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Tartuffe

"Elmire" redirects here. For the hamlet in North Yorkshire, England, seeEldmire.
This article is about the play. For other uses, seeTartuffe (disambiguation).

Tartuffe, or The Impostor, or The Hypocrite(/tɑːrˈtʊf,-ˈtuːf/;[1]French:Tartuffe, ou l'Imposteur,pronounced[taʁtyfulɛ̃pɔstœʁ]), first performed in 1664, is a theatricalcomedybyMolière.The characters of Tartuffe, Elmire, and Orgon are considered among the greatest classical theatre roles.

Tartuffe
19th-centurycostume design
Written byMolière
Date premiered1664
Original languageFrench
GenreComedy
SettingOrgon's house in Paris, 1660s

History

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Molière performed his first version ofTartuffein 1664. Almost immediately following its performance that same year atVersailles' grandfêtes(The Party of the Delights of the Enchanted Island/Les fêtes des plaisirs de l'ile enchantée),King Louis XIVsuppressed it, probably under the influence of thearchbishop of Paris,Paul Philippe Hardouin de Beaumont de Péréfixe,the King'sconfessorand formertutor.[2]While the king had little personal interest in suppressing the play, he did so because, as stated in the official account of the fête:

although it was found to be extremely diverting, the king recognized so much conformity between those that a true devotion leads on the path to heaven and those that a vain ostentation of some good works does not prevent from committing some bad ones, that his extreme delicacy to religious matters can not suffer this resemblance of vice to virtue, which could be mistaken for each other; although one does not doubt the good intentions of the author, even so he forbids it in public, and deprived himself of this pleasure, in order not to allow it to be abused by others, less capable of making a just discernment of it.[2]: 76 

As a result of Molière's play, contemporary French and English both use the word "tartuffe" to designate ahypocritewho ostensibly and exaggeratedly feignsvirtue,especially religious virtue. The play is written entirely in twelve-syllable lines (alexandrines) ofrhyming couplets—1,962 lines total.[3]

Characters

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Character Description
Orgon:Molière Head of the house and husband of Elmire, he is blinded by admiration for Tartuffe.
Tartuffe: Du Croisy Houseguest of Orgon, hypocritical religious devotee who attempts to seduce Elmire
Valère:La Grange The young romantic lead, who struggles to win the hand of his true love, Orgon's daughter Mariane.
Madame Pernelle: LouisBéjart,cross-dressed Mother of Orgon; grandmother of Damis and Mariane
Elmire:Armande Béjart-Molière Wife of Orgon, step-mother of Damis and Mariane
Dorine:Madeleine Béjart Family housemaid (suivante), who tries to help expose Tartuffe and help Valère and Mariane.
Cléante:La Thorillière Brother of Elmire, brother-in-law of Orgon (the play'sraisonneur)
Mariane: Mlle de Brie Daughter of Orgon, the fiancée of Valère and sister of Damis
Damis: André Hubert Son of Orgon and brother of Mariane
Laurent Servant of Tartuffe (non-speaking character)
Argas Friend of Orgon who was anti-Louis XIV during theFronde(mentioned but not seen).
Flipote Servant of Madame Pernelle (non-speaking character)
Monsieur Loyal: Mr. De Brie A bailiff
A King's Officer/The Exempt An officer of the king

Plot

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Orgon's family is up in arms because Orgon and his mother have fallen under the influence of Tartuffe, a pious fraud (and a vagrant prior to Orgon's help). Tartuffe pretends to be pious and to speak with divine authority, and Orgon and his mother no longer take any action without first consulting him.

Tartuffe's antics do not fool the rest of the family or their friends; they detest him. Orgon raises the stakes when he announces that Tartuffe will marry Orgon's daughter Mariane (who is already engaged to Valère). Mariane becomes very upset at this news, and the rest of the family realizes how deeply Tartuffe has embedded himself into the family.

In an effort to show Orgon how awful Tartuffe really is, the family devises a scheme to trap Tartuffe into confessing to Elmire (Orgon's wife) his desire for her. As a pious man and a guest, he should have no such feelings for the lady of the house, and the family hopes that after such a confession, Orgon will throw Tartuffe out of the house. Indeed, Tartuffe does try to seduce Elmire, but their interview is interrupted when Orgon's son Damis, who has been eavesdropping, is no longer able to control his boiling indignation and jumps out of his hiding place to denounce Tartuffe.

