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Thanjavur

(Redirected fromTanjore)
This article is about the municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu, India. For its namesake district, seeThanjavur District.
"Tanjore" redirects here. For other uses, seeTanjore (disambiguation).

Thanjavur(Tamil:[t̪aɲdʑaːʋuːɾ]), also known asThanjai,previously known asTanjore,[1]is a city in theIndianstate ofTamil Nadu.It is the 11th biggest city in Tamil Nadu. Thanjavur is an important center ofsouthern Indianreligion, art, and architecture. Most of theGreat Living Chola Temples,which areUNESCO World Heritage Monuments,are located in and around Thanjavur. The foremost among these, theBrihadeeswara Temple,built by the Chola emperorRajaraja I,is located in the centre of the city. This temple has one of the largest bull statues (called Nandi[2]) in India carved out of a single granite rock. Thanjavur is also home toTanjore painting,a painting style unique to the region. Thanjavur is the headquarters of theThanjavur District.The city is an important agricultural centre located in theKaveri Deltaand is known as theRice bowl of Tamil Nadu.Thanjavur is administered by amunicipal corporationcovering an area of 36.31 km2(14.02 sq mi) and had a population of 222,943.[3]Roadways are the major means of transportation, while the city also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport isTiruchirapalli International Airport,located 59.6 km (37.0 mi) away from the city. The nearest seaport isKaraikal,which is 94 km (58 mi) away from Thanjavur. The city first rose to prominence during the reign of theCholaswhen it served as the capital of the empire. After the fall of the Cholas, the city was ruled by various dynasties such as theMutharaiyar dynasty,thePandyas,theVijayanagar Empire,theMadurai Nayaks,theThanjavur Nayaks,theThanjavur Marathasand theBritish Empire.It has been a part of independent India since 1947.

Thanjavur
(Tanjore)
City
A montage image showing temple complex with temple tower in the centre, Maratha palace, paddy field, Rajarajachola Mandapam and Tamil University. Even though Thanjavur is 11th largest city in actual case Thanjavur is the seventhest biggest city in Tamil Nadu.The city's real size is hidden due to non extension of corporation limit
Thanjavur is located in Tamil Nadu
Thanjavur
Thanjavur
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
Thanjavur is located in India
Thanjavur
Thanjavur
Thanjavur (India)
Coordinates:10°47′13.2″N79°08′16.1″E/ 10.787000°N 79.137806°E/10.787000; 79.137806
CountryIndia
StateTamil Nadu
DistrictThanjavur
RegionCauvery Delta
Founded byRaja Raja Chola - I
Government
• TypeCity Municipal Corporation
• BodyThanjavur Municipal Corporation
• MayorSun.Ramanathan (DMK) since 2022
Area
• Total36.31 km2(14.02 sq mi)
Elevation
52
77 m (253 ft)
Population
(2011)
• Total222,943
• Rank11th in Tamil Nadu
• Density6,100/km2(16,000/sq mi)
DemonymThanjavurkaaran
Languages
• OfficialTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30(IST)
PIN
613 0XX
Telephone code04362
Vehicle registrationTN-49
Websitethanjavurcorporation.org
Thanjavur city aerial view with Brihadeeshwara Temple during sunset

Etymology

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The city's name is believed to be derived from aportmanteauof "thanjam puguntha oor" (Tamil:தஞ்சம் புகுந்த ஊர்) which means "the town where refugees entered", referring to the town's history of providing hospitality to newcomers.

According to another local legend, the name "Thanjavur" originated from "Tanjan," anAsura(demon) who was slain on the site. InHindu mythology,Tanjan requested the establishment of a beautiful city at the place where he was defeated. Later, the Asura was vanquished in what is now Thanjavur by the Hindu godNeelamegha Perumal,an incarnation ofVishnu.[4][5]

The city's name "Thanjavur" might also be derived from the name of aMutharayarking, "Thananjay" or "Dhananjaya". Thananjaya added to Oor gives the name Thanjavur. The Kalamalla stone inscription (the first stone inscription) was made by the king, Erikal Muthuraju Dhanunjaya Varma of 575 CE.[citation needed]

