city's Opera House has become a World Heritage Site and one of the world's most renowned pieces of Modern design.Jørn Utzonwas awarded thePritzker Prizein 2003 for his work on the Opera House.[240]Sydney is home to Australia's first building by renowned Canadian-American architectFrank Gehry,theDr Chau Chak Wing Building(2015). An entrance fromThe Goods Line–a pedestrian pathway and former railway line–is located on the eastern border of the site.
Contemporary buildings in the CBD includeCitigroup Centre,[241]Aurora Place,[242]Chifley Tower,[243][244]theReserve Bankbuilding,[245]Deutsche Bank Place,[246]MLC Centre,[247]andCapita Centre.[248]The tallest structure isSydney Tower,designed by Donald Crone and completed in 1981.[249]Due to the proximity ofSydney Airport,a maximum height restriction was imposed, now sitting at 330 metres (1083 feet).[250]Green bansandheritage overlayshave been in place since at least 1977 to protect Sydney's heritage after controversial demolitions in the 1970s.[251]
Housing
edit
Sydney surpasses both New York City and Paris real estate prices, having some of the most expensive in the world.[252][253]The city remains Australia's most expensive housing market, with the mean house price at $1,142,212 as of December 2019 (over 25% higher the national mean house price).[254]It is only second to Hong Kong with the average property costing 14 times the annual Sydney salary as of December 2016.[255]
There were 1.76 million dwellings in Sydney in 2016 including 925,000 (57%) detached houses, 227,000 (14%) semi-detached terrace houses and 456,000 (28%) units and apartments.[256]Whilst terrace houses are common in the inner city areas, detached houses dominate the landscape in the outer suburbs. Due to environmental and economic pressures, there has been a noted trend towards denser housing, with a 30% increase in the number of apartments between 1996 and 2006.[257]Public housing in Sydney is managed by theGovernment of New South Wales.[258]Suburbs with large concentrations of public housing includeClaymore,Macquarie Fields,Waterloo,andMount Druitt.
A range of heritage housing styles can be found throughout Sydney. Terrace houses are found in the inner suburbs such asPaddington,The Rocks,Potts PointandBalmain,many of which have been the subject ofgentrification.[259][260]These terraces, particularly those in suburbs such as The Rocks, were historically home to Sydney's miners and labourers. In the present day, terrace houses now make up some of the most valuable real estate in the city.[261]Surviving large mansions from the Victorian era are mostly found in the oldest suburbs, such asDouble Bay,Darling Point,Rose BayandStrathfield.[262]
Federationhomes, constructed around the time of Federation in 1901, are located in a large number of suburbs that developed thanks to the arrival of railways in the late 19th century, such asPenshurstandTurramurra,and in large-scale planned "garden suburbs" such asHaberfield.Workers cottages are found inSurry Hills,Redfern,and Balmain.California bungalowsare common inAshfield,Concord,andBeecroft.Larger modern homes are predominantly found in the outer suburbs, such asStanhope Gardens,Kellyville Ridge,Bella Vistato the northwest,Bossley Park,Abbotsbury,andCecil Hillsto the west, andHoxton Park,Harrington Park,andOran Parkto the southwest.[263]
Parks and open spaces
editTheAnzac War MemorialinHyde Parkis a public memorial dedicated to theAustralian Imperial ForceofWorld War I.
TheRoyal Botanic Gardenis the most iconic green space in the region, hosting both scientific and leisure activities.[264]There are 15 separate parks under the City administration.[265]Parks within the city centre includeHyde Park,The Domainand Prince Alfred Park.
TheCentennial Parklandsis the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising 189 ha (470 acres).
The inner suburbs includeCentennial ParkandMoore Parkin the east (both within the City of Sydney local government area), while the outer suburbs containSydney Parkand Royal National Park in the south,Ku-ring-gai Chase National Parkin the north, andWestern Sydney Parklandsin the west, which isone of the largest urban parksin the world. The Royal National Park was proclaimed in 1879 and with 13,200 ha (51 sq mi) is the second oldest national park in the world.[267]
Hyde Park is the oldest parkland in the country.[269]The largest park in the Sydney metropolitan area is Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, established in 1894 with an area of 15,400 ha (59 sq mi).[270]It is regarded for its well-preserved records of indigenous habitation – more than 800 rock engravings, cave drawings and middens.[271]
The area now known as The Domain was set aside by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 as his private reserve.[272]Under the orders of Macquarie the land to the immediate north of The Domain became the Royal Botanic Garden in 1816. This makes them the oldest botanic garden in Australia.[272]The Gardens host scientific research with herbarium collections, a library and laboratories.[273]The two parks have a total area of 64 ha (0.2 sq mi) with 8,900 individual plant species and receive over 3.5 million annual visits.[274]
To the south of The Domain is Hyde Park, the oldest public parkland in Australia which measures 16.2 ha (0.1 sq mi).[275]Its location was used for both relaxation andgrazingof animals from the earliest days of the colony.[276]Macquarie dedicated it in 1810 for the "recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town" and named it in honour ofHyde ParkinLondon.