Frontispiece and title page ofTartuffe or The Imposterfrom a 1739 collected edition of his works in French and English, printed by John Watts. The engraving depicts the amoral Tartuffe being deceitfully seduced by Elmire, the wife of his host, Orgon who hides under a table.

Tartuffe is at first shocked but recovers very well. When Orgon enters the room and Damis triumphantly tells him what happened, Tartuffe usesreverse psychologyand accuses himself of being the worst sinner:

Oui, mon frère, je suis un méchant, un coupable.
Un malheureux pécheur tout plein d'iniquité
Yes, my brother, I am wicked, guilty.
A miserable sinner just full of iniquity.[4]

Orgon is convinced that Damis was lying and banishes him from the house. Tartuffe even convinces Orgon to order that, to teach Damis a lesson, Tartuffe should be around Elmire more than ever. As a gift to Tartuffe and further punishment to Damis and the rest of his family, Orgon signs over all his worldly possessions to Tartuffe.

In a later scene, Elmire challenges Orgon to be witness to a meeting between her and Tartuffe. Orgon, ever easily convinced, decides to hide under a table in the same room, confident that Elmire is wrong. He overhears Elmire resisting Tartuffe's very forward advances. When Tartuffe has incriminated himself definitively and is dangerously close to violating Elmire, Orgon comes out from under the table and orders Tartuffe out of his house. The wily guest means to stay, and Tartuffe finally shows his hand. It turns out that earlier, before the events of the play, Orgon had admitted to Tartuffe that he had possession of a box of incriminating letters (written by a friend, not by him). Tartuffe had taken charge and possession of this box, and now tells Orgon that he (Orgon) will be the one to leave. Tartuffe takes his temporary leave. Orgon's family tries to decide what to do. Very soon, Monsieur Loyal shows up with a message from Tartuffe and the court itself; they must exit the house because it now belongs to Tartuffe. Dorine makes fun of Monsieur Loyal's name, mocking his fake loyalty. Even Madame Pernelle, who had refused to believe any ill about Tartuffe even in the face of her son's actually witnessing it, has become convinced of Tartuffe's duplicity.

No sooner does Monsieur Loyal leave than Valère rushes in with the news that Tartuffe has denounced Orgon for aiding and assisting a traitor by keeping the incriminating letters and that Orgon is about to be arrested. Before Orgon can flee, Tartuffe arrives with an officer, but to his surprise, the officer arrests him instead. The officer explains that the enlightened KingLouis XIV—who is not mentioned by name—has heard of the injustices happening in the house and, appalled by Tartuffe's treachery towards Orgon, has ordered Tartuffe's arrest instead.

It is revealed that Tartuffe has a long criminal history and has often changed his name to avoid being caught. As a reward for Orgon's previous good services, the king not only forgives him for keeping the letters but also invalidates the deed that gave Tartuffe possession of Orgon's house and possessions. The entire family is thankful that it has escaped the mortification of both Orgon's potential disgrace and their dispossession.

The drama ends well, and Orgon announces the upcoming wedding of Valère and Mariane. The surprisetwist ending,in which everything is set right by the unexpected benevolent intervention of the heretofore unseen king, is considered a notable modern-day example of the classical theatrical plot devicedeus ex machina.

Controversy

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ThoughTartuffewas received well by the public and even by Louis XIV, it immediately sparked conflict amongst many different groups who were offended by the play's portrayal of someone who was outwardly pious but fundamentally mercenary, lecherous, and deceitful; and who uses their profession of piety to prey on others. The factions opposed to Molière's work included part of the hierarchy of theFrench Roman Catholic Church,members of upper-class French society, and the illegal underground organization called theCompagnie du Saint-Sacrement.Tartuffe's popularity was cut short when thearchbishop of ParisPéréfixeissued an edict threatening excommunication for anyone who watched, performed in, or read the play. Molière attempted to assuage church officials by rewriting his play to seem more secular and less critical of religion, but the archbishop and other leading officials would not budge. The revised, second version of the play was calledL'Imposteurand had a main character named Panulphe instead of Tartuffe, the only performance of which occurred in the Palais-Royal theatre on 5 August 1667. Immediately the following day, on 6 August, as the king was away from Paris,Guillaume de Lamoignon,first president of theParis Parlement,censored public performances.[5]