Thanjai Mamani Koilfrom where the city gets its name.[5]

History

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Map of Thanjavur city in 1955

This place was previously calledŚiyāli.Indra once fled to this place in fear of the asura calledŚūrapadmaand did tapas here.[6]

There are no references to Thanjavur in theSangam period(third century BCE to fourth century CE)Tamilrecords, though some scholars believe that the city has existed since that time.Kovil Venni,situated 15 miles (24 km) to the east of the city, was the site of theBattle of Vennibetween the Chola kingKarikalaand a confederacy of theCherasand thePandyas.[7]The Cholas seemed to have faced an invasion of theKalabhrasin the third century CE after which the kingdom faded into obscurity. The region around present day Thanjavur was conquered by theMutharayarsduring the sixth century, who ruled it up to 849.[citation needed]

TheCholascame to prominence once more through the rise of theMedieval CholamonarchVijayalaya(841–878 CE) in about 850 CE.[8]Vijayalaya conquered Thanjavur from the Mutharayar king Elango Mutharayar and built atemplededicated to the Hindu goddess Nisumbhasudani.[9]His sonAditya I(871–901) consolidated their hold over the city.[8]TheRashtrakutakingKrishna II(878–914), a contemporary of the Chola kingParantaka I(907–950), claims to have conquered Thanjavur, but there are no records to support the claim.[10]Gradually, Thanjavur became the most important city in the Chola Empire and remained its capital till the emergence ofGangaikonda Cholapuramin about 1025.[11][12]During the first decade of the eleventh century, the Chola kingRaja Raja Chola I(985–1014) constructed theBrihadeeswarar Templeat Thanjavur. The temple is considered to be one of the best specimens of Tamil architecture.[13][14][15][16]

When the Chola Empire began to decline in the 13th century, the Pandyas from the south invaded and captured Thanjavur twice, first between 1218–19 and again in 1230. During the second invasion, the Chola kingRajaraja III(1216–56) was exiled and he sought the help of theHoysalakingVira Narasimha II(1220–35) to regain Thanjavur.[17]Thanjavur was eventually annexed along with the rest of the Chola kingdom by the Pandya kingMaravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I(1268–1308) in 1279 and the Chola kings were forced to accept the suzerainty of the Pandyas.[18]The Pandyas ruled Thanjavur from 1279 to 1311 when their kingdom was raided by the forces ofMalik Kafur(1296–1306) and later annexed by theDelhi Sultanate.[19]The Sultanate extended its authority directly over the conquered regions from 1311 to 1335 and then through the semi-independentMa'bar Sultanatefrom 1335 to 1378. Starting from the 1350s, the Ma'bar Sultanate was steadily absorbed into the risingVijayanagar Empire.[citation needed]

Thanjavur in 1869

Thanjavur is believed to have been conquered by Kampanna Udayar during his invasion ofSrirangambetween 1365 and 1371. Deva Raya's inscription dated 1443, Thirumala's inscription dated 1455 and Achuta Deva's land grants dated 1532 and 1539 attest Vijayanagar's dominance over Thanjavur.[11][19]Sevappa Nayak(1532–80), the Vijayanagar viceroy of Arcot, established himself as an independent monarch in 1532 (1549, according to some sources) and founded theThanjavur Nayak kingdom.[20]Achuthappa Nayak(1560–1614),Raghunatha Nayak(1600–34) andVijaya Raghava Nayak(1634–73) are some of the important rulers of the Nayak dynasty who ruled Thanjavur.[14][21]Thanjavur Nayaks were notable for their patronage of literature and arts.[22]The rule of the dynasty came to an end when Thanjavur fell to theMadurai NayakkingChokkanatha Nayak(1662–82) in 1673.[14]Vijaya Raghunatha Nayak, the son of Chokkanatha, was killed in a battle and Chokkanatha's brotherAlagiri Nayak(1673–75) was crowned as the ruler of the empire.[23]Most of palayakkars in Thanjavur fromKallarcaste. The Kallar held larger and richer estates than the Nayak.[24]