Economy
edit
Researchers fromLoughborough Universityhave ranked Sydney amongst the top ten world cities that are highly integrated into the global economy.[278]The Global Economic Power Index ranks Sydney eleventh in the world.[279]The Global Cities Index recognises it as fourteenth in the world based on global engagement.[280]There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as Australia's financial capital and one ofAsia Pacific's leading financial hubs.[281][282]
The prevailing economic theory during early colonial days wasmercantilism,as it was throughout most of Western Europe.[283]The economy struggled at first due to difficulties in cultivating the land and the lack of a stable monetary system. Governor Macquarie createdtwo coinsfrom everySpanish silver dollarin circulation.[283]The economy wascapitalistin nature by the 1840s as the proportion of free settlers increased, the maritime and wool industries flourished, and the powers of theEast India Companywere curtailed.[283]
Wheat, gold, and other minerals became export industries towards the end of the 1800s.[283]Significant capital began to flow into the city from the 1870s to finance roads, railways, bridges, docks, courthouses, schools and hospitals.Protectionistpolicies afterfederationallowed for the creation of a manufacturing industry which became the city's largest employer by the 1920s.[283]These same policies helped to relieve the effects of the Great Depression during which the unemployment rate in New South Wales reached as high as 32%.[283]From the 1960s onwards Parramatta gained recognition as the city's second CBD and finance and tourism became major industries and sources of employment.[283]
Sydney's nominal gross domestic product was AU$400.9 billion and AU$80,000 per capita[284]in 2015.[285][282]Its gross domestic product was AU$337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia.[285]The financial and insurance services industry accounts for 18.1% of gross product, ahead of professional services with 9% and manufacturing with 7.2%. The creative and technology sectors are also focus industries for the City of Sydney and represented 9% and 11% of its economic output in 2012.[286][287]
Businesses
editThere were 451,000 businesses based in Sydney in 2011, including 48% of the top 500 companies in Australia and two-thirds of the regional headquarters of multinational corporations.[288]Global companies are attracted to the city in part because its time zone spans the closing of business in North America and the opening of business in Europe. Most foreign companies in Sydney maintain significant sales and service functions but comparably less production, research, and development capabilities.[289]There are 283 multinational companies with regional offices in Sydney.[290]
Domestic economics
edit
Sydney has been ranked between the fifteenth and the fifth most expensive city in the world and is the most expensive city in Australia.[292]Of the 15 categories only measured by UBS in 2012, workers receive the seventh highest wage levels of 77 cities in the world.[292]Working residents of Sydney work an average of 1,846 hours per annum with 15 days of leave.[292]
The labour force of Greater Sydney Region in 2016 was 2,272,722 with a participation rate of 61.6%.[293]It comprised 61.2% full-time workers, 30.9% part-time workers, and 6.0% unemployed individuals.[256][294]The largest reported occupations are professionals, clerical and administrative workers, managers, technicians and trades workers, and community and personal service workers.[256]The largest industries by employment across Greater Sydney are Health Care and Social Assistance (11.6%), Professional Services (9.8%), Retail Trade (9.3%), Construction (8.2%), Education and Training (8.0%), Accommodation and Food Services (6.7%), and Financial and Insurance Services (6.6%).[2]The Professional Services and Financial and Insurance Services industries account for 25.4% of employment within the City of Sydney.[295]
In 2016, 57.6% of working-age residents had a weekly income of less than $1,000 and 14.4% had a weekly income of $1,750 or more.[296]The median weekly income for the same period was $719 for individuals, $1,988 for families, and $1,750 for households.[297]
Unemployment in the City of Sydney averaged 4.6% for the decade to 2013, much lower than the current rate of unemployment in Western Sydney of 7.3%.[282][298]Western Sydney continues to struggle to create jobs to meet its population growth despite the development of commercial centres like Parramatta. Each day about 200,000 commuters travel from Western Sydney to the CBD and suburbs in the east and north of the city.[298]
Home ownership in Sydney was less common than renting prior to the Second World War but this trend has since reversed.[257]Median house prices have increased by an average of 8.6% per annum since 1970.[299][300]The median house price in March 2014 was $630,000.[301]The primary cause of rising prices is the increasing cost of land and scarcity.[302]31.6% of dwellings in Sydney are rented, 30.4% are owned outright and 34.8% are owned with a mortgage.[256]11.8% of mortgagees in 2011 had monthly loan repayments of less than $1,000 and 82.9% had monthly repayments of $1,000 or more.[2]44.9% of renters for the same period had weekly rent of less than $350 whilst 51.7% had weekly rent of $350 or more. The median weekly rent in Sydney in 2011 was $450.[2]
Financial services
edit
Macquarie gave a charter in 1817 to form the first bank in Australia, theBank of New South Wales.[303]New private banks opened throughout the 1800s but the financial system was unstable. Bank collapses were frequent and a crisis point was reached in 1893 when 12 banks failed.[303]
The Bank of New South Wales exists to this day asWestpac.[304]The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was formed in Sydney in 1911 and began to issue notes backed by the resources of the nation. It was replaced in this role in 1959 by theReserve Bank of Australia,also based in Sydney.[303]TheAustralian Securities Exchangebegan operating in 1987 and with a market capitalisation of $1.6 trillion is now one of the ten largest exchanges in the world.[305]
The Financial and Insurance Services industry now constitutes 43% of the economic product of the City of Sydney.[281]Sydney makes up half of Australia's finance sector and has been promoted by consecutive Commonwealth Governments asAsia Pacific's leading financial centre.[20][21][306]In the 2017Global Financial Centres Index,Sydney was ranked as having the eighth most competitive financial centre in the world.[307]
