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Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East

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This article is about the office. For a list of holders, seeList of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch.

TheSyriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East(Syriac:ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ ܘܕܟܠܗ̇ ܡܕܢܚܐPaṭriarḵo ḏ-Anṭiuḵia waḏ-kuloh madnho) is the Bishop of Antioch, and head of theSyriac Orthodox Church(Syriac: ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘ̣ܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ ܫܽܘ̣ܒ̣ܚܳܐ). He presides over theHoly Synodof theSyriac Orthodox Church,which is its highest authority. The current Patriarch of Antioch isIgnatius Aphrem II,who was enthroned on 29 May 2014 as the 122nd Successor toSaint Peter.

Patriarch of Antioch

ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ
Syriac Orthodox Church
Coat of arms of the Patriarch of Antioch
Coat of arms
Incumbent:
Ignatius Aphrem II(since 2014)
StyleMoran Mor
His Holiness the Patriarch
Location
CountrySyria
TerritoryHoly See of Antioch
Syriac Orthodox Church
HeadquartersDamascus, Syria
Information
First holderSaint Peter the Apostle
DenominationOriental Orthodox Church
RiteWest Syriac Rite
EstablishedAD 32 atAntioch
CathedralPatriarchal Cathedral of Saint George
LanguageSyriac

The position of thePatriarch of Antiochwas established and first held byPeter the Apostle(Syriac:ܫܹܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹ݁ܐܦ݂ܵܐŠemʿōn Kēp̄ā).[1][2]He officially oversees theHoly Apostolic SeeatAntioch(modern-dayAntakya,inTurkey), though the Patriarch currently resides inDamascus;the Patriarch fled toSyriaduring the 1915Assyrian genocide.

The Patriarchate of Antioch is one of threePetrine Seesof theChristian Churchas affirmed by theCouncil of Nicaea,alongside thePatriarch of Alexandriaand the Patriarch of Rome. He is theBishop of Antioch,and considered asPrimus Inter Paresor First Among the Equals/Bishops of theDiocese of the East.

History of the Patriarchate

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Origin

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The Church of Antioch was established byPeterin AD 32.[3]During theSynod of Nicaea,the Bishop of Antioch became one of thePatriarchates(along with fellowPatriarchate of Alexandria). After theCouncil at Chalcedon,Christianitysplit into theCatholic-Orthodoxand theOriental Orthodox,thus splitting thechurch.The Patriarch of Antioch (Severus) andPope of Alexandria(Dioscorus) led theOriental Orthodox Church,which followed amiaphysiteview of Christology and thePope of Romeled the Catholic Church along with thePatriarch of Constantinople,which followed adyophysiteview on Christology.

Severus,the Patriarch of Antioch, was exiled to Egypt in 518 by theEmperor of the Byzantine Empirefor following the Oriental Orthodox Church. The Catholic group of the Church of Antioch (laterGreek Orthodox Church of Antioch), accepted the new PatriarchPaul,appointed by thePope of Rome,as their new Patriarch, after the exile of Severus. TheSyriac Orthodox Church,or the Oriental Orthodox group of theChurch of Antioch,continued to accept Severus as Patriarch until his death in AD 538.[4][5]

Revival

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Church of St. Peterin Antioch, believed to be established by St. Peter the Apostle.

By AD 544, the Syriac Orthodox Church had only three bishops remaining and no Syriac successor to Severus had been elected. During this time, a priest named Jacob traveled to Constantinople to askEmpress Theodora's(who was a Miaphysite herself), the daughter of aSyriac Orthodoxpriest,[dubious–discuss]consent to be ordained as a bishop. He was ordained as Mor Jacob Baradeus (Mor Ya'qub Burdono ܝܥܩܘܒ ܒܘܪܕܥܝܐ), byPope Theodosius I,Pope of Alexandriaand he traveled to many places to revive the Syriac Orthodox Church. He managed to consecrate 27 bishops, and hundreds of priests and deacons for the church.[5]He led the consecration ofMor Sergius of Tellaas the Patriarch of Antioch (first Patriarch of the independent Syriac Orthodox Church) in 544. It is after this bishop that theSyriac Orthodox Church in Indiagets the name "Jacobite" (Jacobite Syrian Christian Church)[5]He revived theMiaphysitebelief in the Church of Antioch throughout persecution.