Thanjavur was successfully conquered in 1674 byEkoji I(1675–84), theMarathafeudatory of thesultan of Bijapurand half-brother ofShivaji(1627/30-80) of theBhonsledynasty. Ekoji founded theThanjavur Maratha kingdomwhich ruled Thanjavur till 1855.[11][14]The Marathas exercised their sovereignty over Thanjavur throughout the last quarter of the 17th and the whole of the 18th century. The Maratha rulers patronizedCarnatic music.In 1787, Amar Singh, the regent of Thanjavur, deposed the minor Raja, his nephewSerfoji II(1787–93) and captured the throne. Serfoji II was restored in 1799 with the assistance of theBritish,who induced him to relinquish the administration of the kingdom and left him in charge of Thanjavur fort and surrounding areas. The kingdom was eventually absorbed into British India in 1855 by theDoctrine of LapsewhenShivaji II(1832–55), the last Thanjavur Maratha ruler, died without a legitimate male heir. The British referred to the city as Tanjore in their records.[11]Five years after its annexation, the British replaced Negapatam (modern-dayNagapattinam) with Thanjavur as the seat of the district administration. Under the British, Thanjavur emerged as an important regional centre. The 1871 India census recorded a population of 52,171, making Thanjavur the third largest city in theMadras Presidency.[25]After India's independence, Thanjavur continued as the district headquarters.[26]

Geography and climate

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Thanjavur is located at10°48′N79°09′E/ 10.8°N 79.15°E/10.8; 79.15[27]The tributaries of riverCauvery,namely, theGrand Anaicutcanal (Pudhaaru), Vadavaaru andVennaarurivers flow through the city. Thanjavur is situated in theCauvery delta,at a distance of 340 km (210 mi) south-west ofChennaiand 56 km (35 mi) east ofTiruchirappalli.While the plains immediately adjoining the Cauvery river have been under cultivation from time immemorial, most of Thanjavur city and the surrounding areas lie in the "New Delta" – a dry, barren upland tract which was brought under irrigation during the early 19th century.[28][29]To the south of Thanjavur city, is theVallam tableland,a small plateau interspersed at regular intervals by ridges ofsandstone.[30]The nearest seaport isNagapattinamwhich is 84 km (52 mi) east of Thanjavur. The nearest airport isTiruchirapalli International Airport,located at a distance of 56 km (35 mi). The city has an elevation of 59 m (194 ft) above mean sea level. The total area of the city is 36.33 km2(14.03 sq mi).[31]

Climate data for Thanjavur (1981–1999, extremes 1975–1999)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.2
(93.6) 		38.5
(101.3) 		41.4
(106.5) 		43.0
(109.4) 		43.4
(110.1) 		43.0
(109.4) 		41.6
(106.9) 		41.2
(106.2) 		40.2
(104.4) 		40.5
(104.9) 		35.6
(96.1) 		36.0
(96.8) 		43.4
(110.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.8
(87.4) 		33.3
(91.9) 		36.0
(96.8) 		38.1
(100.6) 		39.1
(102.4) 		37.7
(99.9) 		37.0
(98.6) 		36.5
(97.7) 		35.2
(95.4) 		33.4
(92.1) 		30.7
(87.3) 		29.6
(85.3) 		34.8
(94.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		26.3
(79.3) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.4
(75.9) 		22.8
(73.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		24.3
(75.7)
Record low °C (°F) 17.1
(62.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.5
(68.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		17.0
(62.6) 		16.6
(61.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 25.7
(1.01) 		15.1
(0.59) 		14.9
(0.59) 		21.0
(0.83) 		36.1
(1.42) 		44.2
(1.74) 		62.9
(2.48) 		127.3
(5.01) 		144.9
(5.70) 		170.3
(6.70) 		180.6
(7.11) 		157.4
(6.20) 		1,000.5
(39.39)
Average rainy days 1.7 0.8 0.8 1.2 2.3 2.8 3.5 6.0 6.7 8.1 8.0 6.6 48.4
Averagerelative humidity(%)(at 17:30IST) 63 53 49 52 51 50 49 52 61 68 75 74 58
Source 1:India Meteorological Department[32][33]
Source 2:CRIDA[34]