In 1985 the Federal Government granted 16 banking licences to foreign banks and now 40 of the 43 foreign banks operating in Australia are based in Sydney, including thePeople's Bank of China,Bank of America,Citigroup,UBS,Mizuho Bank,Bank of China,Banco Santander,Credit Suisse,Standard Chartered,State Street,HSBC,Deutsche Bank,Barclays,Royal Bank of Canada,Société Générale,Royal Bank of Scotland,Sumitomo Mitsui,ING Group,BNP Paribas,andInvestec.[281][303][308][309]
Manufacturing
editSydney has been a manufacturing city since the 1920s. By 1961 the industry accounted for 39% of all employment and by 1970 over 30% of all Australian manufacturing jobs were in Sydney.[310]Its status has declined in recent decades, making up 12.6% of employment in 2001 and 8.5% in 2011.[2][310]Between 1970 and 1985 there was a loss of 180,000 manufacturing jobs.[310]Despite this, Sydney still overtook Melbourne as the largest manufacturing centre in Australia in the 2010s,[311]with a manufacturing output of $21.7 billion in 2013.[312]Observers have credited Sydney's focus on the domestic market and high-tech manufacturing for its resilience against the highAustralian dollarof the early 2010s.[312]TheSmithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial EstateinWestern Sydneyis the largestindustrial estatein the Southern Hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in the region.[313]
Tourism and international education
edit
Sydney is a gateway to Australia for many international visitors and ranks among the top sixty most visited cities in the world.[314]It has hosted over 2.8 million international visitors in 2013, or nearly half of all international visits to Australia. These visitors spent 59 million nights in the city and a total of $5.9 billion.[24]The countries of origin in descending order were China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, and India.[315]
The city also received 8.3 million domestic overnight visitors in 2013 who spent a total of $6 billion.[315]26,700 workers in the City of Sydney were directly employed by tourism in 2011.[316]There were 480,000 visitors and 27,500 people staying overnight each day in 2012.[316]On average, the tourism industry contributes $36 million to the city's economy per day.[316]
Popular destinations include the Sydney Opera House, the Sydney Harbour Bridge,Watsons Bay,The Rocks,Sydney Tower,Darling Harbour,the Royal Botanic Garden, theAustralian Museum,theMuseum of Contemporary Art,theArt Gallery of New South Wales,theQueen Victoria Building,Sea Life Sydney Aquarium,Taronga Zoo,Bondi Beach,Luna ParkandSydney Olympic Park.[317]
Major developmental projects designed to increase Sydney's tourism sector include acasino and hotelat Barangaroo and the redevelopment ofEast Darling Harbour,which involves a newexhibition and convention centre,now Australia's largest.[318][319][320]
Sydney is the highest-ranking city in the world for international students. More than 50,000 international students study at the city's universities and a further 50,000 study at itsvocationaland English language schools.[280][321]International education contributes $1.6 billion to the local economy and creates demand for 4,000 local jobs each year.[322]
Housing affordability
editIn 2023, Sydney was ranked the least affordable city to buy a house in Australia and the second least affordable city in the world, after Hong Kong,[323]with the average Sydney house price in late 2023 costing A$1.59 million, and the average unit price costing A$795,000.[324]As of early 2024, Sydney is often described in the media as having a housing shortage, or suffering a housing crisis.[325][326]
Demographics
edit
The population of Sydney in 1788 was less than 1,000.[328]With convict transportation it almost tripled in ten years to 2,953.[329]For each decade since 1961 the population has increased by more than 250,000.[330]The 2021 census recorded the population of Greater Sydney as 5,231,150.[1]TheAustralian Bureau of Statistics(ABS) projects the population will grow to between 8 and 8.9 million by 2061, but that Melbourne will replace Sydney as Australia's most populous city by 2030.[331][332]The four most densely populated suburbs in Australia are located in Sydney with each having more than 13,000 residents per square kilometre (33,700 residents per square mile).[333]Between 1971 and 2018, Sydney experienced a net loss of 716,832 people to the rest of Australia, but its population grew due to overseas arrivals and a healthy birth rate.[334]
The median age of Sydney residents is 37 and 14.8% of people are 65 or older.[256]48.6% of Sydney's population is married whilst 36.7% have never been married.[256]49.0% of families are couples with children, 34.4% are couples without children, and 14.8% are single-parent families.[256]
Ancestry and immigration
edit| Birthplace[N 1] | Population |
|---|---|
| Australia | 2,970,737 |
| Mainland China | 238,316 |
| India | 187,810 |
| England | 153,052 |
| Vietnam | 93,778 |
| Philippines | 91,339 |
| New Zealand | 85,493 |
| Lebanon | 61,620 |
| Nepal | 59,055 |
| Iraq | 52,604 |
| South Korea | 50,702 |
| Hong Kong SAR | 46,182 |
| South Africa | 39,564 |
| Italy | 38,762 |
| Indonesia | 35,413 |
| Malaysia | 35,002 |
| Fiji | 34,197 |
| Pakistan | 31,025 |
Most immigrants to Sydney between 1840 and 1930 wereBritish,IrishorChinese.At the 2021 census, the most common ancestries were:[11]
At the 2021 census, 40.5% of Sydney's population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are Mainland China, India, England, Vietnam, Philippines and New Zealand.[11]
At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Sydney's population identified as beingIndigenous—Aboriginal AustraliansandTorres Strait Islanders.[N 3][337]
Language
edit42% of households in Sydney use a language other than English, with the most common being Mandarin (5%), Arabic (4.2%), Cantonese (2.8%), Vietnamese (2.2%) andHindi(1.5%).[337]
Religion
edit
In 2021,Christianitywas the largest religious affiliation at 46%, the largest denominations of which wereCatholicismat 23.1% andAnglicanismat 9.2%. 30.3% of Sydney residents identified as having no religion. The most common non-Christian religious affiliations wereIslam(6.3%),Hinduism(4.8%),Buddhism(3.8%),Sikhism(0.7%), andJudaism(0.7%). About 500 people identified with traditional Aboriginal religions.[11]
TheChurch of Englandwas the only recognised church before Governor Macquarie appointed official Catholic chaplains in 1820.[338]Macquarie also ordered the construction ofchurchessuch as St Matthew's, St Luke's, St James's, and St Andrew's. Religious groups, alongside secular institutions, have played a significant role in education, health and charitable services throughout Sydney's history.[339]
Crime