TheMor Bar Sauma Monasterybecame the seat of the patriarch between the 11th and 13th century until it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1285. The patriarchate was then moved toSisbefore it finally settled inDayro d-Mor Hananyo(Kurkmo Dayro, or Deir az-Za'faran), inMardin, Turkeywhere it remained until 1933.[6][7]

Split of the Syriac Catholic Church

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In 1662, the vacant patriarchate was filled by individuals who aligned themselves with theCatholic Church.Andrew Akijanwas elected in that year, and was succeeded by another Catholic inGregory Peter VI Shahbaddin.The non-Catholic Syriac party elected the rival Abdulmasih I, Shahbaddin's uncle, as a competing patriarch. Upon Shahbaddin's death in 1702, the Catholic line died out for several decades until the Holy Synod in 1782 electedMichael III Jarweh,who again aligned the Syriacs with the pope. Following a period of violence and intrigue, the non-Catholic party was again recognized with their own patriarch and the Catholic line continued independently as theSyriac Catholic Church.

Persecution and Modern period

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The Syriac Orthodox Church continued to be persecuted under theArabs,Mongols,Crusaders,Mamluks,andOttomans.During 1915Assyrian Genocide(known as theSayfo/ܣܝܦor "the year of the sword" in Syriac), more than 250,000Syriac Orthodox Christiansin the Middle East were wiped out by theOttoman Empire.Many Syriac Orthodox Villages were emptied, and historical monasteries and churches were destroyed. During theAssyrian genocideand concomitantWorld War I,the Patriarchate was forced to flee by the Ottoman Empire, and the patriarch fled to Homs, Syria in 1953, and later toDamascus,in 1957.

The Syriac Orthodox Church continues to grow to this day under the Patriarchate. TheSyriac Orthodox Church,along with the rest of theOriental Orthodox Church,is now in sacramental cooperation with the Catholic Church, and is indialogueswith the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church.

Authority of the Patriarch

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The Patriarch is considered the legitimate successor ofPeter the Apostle,on the Holy Throne of Antioch.[2]

Saint Severus of Antioch,the 37th Patriarch of Antioch

The Patriarch, as first among the bishops, convenes theHoly Synodof the Syriac Orthodox Church and presides over the meeting.

The Patriarch, has the authority to enthrone theMaphrian(also known as theCatholicos of India) and consecratebishopswho are elected by the Holy Synod, but he has to be assisted by two other bishops (by his invitation). He is the only one authorized to conduct the consecration of a bishop. The Maphrian and other bishops can do it with the consent of the Patriarch. He is also the only one that can consecrate thechrism.

The Patriarch signs all documents with other denominations and he alone is in charge of external relations with other churches. The Patriarch dispatches clergy on ecclesiastical and cultural works.

When the Patriarch visits a diocese, he sits on the Cathedral seat of the church. The bishops are not allowed to carry their pastoral staff and wear their red vestment in front of the Patriarch (bishops usually wear a red vestment while travelling in their diocese) in respect to the Apostolic See.

The Patriarch has the right to change, introduce, or abolish church rites. All Syriac Orthodox monasteries are in the hands of the Patriarch and he alone has the authority to appoint its caretakers.

Requirements and Restrictions for the Patriarch

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Requirements:

  • The patriarch must be a member of theSyriac Orthodox Church.
  • The patriarch must be over 40 years old.
  • The patriarch can't be married.
  • Previously, the patriarch was chosen from among themonks,and was then consecrated as abishop,and then elevated to the Holy See of Antioch. In modern times, the patriarch is chosen from the bishops and is elevated to the Holy See.
  • The patriarch must be elected by the Holy Synod, led by theMaphrianand thePatriarchal Locum Tenens,by all the bishops who are able to vote. If a bishop is not able to be present, he can send a vote through a letter. If he does not do this, his vote is canceled.
  • Patriarch-elect has to be of Middle-Eastern origin, because he is the bishop ofAntioch.[8]
  • The patriarch must keep the Syriac Orthodox faith strong and work to preserve it.
  • The patriarch must be elevated by the Holy Synod, led byMaphrian(Catholicos of India), or if not present, thePatriarchal Locum Tenens,along with all the bishops of the Syriac Orthodox Church that are able to be present.

Restrictions:

  • The patriarch must give all his assets to the Syriac Orthodox Church.
  • The Holy See must not be vacant for more than 30 days unless there is an emergency.
  • During a Holy Synod meeting, the patriarch must inform the Holy Synod about everything he has accomplished since their last meeting.

Titles of the Patriarch

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The following are a list of titles of the Patriarch of Antioch

The official title of the Patriarch of Antioch is:

His Holiness/Thrice Blessed Moran Mor Ignatius (Monastic Name) (Roman Numeral to distinguish from other Patriarchs of the same name) Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, and Supreme Head of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church.