The period from November to February in Thanjavur is pleasant, with a climate full of warm days and cool nights.[35]The onset of summer is from March, with the mercury reaching its peak by the end of May and June.[35]The average temperatures range from 81 °F (27 °C) in January to 97 °F (36 °C) in May and June. Summer rains are sparse and the first monsoon, theSouth-West monsoon,commences in June and continues till September.North-East monsoonbegins in October and continues till January.[35]The rainfall during the South-West monsoon period is much lower than that of the North-East monsoon.[29]The North-East monsoon is beneficial to the district at large because of the heavy rainfall and the Western ghats (mountain ranges) feeding the river Cauvery.[35]The average rainfall is 37 inches (940 mm), most of which is contributed by the North-East monsoon.[29]

Tourism and culture

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Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
Further information:Brihadeeswarar TempleandGreat Living Chola Temples

Thanjavur is an important pilgrim centre and a major tourist destination of Tamil Nadu.[36]South Zone Culture Centrein Thanjavur is one of the regional cultural centres established by the Government of India to preserve and promote cultural heritage of India.[37]There were 2,002,225 Indian and 81,435 foreign tourist arrivals in 2009 to Thanjavur.[36]The most visited monument in Thanjavur is theBrihadeeswarar Temple,whose construction, the historianPercy Browndescribed as "a landmark in the evolution of building art in South India".[38][39]Built in the 11th century by the Chola kingRaja Raja Chola I(985–1014), the temple is dedicated to the Hindu godShiva.[39]The walls of the sanctum are covered with wall paintings from the Chola and Nayak periods.[40][41][42]The temple was designated aUNESCO World Heritage Sitein 1987. It is replicated in theGangaikonda Cholesvarar Templeconstructed by Raja Raja's sonRajendra Chola I(1012–44).[39][43]King Raja Raja Chola memorial to have a complete makeover soon in Thanjavur.

Thanjavur Royal Palace courtyard
Figure depicting aThanjavur painting

TheThanjavur Maratha palacewas the official residence of theBhonslefamily who ruled over the Thanjavur region from 1674 to 1855. It was originally constructed by the rulers of theThanjavur Nayak kingdomand after their fall, it served as the official residence of the Thanjavur Marathas.[44]When most of the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom was annexed by the British Empire in 1799, the Thanjavur Marathas continued to hold sway over the palace and the surrounding fort. The southern side of the third quadrangle of the palace has a 190 ft (58 m) tower-like building, called the Goodagopuram.[44]Punnainallur Mariamman temple is about 7 km from Brihadeeswara temple. This temple was built by the first Maratha king of Thanjavur Venkoji in the year 1680.

TheSaraswathi Mahal Library,established around 1700 and located in the premises of the palace, contains over 30,000 Indian and European manuscripts written on palm leaf and paper.[45]Over eighty per cent of its manuscripts are inSanskritand many of them are on palm leaves. The Tamil works include treatises on medicine, and commentaries onSangam literature.[44]The Rajaraja Chola art gallery is located inside the palace – it has a large collection of stone and bronze images from the ninth to 12th centuries. Most of the idols present in the gallery were collected from various temples in the Thanjavur district.[46]TheSivaganga Parkis situated to the east of the Brihadeeswarar Temple and encompasses the Sivaganga Tank believed to have been built by the king Raja Raja Chola. It was created as a people's park by the Tanjore municipality in 1871–72.[47]It has a collection of plants, animals and birds and serves as a zoo for children within the city.[44]

Bharathanatyam, the South Indian dance form in display in Brihadeeswarar Temple
A modern statue ofRajaraja Chola I,Thanjavur

Schwartz Church, a historic monument located in the palace garden, was built in 1779 bySerfoji IIas a token of affection for Rev. C.V. Schwartz of the Danish Mission.[44]There are five museums in the city, namely: Archeological Museum, Tamil University Museum located with the Tamil University premises, the Saraswathi Mahal Library Museum located inside the Saraswathi Mahal, Nayak Durbar Hall Art Museum and Rajaraja Chola Museum.[44]Raja Rajan Manimandapam is one of the tourist attractions in Thanjavur, built during the Thanjavur Tamil Conference in 1991.[44]"Sangeetha Mahal" has a permanenthandicraftsexhibition centre. Thanjavur is the cradle for many of the arts andcraftsin South India.[48]Carnatic musicwas codified in Thanjavur and the art flourished during the Nayak rule in the 16th century.[49]Bharathanatyam,a classical dance form of South India, had its major styles developed in Thanjavur.[50]