editCrime in Sydney is low, withThe Independentranking Sydney as the fifth safest city in the world in 2019.[340]However, drug use is a significant problem. Methamphetamine is heavily consumed compared to other countries, while heroin is less common.[341]One of the biggest crime-related issues in recent times was the introduction oflockout lawsin February 2014,[342]in an attempt to curb alcohol-fuelled violence. Patrons could not enter clubs or bars in the inner-city after 1:30am, and last drinks were called at 3am. The lockout laws were removed in January 2020.[343]
Culture
editScience, art, and history
edit
Ku-ring-gai Chase National Parkis rich inIndigenous Australianheritage, containing around 1,500 pieces ofAboriginal rock art– the largest cluster of Indigenous sites in Australia. The park's indigenous sites includepetroglyphs,art sites,burial sites,caves,marriage areas, birthing areas,middensites, and tool manufacturing locations, which are dated to be around 5,000 years old. The inhabitants of the area were theGarigalpeople.[344][345]Otherrock art sitesexist in the Sydney region, such as inTerrey HillsandBondi,although the locations of most are not publicised to prevent damage by vandalism, and to retain their quality, as they are still regarded as sacred sites by Indigenous Australians.[346]
TheAustralian Museumopened in Sydney in 1827 with the purpose of collecting and displaying the natural wealth of the colony.[347]It remains Australia's oldest natural history museum. In 1995 theMuseum of Sydneyopened on the site of the firstGovernment House.It recounts the story of the city's development.[348]Other museums include thePowerhouse Museumand theAustralian National Maritime Museum.[349][350]
TheState Library of New South Walesholds the oldest library collections in Australia, being established as theAustralian Subscription Libraryin 1826.[351]TheRoyal Society of New South Wales,formed in 1866, encourages "studies and investigations in science, art, literature, and philosophy". It is based in a terrace house inDarlingtonowned by theUniversity of Sydney.[352]TheSydney Observatorybuilding was constructed in 1859 and used for astronomy and meteorology research until 1982 before being converted into a museum.[353]
TheMuseum of Contemporary Artwas opened in 1991 and occupies anArt Decobuilding inCircular Quay.Its collection was founded in the 1940s by artist and art collector John Power and has been maintained by the University of Sydney.[354]Sydney's other significant art institution is theArt Gallery of New South Waleswhich coordinates theArchibald Prizefor portraiture.[355]Sydney is also home to contemporary art galleryArtspace,housed in the historicGunnery BuildinginWoolloomooloo,frontingSydney Harbour.[356]
Entertainment
edit
Sydney's first commercial theatre opened in 1832 and nine more had commenced performances by the late 1920s. The live medium lost much of its popularity to the cinema during the Great Depression before experiencing a revival after World War II.[357]Prominent theatres in the city today includeState Theatre,Theatre Royal,Sydney Theatre,The Wharf Theatre,andCapitol Theatre.Sydney Theatre Companymaintains a roster of local, classical, and international plays. It occasionally features Australian theatre icons such asDavid Williamson,Hugo Weaving,andGeoffrey Rush.The city's other prominent theatre companies areNew Theatre,Belvoir,andGriffin Theatre Company.Sydney is also home toEvent Cinemas' first theatre, which opened onGeorge Stin 1913, under its former Greater Union brand; the theatre currently operates, and is regarded as one of Australia's busiest cinema locations.
The Sydney Opera House is the home ofOpera AustraliaandSydney Symphony.It has staged over 100,000 performances and received 100 million visitors since opening in 1973.[240]Two other important performance venues in Sydney areTown Halland theCity Recital Hall.TheSydney Conservatorium of Musicis located adjacent to the Royal Botanic Garden and serves the Australian music community through education and its biannualAustralian Music Examinations Boardexams.[358]
Many writers have originated in and set their work in Sydney. Others have visited the city and commented on it. Some of them are commemorated in theSydney Writers Walkat Circular Quay. The city was the headquarters for Australia's first published newspaper, theSydney Gazette.[359]Watkin Tench'sA Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay(1789) andA Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson in New South Wales(1793) have remained the best-known accounts of life in early Sydney.[360]Since the infancy of the establishment, much of the literature set in Sydney were concerned with life in the city's slums and working-class communities, notablyWilliam Lane'sThe Working Man's Paradise(1892),Christina Stead'sSeven Poor Men of Sydney(1934) andRuth Park'sThe Harp in the South(1948).[361]The first Australian-born female novelist,Louisa Atkinson,set several novels in Sydney.[362]Contemporary writers, such asElizabeth Harrower,were born in the city and set most of their work there–Harrower's debut novelDown in the City(1957) was mostly set in aKing's Crossapartment.[363][364][365]Well known contemporary novels set in the city includeMelina Marchetta'sLooking for Alibrandi(1992),Peter Carey's30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account(1999),J. M. Coetzee'sDiary of a Bad Year(2007) andKate Grenville'sThe Secret River(2010). TheSydney Writers' Festivalis held annually between April and May.[366]
Filmmaking in Sydney was prolific until the 1920s when spoken films were introduced and American productions gained dominance.[367]TheAustralian New Wavesaw a resurgence in film production, with many notable features shot in the city between the 1970s and 80s, helmed by directors such asBruce Beresford,Peter WeirandGillian Armstrong.[368]Fox Studios Australiacommenced production in Sydney in 1998. Successful films shot in Sydney since then includeThe Matrix,Lantana,Mission: Impossible 2,Moulin Rouge!,Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones,Australia,Superman Returns,andThe Great Gatsby.TheNational Institute of Dramatic Artis based in Sydney and has several famous alumni such asMel Gibson,Judy Davis,Baz Luhrmann,Cate Blanchett,Hugo WeavingandJacqueline Mckenzie.[369]
Sydney hosts several festivals throughout the year. The city'sNew Year's Evecelebrations are the largest in Australia.[370]TheRoyal Easter Showis held every year at Sydney Olympic Park.Sydney Festivalis Australia's largest arts festival.[371]The travelling rock music festivalBig Day Outoriginated in Sydney. The city's two largest film festivals areSydney Film FestivalandTropfest.Vivid Sydneyis an annual outdoor exhibition of art installations, light projections, and music. In 2015, Sydney was ranked the 13th topfashion capitalin the world.[372]It hosts theAustralian Fashion Weekin autumn.Sydney Mardi Grashas commenced each February since 1979.
