Tarracois the ancient name of the current city ofTarragona(Catalonia,Spain). It was the oldest Roman settlement on theIberian Peninsula.It became the capital ofHispania Tarraconensisfollowing the latter's creation during theRoman Empire.
 | |
  Shown within Spain | |
| Location | Tarragona,Catalonia,Spain |
|---|---|
| Region | Hispania |
| Coordinates | 41°6′59″N1°15′19″E/ 41.11639°N 1.25528°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Cultures | Iberian,Roman |
| Official name | Archaeological Ensemble of Tárraco |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | ii, iii |
| Designated | 2000(24thsession) |
| Reference no. | 875rev |
| Region | Europe and North America |
In 2000, the archaeological ensemble of Tarraco was declared aWorld Heritage SitebyUNESCO.
History
editOrigins and the Second Punic War
edit
The area was inhabited from the 5th century BC byIberians,mainly in theEbroValley, who had commercial contacts with theGreeksandPhoenicianssettled on the coast.
Tarraco is first mentioned after the arrival ofGnaeus Cornelius Scipio CalvusatEmpúriesin 218 BC at the start of theSecond Punic Warwhich began theRoman conquest of Hispania.The Romans conquered a field of Punic supplies for Hannibal's troops nearCissisand took the city. A short time later, the Romans were attacked "not far from Tarraco".[1]Cissis and Tarraco may have been the same city. Cissis may be equated withKesse,the name oncoins of Iberian originfrom the 1st and 2nd century BC that were marked according to Roman weight standards.
In 217 BC Roman reinforcements arrived under the command ofPublius Scipio,and he and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius are attributed with the enhanced fortification of Tarraco and the establishment of a military port.[2]The Roman city wall was probably constructed on top of the more ancient wall characteristic of the Iberian stonemason.
After the death of the Scipio brothers, Tarraco wasScipio Africanus's(son of Publius) winter base between 211 and 210,[3]and where he met the tribes of Hispania inconventus.[4]The population was largely loyal to the Romans during the war and the fishermen of Tarraco (piscatores Tarraconenses) served with their boats during the siege ofCarthago Nova.[5]
Roman Republic
editThe conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans took over 200 years.
During the following two centuries Tarraco remained a supply and winter base camp during the wars against the Celtiberians, as it was during the Second Punic War. There was therefore a strong military presence during this period, possibly in the highest area of what is currently the city's historic quarter, called the Part Alta. In 197 BC, all of the conquered areas, even narrow strips along the Mediterranean coast, were divided between the new provinces ofHispania UlteriorandHispania Citerior.The capital of Hispania Citerior was principallyCarthago NovabutStrabosays that the governors also resided in Tarraco.[6]
The legal status of Tarraco was probably as aconventus civium Romanorum(conventus = meeting of Roman citizens of the province) during the Republic, with twomagistri(civilian directors) at its head.Gaius Porcius Cato,consul in the year 114 BC, chose Tarraco as the place of his exile in the year 108, indicating that Tarraco was a free city or at least an ally at that time.
When Caesar conquered supporters ofPompeyin 49 BC inIlerda(Lleida), Tarraco supported his army with food.[7]It is likely that Tarraco received the status ofcoloniaby Julius Caesar after his victory in Munda, around 45 BC, with the epithet Iulia in its formal name:Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco,which would remain for the duration of the Empire.[8]
Age of Augustus
edit
In 27 BCAugustusreorganised the Roman provinces: Hispania Citerior was replaced by the larger province ofHispania Tarraconensis,the name derived from that of its capital, and which included the territories conquered in central, northern and north-western Hispania.
In the same yearAugustuswent to Spain to monitor the campaigns inCantabriaand due to his poor health he preferred to stay in Tarraco.[9]Apparently, Augustus had built an altar in the city, and a story by the rhetoricianQuintilianmentions that the inhabitants of Tarraco boasted to Augustus that a palm tree had miraculously grown on the altar. He replied drily that that would mean it was not used very often.[10]
Soon after he arrived the oldvia Herculeabecame theVia Augusta.A milestone, found in Tarragona's Plaça de Braus, mentions the road between 12 and 6 BC, leading toBarcinoto the north-east andDertosa,Saguntumand (Valentia) to the south.
The city flourished under Augustus. The writer Pomponius Mela describes it in the 1st century AD as follows: "Tarraco is the richest port on this coast" (Tarraco urbs est en his oris maritimarum opulentissima).[11]Tarraco under Augustus and Tiberius minted its own coins with depictions of the imperial cult and the inscription CVT, CVTT o CVTTAR.[12]
After the death of Augustus in the year 14 AD, the emperor was officially deified and in 15 AD a temple was erected in his honour, probably in the easternmost neighbourhood of the city or near the Colonial Forum, as mentioned by Tacitus in hisannales.[13]
High Empire
editIn 68 ADGalba,who lived in Tarraco for eight years, was proclaimed emperor inClunia Sulpicia.Vespasianbegan a reorganization of the precarious finances of the state. According to Pliny, this allowed Latin citizenship to be granted to the inhabitants of Hispania.[14]The Iberian peninsula, which since ancient times consisted of urban areas and a land divided by tribal organizations, was transformed into areas organized around urban centers, whether incoloniesormunicipalities,thereby facilitating tax collection. A rapid increase in construction took place, possibly due to the reorganization of the province.Tarragona Amphitheatre,the temple area, and theProvincial forumat the top of the city were probably built during this period. Most of the statues at these locations were probably placed there between 70 and 180 AD.