Sathaya Thiruvizha is the annual birthday festival ofRaja Raja Cholaheld during October every year.[51]Thanjavur is the base for theTyagaraja Aradhana,aCarnatic musicfestival held annually during January – February atThiruvaiyaru,located 13 km (8.1 mi) away from the city.[52]Thanjavur paintingis a major form of classicalSouth Indianpainting from Thanjavur. It dates back to about the 1600s, the period ofNayakasof Thanjavur, who encouraged art, classical dance and music literature, both inTeluguand Tamil. The art is usually a combination of raised and painted surfaces, with the Hindu godKrishnabeing the most popular image depicted. In modern times, these paintings have become souvenirs of festive occasions in South India, wall decors, and collectors' items for art lovers.[53][54]

Thanjavur "thalayatti bommai" stall

Economy

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Paddy fieldin Thanjavur district

The major occupation of the inhabitants of the city is tourism and service-oriented industry, while the traditional occupation is agriculture.

Thanjavur is known as the "Rice bowl of Tamil Nadu".[55][56]Paddy(unmilled rice) is the crop and the other crops grown areblackgram,banana,coconut,gingelly,ragi,red gram,green gram,sugarcaneandmaize.The total percentage of land fit for cultivation is 58%. There are three seasons for agriculture in Thanjavur –Kuruvai(June to September),Samba(August to January) and Thaladi (September, October to February, March).[57]The total rice production has been maintained at 10.615 L.M.T and 7.077 L.M.T. The city acts as a focal point for food grains transported from the adjoining areas of theCauvery Delta.Organic farmingis gradually becoming known to the farmers of Thanjavur. To maximise agricultural produce, organic farming is being implemented. Though agriculture is the main economic activity, only 7% of the population is involved in it. There is a lot of agricultural related trading that forms the key economic activity in the city.[58]

Almond cultivation has been gaining popularity in Thanjavur, a district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The region's warm and dry climate, coupled with fertile soil, provides ideal conditions for growing almonds. The almonds produced in Thanjavur are known for their high quality and rich flavor. The trees bloom in early spring with pink and white flowers, and the nuts are ready for harvest in the fall. The almond crop in Thanjavur has become an important source of income for local farmers and has contributed to the region's agricultural diversity.[59]

Thanjavur is an important centre of silk weaving in Tamil Nadu. There were 200 silk weaving units in the city in 1991 with around 80,000 people working in them. Thanjavur is also famous for the 'Thalaiyatti bommai' or 'Dancing dolls' which is a doll made from clay, wood or plastic.[58][60]The sarees produced in the villages surrounding Thanjavur are sold in Thanjavur and neighbouring towns.[60]Increasing production costs and competition from large-scale producers have reduced the number of people involved in the production.[60]The city produces bell metal craft like Thanjavur metal plates, bronze images bowls, napkins and powder boxes made of copper and bronze. The city is a major manufacturer of pith works consisting of models of Hindu idols, mosques, garlands and other bird figurines. Manufacture of musical instruments likeveena,tambura,violin,mrithamgam,thavilandkanjirais another economic activity in the city.[58]

All majornationalised bankssuch asState Bank of India,Indian Bank,Central Bank of India,Punjab National Bank,Indian Overseas Bankand private banks likeICICI Bank,City Union Bankhave their branches in Thanjavur. All these banks have theirautomated teller machineslocated in various parts of the city.[61]Thanjavur farmers insure additional 2.5 lakh acres in 10 days, but acreage still lower than last year.