Sydney'sChinatownhas had numerous locations since the 1850s. It moved fromGeorge Streetto Campbell Street to its current setting in Dixon Street in 1980.[373]Little Italy is located in Stanley Street.[283]
Restaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs in the Sydney CBD (Darling Harbour,Barangaroo,The RocksandGeorge Street),Oxford Street,Surry Hills,NewtownandParramatta.[374][375]Kings Crosswas previously considered the red-light district.The Staris the city's casino and is situated next toDarling Harbourwhile the newCrown Sydneyresort is in nearbyBarangaroo.[376]
Media
edit
TheSydney Morning Heraldis Australia's oldest newspaper still in print; it has been published continuously since 1831.[377]Its competitor isThe Daily Telegraph,in print since 1879.[378]Both papers have Sunday tabloid editions calledThe Sun-HeraldandThe Sunday Telegraphrespectively.The Bulletinwas founded in Sydney in 1880 and became Australia's longest running magazine. It closed after 128 years of continuous publication.[379]Sydney heralded Australia's first newspaper, theSydney Gazette,published until 1842.
Each of Australia's three commercial television networks and two public broadcasters is headquartered in Sydney.Nine'soffices and news studios are inNorth Sydney,Tenis based inPyrmont,andSevenis based inSouth EveleighinRedfern.[380][381][382][383]TheAustralian Broadcasting Corporationis located inUltimo,[384]and theSpecial Broadcasting Serviceis based inArtarmon.[385]Multiple digital channels have been provided by all five networks since 2000.Foxtelis based inNorth Rydeand sells subscription cable television to most of the urban area.[386]Sydney's firstradio stationscommenced broadcasting in the 1920s. Radio has managed to survive despite the introduction of television and the Internet.[387]2UEwas founded in 1925 and under the ownership of Nine Entertainment is the oldest station still broadcasting.[387]Competing stations include the more popular2GB,ABC Radio Sydney,KIIS 106.5,Triple M,Nova 96.9and2Day FM.[388]
Sport and outdoor activities
editSydney's earliest migrants brought with them a passion for sport but were restricted by the lack of facilities and equipment. The first organised sports were boxing, wrestling, and horse racing from 1810 inHyde Park.[389]Horse racing remains popular and events such as theGolden Slipper Stakesattract widespread attention. The first cricket club was formed in 1826 and matches were played within Hyde Park throughout the 1830s and 1840s.[389]Cricket is a favoured sport in summer and big matches have been held at theSydney Cricket Groundsince 1878. TheNew South Wales Bluescompete in theSheffield Shieldleague and theSydney SixersandSydney Thundercontest the nationalBig BashTwenty20 competition.
First played in Sydney in 1865, rugby grew to be the city's most popular football code by the 1880s. One-tenth of the state's population attended a New South Wales versus New Zealand rugby match in 1907.[389]Rugby league separated from rugby union in 1908. TheNew South Wales Waratahscontest theSuper Rugbycompetition, while theSydney Raysrepresent the city in theNational Rugby Championship.The nationalWallabiesrugby union team competes in Sydney in international matches such as theBledisloe Cup,Rugby Championship,andWorld Cup.Sydney is home to nine of the seventeen teams in theNational Rugby Leaguecompetition:Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs,Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks,Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles,Penrith Panthers,Parramatta Eels,South Sydney Rabbitohs,St George Illawarra Dragons,Sydney Roosters,andWests Tigers.New South Walescontests the annualState of Origin seriesagainstQueensland.
Sydney FCand theWestern Sydney Wandererscompete in theA-League MenandA-League Womencompetitions. TheSydney SwansandGreater Western Sydney Giantsare localAustralian rules footballclubs that play in theAustralian Football Leagueand theAFL Women's.TheSydney Kingscompete in theNational Basketball League.TheSydney Uni Flamesplay in theWomen's National Basketball League.TheSydney Blue Soxcontest theAustralian Baseball League.TheNSW Prideare a member of theHockey One League.TheSydney BearsandSydney Ice Dogsplay in theAustralian Ice Hockey League.TheSwiftsare competitors in the national women's netball league.
Major sporting venues
edit
Women were first allowed to participate in recreational swimming when separate baths were opened atWoolloomooloo Bayin the 1830s. From being illegal at the beginning of the century, sea bathing gained immense popularity during the early 1900s and the firstsurf lifesavingclub was established atBondi Beach.[389][390]Disputes about appropriate clothingfor surf bathing surfaced occasionally and concerned men as well as women. TheCity2Surfis an annual 14 km (8.7 mi) running race from the CBD to Bondi Beach and has been held since 1971. In 2010, 80,000 runners participated which made it the largest run of its kind in the world.[391]
Sailing races have been held onSydney Harboursince 1827.[392]Yachting has been popular amongst wealthier residents since the 1840s and theRoyal Sydney Yacht Squadronwas founded in 1862. TheSydney to Hobart Yacht Raceis a 1,170 km (727 mi) event that starts from Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day.[393]Since its inception in 1945 it has been recognised as one of the most difficult yacht races in the world.[394]Six sailors died and 71 vessels of 115 failed to finish in the 1998 edition.[395]
TheRoyal Sydney Golf Clubis based inRose Bayand since its opening in 1893 has hosted theAustralian Openon 13 occasions.[389]Royal Randwick Racecourseopened in 1833 and holds several major cups throughout the year.[396]
Sydney benefitted from the construction of significant sporting infrastructure in preparation for its hosting of the 2000 Summer Olympics. The Sydney Olympic Park accommodates athletics, aquatics, tennis, hockey, archery, baseball, cycling, equestrian, and rowing facilities. It also includes the high capacityStadium Australiaused for rugby, soccer, and Australian rules football. TheSydney Football Stadiumwas completed in 1988 and was used for rugby and soccer matches. Sydney Cricket Ground was opened in 1878 and is used for both cricket and Australian rules football fixtures.[389]
Sydney was one of the host cities during the2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.Sydney Football Stadium and Stadium Australia were selected as venues, with the later hosting thefinal.[397]
TheSydney Internationaltennis tournament is held here at the beginning of each year as the warm-up forthe Grand Slam in Melbourne.Two of the most successfultennisplayers in history (Ken RosewallandTodd Woodbridge) were born in and live in the city.
Sydney co-hosted theFIBA Oceania Championshipin 1979, 1985, 1989, 1995, 2007, 2009 and 2011.