ܩܕܝܫܘܬܗ/ ܬܠܝܬܝ̈ ܛܘܒܐ̈ ܕܡܪܢ ܡܪܝ ܐܝܓܢܛܝܘܣ... ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ ܘܕܟܠܗ̇ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܪܝܫܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܬܪܝܨܬ ܫܘܒܚܐ ܒܟܠܗ̇ ܬܐܒܠ

Qaddišuṯeh/Tlithoy Tube ḏ-Moran Mor Iḡnaṭius... Paṭriarḵo ḏ-Anṭiuḵia waḏ-Kuloh Maḏĕnḥo w-Rišo Gawonoyo ḏ-ʿItto Suryoyto Triṣaṯ Šuḇḥo ḇ-Kuloh Tiḇel

Other titles for the patriarch include:

  • His Holiness(Syriac:ܩܕܝܫܘܬܗQaddišuṯeh)
  • Thriced Blessed "Thrice Blessed" (Syriac:ܬܠܝܬܝ̈ ܛܘܒܐ̈Tlithoy Ṭuḇe) (Not commonly used for modern Patriarchs)[9]
  • Mor Ignatius (ܐܝܓܢܐܛܝܘ)[10]
  • Prince Patriarch of Antioch and All the East
  • Moran(Syriac:ܡܪܢ) (Literally translates to My Lord) (title is usually reserved forJesus Christ,but sometimes (not traditionally) used for the Patriarch)
  • Mor (Syriac:ܡܪܝ)(Literally translates to Lord)(used in the title of all Syriac Orthodox Bishops)
  • Aboon(ܐܒܘܢ) (Translates to Our Father) (used by most clergy in the Syriac Orthodox Church) (used in the title of theMaphrianasAboon Morܐܒܘܢ ܡܪܝ, or Our Father, Lord)
  • Moran Mor[11](Syriac:ܡܪܢ ܡܪܝ) (Literally translates to My Lord, Lord)
  • First Among the Equals
  • Supreme Head of the Syriac Orthodox Church (Syriac:ܪܝܫܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܕܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘ̣ܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ ܫܽܘ̣ܒ̣ܚܳܐRišo Gawonoyo ḏ-Idto Suryoyto Triṣaṯ Šuḇḥo)
  • Supreme Head of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church (Syriac: ܪܝܫܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܬܪܝܨܬ ܫܘܒܚܐ ܒܟܠܗ̇ ܬܐܒܠRišo Gawonoyo ḏ-ʿItto Suryoyto Triṣaṯ Šuḇḥo ḇ-Kuloh Tiḇel)
  • Successor ofSaint Peter
  • Pontiff(fromLatinpontifex) (used by all Patriarchs in the Pentarchy)
  • Patriarch of Antioch(Syriac:ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐPaṭriarḵo ḏ-Anṭiuḵia)
  • Bishop of Antioch
  • Patriarch of Antioch and All the East[10][9](Syriac:ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ ܘܕܟܠܗ̇ ܡܕܢܚܐPaṭriarḵo ḏ-Anṭiuḵia waḏ-kuloh madnho)
  • Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church[9](Syriac:ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܕܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘ̣ܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ ܫܽܘ̣ܒ̣ܚܳܐPaṭriarḵo ḏ-Idto Suryoyto Triṣaṯ Šuḇḥo)

References

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  1. ^Gregorios 1999,p.35.
  2. ^ab"Benton, William (1 April 1900 – 17 March 1973), Chairman and Publisher, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., since 1943",Who Was Who,Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01,doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u152251
  3. ^Gregorios 1999.
  4. ^"Patriarch, Patriarchate".Encyclopaedia of Christianity(online ed.). Brill.doi:10.1163/2211-2685_eco_p.46.
  5. ^abcHilliard, Alison; Bailey, Betty Jane (1999).Living stones pilgrimage: with the Christians of the Holy Land: a guide.London: Cassell.ISBN978-0-8264-2249-1.OCLC317999284.
  6. ^Kaufhold 2000,p. 227.
  7. ^Markessini, Joan (June 2012).Around the World of Orthodox Christianity - Five Hundred Million Strong: The Unifying Aesthetic Beauty.Dorrance.ISBN978-1-4349-1486-6.
  8. ^Syrian Orthodox Constitution,via Internet archive.
  9. ^abc"The Departure of the His Holiness Mor Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, of Thrice Blessed Memory – Press Releases".suscopts.org.Retrieved2020-02-23.
  10. ^ab"Patriarch Zakka I: The SOC At a Glance".sor.cua.edu.Retrieved2020-02-23.
  11. ^Sebastian P. Brock (2006).An Introduction to Syriac Studies.Gorgias Press.ISBN978-1-59333-349-2.

Bibliography

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