Demographics

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Religious census
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
 
 82.87%
Muslim
 
 8.34%
Christian
 
 8.58%
Sikh
 
 0.01%
Buddhist
 
 0.01%
Jain
 
 0.06%
Other
 
 0.11%
No religion
 
 0.01%

According to2011 census,Thanjavur had a population of approximately 250,000 with a sex-ratio of 1,042 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[63]A total of 19,860 were under the age of six, constituting 10,237 males and 9,623 females.Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribesaccounted for 9.22% and.21% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 83.14%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[63]There were a total of 78,005 workers, comprising 803 cultivators, 2,331 main agricultural labourers, 2,746 in house hold industries, 65,211 other workers, 6,914 marginal workers, 110 marginal cultivators, 235 marginal agricultural labourers, 322 marginal workers in household industries and 6,247 other marginal workers.[62]As per the religious census of 2011, Thanjavur (M) had 82.87%Hindus,8.34%Muslims,8.58%Christians,0.01%Sikhs,0.01%Buddhists,0.06%Jains,0.11% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[64]

As of 2008, a total 2,013.34 ha (4,975.1 acres) (55.4%) of the land was used for residential, 11.32 ha (28.0 acres) (3.06%) for commercial, 82.68 ha (204.3 acres) (2.28%) for industrial, 320.2 ha (791 acres) (8.81%) for public & semi public, 108.11 ha (267.1 acres) (2.98%) for educational and 996.85 ha (2,463.3 acres) (27.47%) for agriculture.[65] Tamil is the widely spoken language, with the standard dialect beingCentral Tamil dialect.Telugu,Thanjavur MarathiandSaurashtraare other languages spoken in the city. Thanjavur is the cultural and political center of theThanjavur Marathipeople. WhileHindusform the majority, the city also has a substantial population ofMuslimsandChristians.Roman Catholics in Thanjavur are affiliated to theRoman Catholic Diocese of Tanjoreand Protestants are affiliated to theTrichy–Tanjore Dioceseof theChurch of South India.[66]The workforce is predominantly involved in service industry involving trade and commerce.[67]With the expansion of the city area, the opportunities for agriculture is limited and only 7% of the population is involved in it.[67]

Transport

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Main articles:Transport in ThanjavurandThanjavur Air Force Station
NH 67in Thanjavur city

The National HighwaysNH 83and NH 36 pass through Thanjavur andNH 136and NH 67 connect Thanjavur respectively withPerambalurandThiruvurur.The city is connected withNagapattinam,Thiruvarur,Chennai,Coimbatore,Erode,Karur,Tirupur,Vellore,Perambalur,Ariyalur,Mysuru,Salem,Cuddalore,Viluppuram,Tiruchirappalli,Madurai,Kumbakonam,Mayiladuthurai,Karaikal,Mannargudi,Thiruthuraipoondi,Vedaranyam,Pattukkottai,Dindigul,Oddanchatram,Palani,Pudukkottai,Karaikudi,Tirunelveli,Bengaluru,Ernakulam,Nagercoil,Tirupathi,TrivandrumandOotythrough regular bus services. Thanjavur had a single bus terminus located at the heart of the city.[68]An integrated bus terminus, called New Bus stand was constructed in 1997 near Raja Serfoji College to handle the passenger traffic. Thanjavur has a well-maintained sub-urban public transport system. Government and private buses operate frequently between the two bus termini and other towns and villages likeVallam,Budalur,Mohamed Bunder,Nadukkavery,Pillaiyarpatti,Vallam Pudursethi,Sengipatti,Ammapettai,Mariamman Kovil,ThiruvaiyaruandKuruvadipatti.[69]