Government
editHistorical governance
edit
The first five governors had near autocratic power in the colony of New South Wales, subject only to the laws of England and the supervision of the Colonial Office in London. Sydney was the seat of government for the colony which encompassed over half the Australian continent.[398]The first Legislative Council met in 1826,[399]and in 1842, the imperial parliament expanded and reformed the council, making it partly elected.[400]In the same year, the town of Sydney officially became a city and an elected municipal council was established.[401][402]The council had limited powers, mostly relating to services such as street lighting and drainage.[403]Its boundaries were restricted to an area of 11.6 square kilometres, taking in the city centre and the modern suburbs ofWoolloomooloo,Surry Hills,Chippendale,andPyrmont.[63]As Sydney grew, other municipal councils were formed to provide local administration.[404]
In 1856, New South Wales achieved responsible government with the introduction of a bicameral parliament, based in Sydney, comprising a directly electedLegislative Assemblyand a nominatedLegislative Council.[405]With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Sydney became the capital of the state of New South Wales and its administration was divided between the Commonwealth, State and constituent local governments.[405]
Government in the present
edit
In common with other Australian capital cities, Sydney has no single local government covering its whole area.Local government areashave responsibilities such as local roads, libraries, child care, community services and waste collection, whereas the state government retains responsibility for main roads, traffic control, public transport, policing, education, and major infrastructure project.[406]There are 33 local government areas which are wholly or mostly within Greater Sydney as defined by the Australian Statistical Geography Standard.[96][407]
- Bayside
- Canterbury-Bankstown
- Blacktown
- Blue Mountains
- Burwood
- Camden
- Campbelltown
- Canada Bay
- Central Coast
- Cumberland
- Fairfield
- Georges River
- Hawkesbury
- The Hills
- Hornsby
- Hunter's Hill
- Inner West
- Ku-ring-gai
- Lane Cove
- Liverpool
- Mosman
- North Sydney
- Northern Beaches
- Parramatta
- Penrith
- Randwick
- Ryde
- Strathfield
- Sutherland
- Sydney
- Waverley
- Willoughby
- Wollondilly
- Woollahra
Sydney is the location of the secondary official residences of theGovernor-GeneralandPrime Minister–Admiralty HouseandKirribilli Houserespectively.[408]TheParliament of New South Walessits inParliament HouseonMacquarie Street.This building was completed in 1816 and first served as a hospital. The Legislative Council moved into its northern wing in 1829 and by 1852 had entirely supplanted the surgeons from their quarters.[409]Several additions have been made as the Parliament has expanded, but it retains its originalGeorgianfaçade.[410]Government Housewas completed in 1845 and has served as the home of 25 Governors and 5 Governors-General.[411]TheCabinet of Australiaalsomeetsin Sydney when needed.
The highest court in the state is the Supreme Court of New South Wales, located in Queen's Square.[412]The city is also the home of numerous branches of the intermediateDistrict Court of New South Walesand the lowerLocal Court of New South Wales.[413]
In the past, the state has tended to resist amalgamating Sydney's more populated local government areas as merged councils could pose a threat to its governmental power.[414]Established in 1842, the City of Sydney is one such local government area and includes the CBD and some adjoining inner suburbs.[415]It is responsible for fostering development in the local area, providing local services (waste collection and recycling, libraries, parks, sporting facilities), promoting the interests of residents, supporting organisations that target the local community, and attracting and providing infrastructure for commerce, tourism, and industry.[416]The City of Sydney is led by an elected Council andLord Mayor.[417]
In federal politics, Sydney was initially considered as apossibility for Australia's capital city;the newly created city ofCanberraultimately filled this role.[418]Seven AustralianPrime Ministers have been born inSydney, more than any other city, including first Prime MinisterEdmund Bartonand current Prime MinisterAnthony Albanese.
Essential public emergency services are provided and managed by the State Government. Greater Sydney is served by:
Infrastructure
editEducation
edit
Education became a focus for the colony from the 1870s when public schools began to form and schooling became compulsory.[419]By 2011, 90% of working age residents had completed some schooling and 57% had completed the highest level of school.[2]1,390,703 people were enrolled in an educational institution in 2011 with 45.1% of these attending school and 16.5% studying at a university.[256]Undergraduate or postgraduate qualifications are held by 22.5% of working age Sydney residents and 40.2% of working age residents of the City of Sydney.[2][420]The most common fields of tertiary qualification are commerce (22.8%), engineering (13.4%), society and culture (10.8%), health (7.8%), and education (6.6%).[2]
There are six public universities based in Sydney: TheUniversity of Sydney,University of New South Wales,University of Technology Sydney,Macquarie University,Western Sydney University,andAustralian Catholic University.Five public universities maintain secondary campuses in the city: theUniversity of Notre Dame Australia,Central Queensland University,Victoria University,University of Wollongong,andUniversity of Newcastle.Charles Sturt UniversityandSouthern Cross Universityoperate secondary campuses only designated for international students. In addition, four public universities offer programs in Sydney through third-party providers:University of the Sunshine Coast,La Trobe University,Federation University AustraliaandCharles Darwin University.5.2% of residents of Sydney are attending a university.[421]The University of New South Wales and the University of Sydney are ranked equal 19th in the world,[22]the University of Technology Sydney is ranked in the top 100,[22]while Macquarie University is ranked 237, and Western Sydney University is ranked 474.[422] Sydney has public, denominational, and independent schools. 7.8% of Sydney residents are attending primary school and 6.4% are enrolled in secondary school.[421]There are 935 public preschool, primary, and secondary schools in Sydney that are administered by theNew South Wales Department of Education.[423]14 of the 17 selective secondary schools in New South Wales are based in Sydney.[424]
Public vocational education and training in Sydney are run byTAFE New South Walesand began with the opening of theSydney Technical Collegein 1878.[233]The college became theSydney Institutein 1992 and now operates alongside its sister TAFE facilities across the Sydney metropolitan area, namely theNorthern Sydney Institute,theWestern Sydney Institute,and theSouth Western Sydney Institute.At the 2011 census, 2.4% of Sydney residents are enrolled in a TAFE course.[421]