The patron of the citySenatorLucius Licinius Surawas appointed under the EmperorTrajan.Sura came from Tarraconensis and reached one of the highest offices of state. In the winter 122-123 ADHadrianis thought to have visited the city to hold aconventusfor Hispania. He also rebuilt the temple of Augustus.
Tarraco started experiencing severe economic difficulties at the end of the 2nd century AD. Few statues were built in honor of the city, probably due to a lack of funds.[15]This period also saw the defeat of the struggle against the EmperorClodius Albinus,who was supported by the governor of Tarraconensis Novio, Lucius Rufo. At this time inscriptions dedicated to Provinciae Concilium start to disappear to be increasingly replaced by inscriptions dedicated to members of the military. There started being fewer influential merchants in theordo decurionum(civil administration) and morepatroni(large landowners and public senior officials). Severus rebuilt the amphitheater and associated structures, as evidenced by an inscription at the bottom.[16]
Late antiquity
edit
After the imperial administration reforms ofDiocletian,the peninsula became a diocese divided into six provinces that were much smaller than before. Tarraco remained the capital, but of a much smaller province.
The invasions in about 260[17]by groups of bothFranksandAlemannicreated hardships for a decade but excavations have not shown effects of these raids within the city and destruction has only been seen in the harbour area and outside the walls.[18]
Aportico of Jupiterwas built betweenDiocletianand Maximian (286 to 293) which may be part of a basílica.[19]
In 476, following the collapse ofRomandefenses along the Rhine, Tarraco was occupied by theVisigothsand KingEuric.There is no evidence of destruction and apparently the capture of the city was relatively quiet. The Visigoths probably took over existing structures by establishing a small group of nobles, which the existence of Christian tombs in this period seems to confirm. The end of the ancient history of the city came with thearrival of the Muslimsin 713 or 714.
Archaeological ensemble
editThe archaeological ensemble of Tarraco is one of the largest archaeological sites of Roman Hispania preserved in Spain today. Inscriptions on the stones of houses written inLatinand even inPhoeniciancan be found throughout the city. Part of the foundations of the large Cyclopean walls near the so-called Pilate's offices are believed to be of pre-Roman origins. This building, which was a prison in the 19th century, is said to have been the palace ofAugustus.The amphitheatre, located near the seashore stands with large parts of its structure surviving and measures 46 m long.
The RomanAqueduct de les Ferreres,also called Pont del Diable (Devil's Bridge), crosses a valley about 4 km (2.5 mi) from the city. It is 21 m (69 ft) long, and its lower arches, of which there are two rows, are almost 3 m (9.8 ft) tall. The Roman tomb, calledTorre dels Escipions(Tower of the Scipios), lies 1.5 km (0.93 mi) to the north-west of the city.[20]
Monuments
editUNESCO World Heritage Site
editUNESCOincluded the ruins of the ancient Roman city of Tarraco on its list ofWorld Heritage Sites,because they meet two criteria:[21]
Criterion ii. The Roman remains of Tarraco are of exceptional importance in the Roman development of planning and urban design and served as model for provincial capitals elsewhere in the Roman world. Criterion iii. Tarraco provides an eloquent and unparalleled testimony in the history of the Mediterranean lands in antiquity.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^Livy 21, 60, 1ff.
- ^Plinius:Naturalis historia3, 21.
- ^Livy 26, 20, 4
- ^Livy 26, 19 u. 51.
- ^Livy 27, 42; Livy 26, 45.
- ^Strabo 3, 4, 7.
- ^Caesar,De Bello Civili1, 60.
- ^AE 1957, 26
- ^Suetonio,Augustus26, 3.
- ^Quintilian,Institutio oratoria6, 3.
- ^Mela II 90.
- ^Burnett,Roman Provincial Coinage I.218/219.
- ^Tacito:Annales1, 78.
- ^Pliny: Naturalis Historia, 3, 4, 30
- ^RE, Supl. XV, 598, Tarraco, Géza Alföldy
- ^RIT (= G. Alföldy:Die Römischen Inschriften von Tarraco.Madrider Forschungen 10, Berlin 1975) 84.
- ^Victor Aurelius, Liber de Caesaribus, XXXIII, 3
- ^Macías, J.M. 2000. Tarraco en la Antigüedad Tardía: un proceso simultáneo de trans-formación urbana e ideológica, in: Ribera, A. (ed.), Los orígenes del cristianismo en Valencia y su entorno. Valencia: Ajuntament de València, 260-26
- ^G. Alföldy in RE Suppl XV Sp. 599 see AE, 1929, 00233, RIT 91 for the inscription.
- ^Cf. Ford,Handbook,p. 219,seq.; Florez,España Sagradaxxix. p. 68,seq.; Miñano,Diccion.viii. p. 398
- ^"Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.Retrieved2023-12-21.
External links
edit