Thanjavur Junction railway station

The railway line connectingTiruchirappalli Junction railway stationtoChennai EgmoreviaThanjavur,theMain Lineis a historical line established bySouth Indian Railway Companyin 1879.[70]The Great Southern of India Railway Company (GSIR) operated a broad gauge rail service betweenNagapattinamandTiruchirapallivia Thanjavur between 1861 and 1875. During 1875 it was converted to a meter gauge line (MG line).[25]Modern day Thanjavur railway junction has three rail heads leading toTiruchirapalli,KumbakonamandThiruvarur.Thanjavur is connected by rail with most important cities and towns in India. There are daily express trains toChennai,Mysuru,Ernakulam,Thrissur,Palakkad,Coimbatore,Erode,Tiruppur,Tiruchirapalli,Salem,Karur,Madurai,Tirunelveli,Rameswaram,Tiruchendur,Cuddalore,Dharmapuri,Viluppuram,Chengalpattu,Mannargudi,Bengaluru,Dindigul,Pudukkottai,Karaikudi,Sivagangai,Manamaduraiand weekly trains toPondicherry,Nagercoil,Kanyakumari,Tirupati,Nellore,Itarsi,Visakhapatnam,Hubli,Vasco da Gama, Goa,Vijayawada,Chandrapur,Nagpur,Jabalpur,Satna,Katni,Allahabad,Varanasi,Jaunpur,Ayodhya,andBhubaneswar.There are frequent passenger trains from the city to towns likeThiruvarur,Nagapattinam,Karaikal,Tiruchirapalli,Kumbakonam,MayiladuthuraiandNagore,hubbali.[71][72][73]

In the early 1990s, Thanjavur was connected withChennaivia theVayudootflight service, which was stopped due to poor patronage. A full-fledged air force station is operational at Thanjavur.[74]Thanjavur Air Force Station was to become a major air base by 2012, to handleFighter,Transport aircraftand also refuelling aircraft.[75]However, the inauguration of theThanjavur Air Force Stationtook place on 27 May 2013.[76]TheThanjavur Air Force Stationbases a squadron of itsSukhoi Su-30SupermaneuverabilityFighter aircraftat Thanjavur, making it the first fighter squadron in Tamil Nadu.[77][78]The nearest airport isTiruchirapalli International Airport.The nearest Seaport is located atNagapattinam.

Administration and politics

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Municipal Corporational Officials
Mayor Thiru. Ramanathan[79]
Commissioner Thiru K.Saravanakumar[80]
Deputy Mayor Tmt. Dr. Anjugam Bhoopathy[81]
Elected Members
Member of Legislative Assembly T K G Neelamegam[82]
Member of Parliament S S Palanimanickam

The municipality of Tanjore was created in 1866 as a third grade municipality as per Town Improvements Act 1865 and initially consisted of 12 members. The number was increased to 18 in 1879 and 24 in 1883. In 1897, the members were empowered to elect a Municipal Chairperson to lead them. Tanjore was upgraded to a second grade municipality in 1933, first grade in 1943 and a special grade in 1983. The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head.[83]The legislative powers are vested in a body of 52 members, one each from the 52 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson assisted by a deputy chairperson.[84]

On 10 April 2013, the state government announced in the Assembly that Thanjavur municipality will be upgraded to a Municipal corporation.[85][86]Thanjavur City Corporation is likely to have an area of 110.27 km2(42.58 sq mi) of area, with a population of 3,20,828 and an income of₹411.8 million(US$4.9 million). The villages Pudupattinam,Nanjikottai,Neelagiri, Melaveli, Pillaiyarpatti, Ramanathapuram, Pallieri, Vilar andInathukanpattiare likely to be added to the municipal corporation limits.[87]Thanjavur became City Corporation on 10 April 2014.[88]

Thanjavur comes under theThanjavur State Assembly Constituencyand it elects a member to theTamil Nadu Legislative Assemblyonce every five years.[89][90]From the 1977 elections, the assembly seat was won byDravida Munnetra Kazhagam(DMK) six times during the 1977, 1980, 1989, 1996, 2001 and 2006 elections, theIndian National Congressparty once during the 1984 elections and theAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(AIADMK) twice during the 1991 and 2011 elections.[91][82]M. Karunanidhi,who served as theChief Minister of Tamil Nadufor a record five terms, was elected from theThanjavur assembly constituencyin the 1962 elections.[92]

Thanjavur is also a part of theThanjavur Lok Sabha constituencyand elects a member to theLok Sabha,the lower house of theParliament of India,once every five years.[90][93]The Lok Sabha seat has been held by theIndian National Congressfor Seven terms during 1951–56,[94]1957–62,[95]1962–1967,[96]1980–84, 1984–1989,[97]1989–91[98]and 1991–96,[99]Dravida Munnetra Kazhagamfor Seven terms during 1967–71,[100]1971–77,[101]1996–98, 1998–99,[102]1999–04,[103]2004–09[104]and 2009–present[105]and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam for one term during 1977–80.[106]R. Venkataraman,who served as thePresident of Indiafrom 1987 to 1992, was elected from theThanjavur Lok Sabha constituencyin the 1951 elections.[94]