Health
edit
The first hospital in the new colony was a collection of tents atThe Rocks.Many of the convicts that survived the trip suffered fromdysentery,smallpox,scurvy,andtyphoid.Healthcare facilities remained inadequate despite the arrival of a prefabricated hospital with theSecond Fleetand the construction of new hospitals at Parramatta,Windsor,andLiverpoolin the 1790s.[425]
Governor Macquarie arranged for the construction ofSydney Hospital,completed in 1816.[425]Parts of the facility have been repurposed for use asParliament Housebut the hospital itself still operates. The city's first emergency department was established at Sydney Hospital in 1870. Demand for emergency medical care increased from 1895 with the introduction of an ambulance service.[425]The Sydney Hospital also housed Australia's first teaching facility for nurses, the Nightingale Wing, established with the input ofFlorence Nightingalein 1868.[426]
Healthcare was recognised as a right in the early 1900s and Sydney's public hospitals came under the oversight of the Government of New South Wales.[425]The administration of healthcare across Sydney is handled by eight local health districts: Central Coast, Illawarra Shoalhaven, Sydney, Nepean Blue Mountains, Northern Sydney, South Eastern Sydney, South Western Sydney, and Western Sydney.[427]ThePrince of Wales Hospitalwas established in 1852 and became the first of several major hospitals to be opened.[428]St Vincent's Hospitalwas founded in 1857,[173]followed byRoyal Alexandra Hospital for Childrenin 1880,[429]thePrince Henry Hospitalin 1881,[430]theRoyal Prince Alfred Hospitalin 1882,[431]theRoyal North Shore Hospitalin 1885,[432]theSt George Hospitalin 1894,[433]and theNepean Hospitalin 1895.[434]Westmead Hospitalin 1978 was the last major facility to open.[435]
Transport
editRoads
edit
The motor vehicle, more than any other factor, has determined the pattern of Sydney's urban development since World War II.[436]The growth of low-density housing in the city's outer suburbs has made car ownership necessary for hundreds of thousands of households. The percentage of trips taken by car has increased from 13% in 1947 to 50% in 1960 and 70% in 1971.[436]The most important roads in Sydney were the nineMetroads,including the 110 km (68 mi)Sydney Orbital Network.Sydney's reliance on motor vehicles and its sprawling road network has been criticised by proponents of mass public transport and high-density housing.[437][438][439]TheLight Horse Interchangein western Sydney is the largest in the southern hemisphere.[440]
There can be up to 350,000 cars using Sydney's roads simultaneously during peak hour, leading to significant traffic congestion.[436]84.9% of Sydney households own a motor vehicle and 46.5% own two or more.[256]With a rate of 26.3% in 2014, Sydney has the highest utilisation of public transport for travel to work of any Australian capital.[441]In contrast, in 2014 only 25.2% of working residents in the City of Sydney use a car, whilst 15.8% take a train, 13.3% use a bus, and 25.3% walk.[442]Several significant infrastructure projects have been completed since. The CBD features aseries of alleyways and lanesthat provideoff-streetvehicular access to city buildings and as well as pedestrian routes through city buildings.[443]
Suburban trains
edit
Established in 1906,Central stationis the largest and busiest railway station in the state and is the main hub of the city'srail network.[444]Sydney Trainsis thesuburban railservice. Its tracks form part of the New South Wales railway network. It serves 175 stations across the city and had an annual ridership of 359 million passenger journeys in 2017–18.[445]Sydney's railway was first constructed in 1854 with progressive extension to the network to serve both freight and passengers. The main station is theCentral railway stationin the southern part of the CBD. In the 1850s and 1860s, the railway reached areas that are now outer suburbs of Sydney.[436]
Metro
edit
Sydney Metro,a driverlessrapid transitsystem separate from the suburban commuter network, commenced operation in May 2019 and was extended through the city to Sydenham on 19 August 2024. This line will be extended to Bankstown in 2025 and a new line through the inner west to Parramatta is planned to be built by 2030.[446][447]It currently serves 21 stations. A line to serve the greater west is planned for 2026 and will include a station for thesecond international airport.
Light rail
edit
Sydney once had one of thelargest tram networksin the British Empire after London.[448]It served routes covering 291 km (181 mi). The internal combustion engine made buses more flexible than trams and consequently more popular, leading to the progressive closure of the network with the final tram operating in 1961.[436]From 1930 there were 612 buses across Sydney carrying 90 million passengers per annum.[449]
In 1997, theInner West Light Railopened between Central station andWentworth Park.It was extended toLilyfieldin 2000 and thenDulwich Hillin 2014. It links theInner WestandDarling HarbourwithCentral stationand facilitated 9.1 million journeys in the 2016–17 financial year.[450]A second, theCBD and South East Light Rail12 km (7.5 mi) line serving the CBD and Eastern Suburbs opened in 2019–2020.[451]Alight rail lineserving Western Sydney is due to open in 2024.
Buses
editBus services are conducted by private operators under contract toTransport for NSW.Integrated tickets calledOpal cardsoperate on bus routes. In total, nearly 225 million boardings were recorded across the bus network.[452]NightRideis a nightly bus service that operate between midnight and 5am.
Ferries
editAt the time the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932, the city'sferry servicewas the largest in the world.[453]Patronage declined from 37 million passengers in 1945 to 11 million in 1963 but has recovered somewhat in recent years.[436]From its hub atCircular Quay,theferry networkextends fromManlytoParramatta.[453]
Airports
editSydney Airport,officially "Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport", is located inMascot.It services 46 international and 23 domestic destinations.[26]As the busiest airport in Australia, it handled 37.9 million passengers in 2013 and 530,000 tonnes of freight in 2011.[26] It has been announced that a new facility namedWestern Sydney Airportwill be constructed atBadgerys Creekfrom 2016 at a cost of $2.5 billion.[454]Bankstown Airportis Sydney's second busiest airport, and serves general aviation, charter and some scheduled cargo flights. Bankstown is also the fourth busiest airport in Australia by number of aircraft movements.[455]Port Botanyhas surpassed Port Jackson as the city's major shipping port. Cruise ship terminals are located atSydney CoveandWhite Bay.
Utilities
edit
Obtaining sufficient fresh water was difficult during early colonial times. A catchment called theTank Streamsourced water from what is now the CBD but was little more than an open sewer by the end of the 1700s.[456]The Botany Swamps Scheme was one of several ventures during the mid-1800s that saw the construction of wells, tunnels, steam pumping stations, and small dams to service Sydney's growing population.[456]
TheUpper Nepean Schemecame into operation in 1886. It transports water 100 km (62 mi) from theNepean,Cataract,andCordeauxrivers and continues to service about 15% of Sydney's water needs.[456]Dams were built on these three rivers between 1907 and 1935.[456]In 1977 theShoalhaven Schemebrought several more dams into service.[457]
The state-owned corporationWaterNSWnow manages eleven major dams:Warragamba,one of the largest domestic water supply dams in the world,[458]Woronora,Cataract,Cordeaux,Nepean,Avon,Wingecarribee Reservoir,Fitzroy Falls Reservoir,Tallowa,theBlue Mountains Dams,andProspect Reservoir.[459]Water is collected from five catchment areas covering 16,000 km2(6,178 sq mi) and total storage amounts to 2.6 TL (0.6 cu mi).[459]TheSydney Desalination Plantcame into operation in 2010.[456]WaterNSW supplies bulk water toSydney Water,a state-owned corporation that operates water distribution, sewerage and storm water management services.
Sydney's electricity infrastructure is maintained byAusgridandEndeavour Energy.[460][461]Their combined networks include over 815,000 poles and 83,000 km (52,000 mi) of cables.Submarine communications cablesystems in Sydney include theAustralia–Japan Cable,Telstra Endeavourand theSouthern Cross Cable,which link Australia and countries in the Pacific.[462][463][464]
Environmental issues and pollution reduction
editAir quality
edit
Asclimate change,greenhouse gas emissionsand pollution have become a major issue for Australia, Sydney has in the past been criticised for its lack of focus on reducing pollution and emissions and maintainingwater quality.[465]The release of the Metropolitan Air Quality Scheme (MAQS) led to a broader understanding of the causation of pollution in Sydney, allowing the government to form appropriate responses.[466]
The2019–20 Australian bushfire seasonsignificantly impacted outer Sydney and dramatically reduced air quality, leading to a smoky haze that lingered for days. Theair qualitywas 11 times thehazardouslevel in some days,[467][468]worse thanNew Delhi's;[469]it was compared to "smoking 32 cigarettes" by Brian Oliver, a respiratory diseases scientist at theUniversity of Technology Sydney.[470]Since Sydney is surrounded by bushland and forest,[471]bushfires can ring the region in anatural phenomenathat is labelled "ring of fire".[472][473][474][475][476]
The City of Sydney became the first council in Australia to achieve formal certification ascarbon-neutralin 2008.[477][478]The city has reduced its 2007 carbon emissions by 6% and since 2006 has reduced carbon emissions from city buildings by up to 20%.[479][480]TheSustainable Sydney 2030program presented a guide to reducing energy in homes and offices by 30%.[479][481]Reductions in energy consumption have slashed energy bills by $30 million a year.[482]Solar panelshave been established on many CBD buildings to minimise carbon pollution by around 3,000 tonnes a year.[483]
The city also has an "urban forestgrowth strategy ", in which it aims to regular increase thetree coveragein the city by frequently planting trees with strong leaf density andvegetationto provide cleaner air and create moisture during hot weather, thus lowering city temperatures.[484]Sydney has also become a leader in the development ofgreen office buildingsand enforcing the requirement of all building proposals to be energy-efficient. TheOne Central Parkdevelopment, completed in 2013, is an example of this implementation.[485][486][487][488]
Car-dependency
edit
Australian cities are some of the mostcar-dependentcities in the world,[489]especially by world city standards, although Sydney's is the lowest of Australia's major cities at 66%.[490]Sydney also has thehighest usage of public transportin an Australian city, at 27%–comparable with New York City, Shanghai and Berlin. Despite its high ranking for an Australian city, Sydney has a low level of mass-transit services, with a historically low-density layout and significanturban sprawl,thus increasing the likelihood of car dependency.[491][492]
Strategies have been implemented to reduce privatevehicle pollutionby encouragingmassandpublic transit,[493]initiating the development of high density housing and introducing a fleet of 10 newelectric cars,the largest order of the pollution-free vehicle in Australia.[494]Electric cars do not produce carbon monoxide andnitrous oxide,which contribute to climate change.[495][496]Cycling tripsincreased by 113% across Sydney's inner-city from 2010 to 2015, at which point about 2,000 bikes were passing through top peak-hour intersections on an average weekday.[479]Transport developments in thenorth-westand east of the city have been designed to encourage use of the expanding public transportation system.
Sister cities
editSister citiesof Sydney include:
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source,England,Scotland,Mainland Chinaand the Special Administrative Regions ofHong KongandMacauare listed separately.
- ^The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of theAnglo-Celticgroup.[335]
- ^Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
References
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External links
edit- Official Sydney, NSW government site
- Official Sydney tourism site
- Historical film clips of Sydneyon theNational Film and Sound Archiveof Australia'saustralianscreen online
- Qantas Farewell Flight B747-400 Queen of the Skies – Sydney Final Flight QF747onYouTube– includes a low-level joyflight around Sydney showing various aspects of the city on 13 July 2020 (starts at 05:20)
- 13766899Sydney onOpenStreetMap
- Dictionary of Sydney – the history of Sydney(Archived24 March 2019 at theWayback Machine)
- Sydney Official History Archives
- State Records New South Wales
- National Archives of Australia
- Understanding Society Through its Records – John Curtin Library
- Directory of Archives in Australia