Law and order in the city is maintained by the Thanjavur subdivision of theTamil Nadu Police,headed by a Deputy Superintendent (DSP). The Thanjavur district level police administration is headed by a Deputy Inspector General of Police, whose office is located in the city.[107]There are six police stations in the city, one of them being an all-women police station.[108]Some special units include prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a special branch that operates at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP).[107]

Education

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Main article:List of educational institutions in Thanjavur
Thanjavur Medical College

Thanjavur has a total of four Universities, namely thePeriyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology,PRIST University,SASTRA UniversityandTamil University.[109]The Tamil University is a state run institute, started during 1981 and obtained its statutory recognition from the University Grants Commission in 1983. It is the only one of its kind for the Tamil language doing higher research in Tamilology and advanced study in various allied branches like linguistics, translation, lexicography, music, drama and manuscriptology.[110][111]

Thanjavur has a total of 15 arts, science & management colleges and nine engineering colleges.[110]TheThanjavur Medical Collegewas established in 1961 and is one of the oldest medical colleges in Tamil Nadu.[112]The Paddy Processing Research Centre (PPRC), which later became theIndian Institute of Food Processing Technologyin 2017, is a hub for food processing research.[113]TheSaraswati Mahal Librarywhich dates back to the end of the 16th century and the Central Library, managed by the district administration are the two most prominent libraries in the city.[45]

There are 20 registered schools in Thanjavur, catering to the primary, secondary and higher secondary educational needs of the city.[114]St. Peter's Higher Secondary School at Thanjavur was established byRev. C F Schwartzduring 1784. Originally established as a college, it was the first school in South India which taught English to the local populace.St. Antony's Higher Secondary School,established in 1885 by the Diocese of Thanjavur, is one of the oldest schools in Thanjavur district. Christian Missionaries played a prominent role in promoting English education in Thanjavur.[115]Kalyanasundaram Higher Secondary School, established in 1891, is one of the oldest schools in the city.[116]

Utility services

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Electricity supply to Thanjavur is regulated and distributed by theTamil Nadu Electricity Board(TNEB). The city along with its suburbs is a part of Trichy Electricity Distribution Circle.[117]Water supply is provided by the Thanjavur Corporation from the Vadavar Canal, supplied through overhead tanks located in various parts of the city. During the 2000–01 period, a total of 31 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the city.[118]

About 110 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from Thanjavur every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the Thanjavur Corporation. The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001.[119]The underground drainage system covers 70% of the city and the remaining sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.[120]The corporation maintains a total of 155 km (96 mi) of storm water drains: 53.27 km (33.10 mi) surfaced drains and 101.73 km (63.21 mi) unlined drains.[121]

Neo tidel park announced in newly added city pillayarpatti

There are 37 hospitals and seven clinical labs in Thanjavur that take care of the health care needs of the citizens.[122]There are a total of 9,745 street lamps: 492 sodium lamps, 2,061 mercury vapour lamps, 7,180 tube lights and twelve high-mast beam lamps.[123]The corporation operates three markets, namely the Serfoji Market, Amarar Swaminathan Market and Kamaraj Market and another market, the Subramaniya Swami Koil Market, is maintained by the Subramania Swami Temple authority.[124]Thanjavur comes under the Thanjavur Telecom circle of theBharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Apart from telecom, BSNL also providesbroadband internetservice.[125]The Regional Passport office, Trichy, operates a Passport Seva Kendra (PSK) in Thanjavur, which PSK covers the Nagappattinam, Thiruvarur, Thanjavur, Pudukkottai, and Ariyalur revenue districts.[126]

Villages

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Some villages around Thanjavur city and comes under Thanjavur metropolitan area are

See also

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Notes

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Footnotes

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  • ^The municipalities in Tamil Nadu are graded special, selection, grade I and grade II based on income and population.

Citations

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References

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