Even throughout Molière's conflict with the church, Louis XIV continued to support the playwright; it is possible that without the King's support, Molière might have beenexcommunicated.Although public performances of the play were banned, private performances for the Frencharistocracydid occur.[6]In 1669, after Molière's detractors lost much of their influence, he was finally allowed to perform the final version of his play. However, due to all thecontroversysurroundingTartuffe,Molière mostly refrained from writing such incisive plays as this one again.[7]

An ally of Molière (believed by Robert McBride to beFrançois de La Mothe Le Vayer,but a hotly-debated point)[8][9]responded to criticism ofTartuffein 1667 with aLettre sur la comédie de l'Imposteur.The anonymous author sought to defend the play[a]to the public by describing the plot in detail and then rebutting two common arguments made for why the play was banned. The first being that theatrical works should not discuss religion at all; the second being that Tartuffe's actions on stage, followed by his pious speech, would make the audience think that they were to act as Tartuffe did. This section of letter contradicts the latter by describing how Tartuffe's actions are worthy ofridicule,in essence comic, and therefore by no means an endorsement.[citation needed]

The comic is the outward and visible form that nature's bounty has attached to everything unreasonable, so that we should see, and avoid it. To know the comic we must know the rational, of which it denotes the absence and we must see wherein the rational consists... incongruity is the heart of the comic... it follows that all lying, disguise, cheating, dissimulation, all outward show different from the reality, all contradiction in fact between actions that proceed from a single source, all this is in essence comic.[10]

Centuries later, when thesatiricalanticlericalmagazineLa Calottestarted publication in 1906, its first editorial asserted thatLaughter is the only weapon feared by the soldiers of Tartuffe;the new magazine proposed to effectively deploy that weapon, with articles and cartoons mercilessly lampooning the Catholic Church and its clergy.[11][12][13]

Production history

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The original version of the play was in three acts and was first staged on 12 May 1664 at thePalace of Versailles' Cour de Marbre[14]as part offestivitiesknown asLes Plaisirs de l'île enchantée.Because of the attacks on the play and the ban that was placed on it, this version was never published, and no text has survived, giving rise to much speculation as to whether it was a work in progress or a finished piece. Many writers believe it consisted of the first three acts of the final version, whileJohn Cairncrosshas proposed that acts 1, 3, and 4 were performed.[15]Although the original version could not be played publicly, it could be given privately,[15]and it was seen on 25 September 1664 inVillers-Cotterêts,for Louis' brotherPhilippe I, Duke of Orléans,akaMonsieurand 29 November 1664 at theChâteau du Raincy,for the veteran of theFronde,Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti.[16]

The second version,L'Imposteur,was in five acts and performed only once, on 5 August 1667 in theThéâtre du Palais-Royal.On 11 August, before any additional performances, theArchbishop of ParisPéréfixe banned this version also. The largely-final, revised third version in five acts, under the titleTartuffe, ou L'Imposteur,appeared on 5 February 1669 at the Palais-Royal theatre and was highly successful.[15]This version was published[17]and is the one that is generally performed today.[15]

Modern productions

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Since Molière's time,Tartuffehas stayed on the repertoire of theComédie-Française,where it is its most performed play.[18]

The Russiantheatre practitionerConstantin Stanislavskiwas working on a production ofTartuffewhen he died in 1938. It was completed byMikhail Kedrovand opened on 4 December 1939.[19]

The first Broadway production took place at theANTA Washington Square Theatrein New York and ran from 14 January 1965 to 22 May 1965. The cast includedMichael O'Sullivanas Tartuffe,Sada Thompsonas Dorine,Salome Jensas Elmire,Hal Holbrookas M. Loyal,John Phillip Lawas King's Officer,Laurence Luckinbillas Damis andTony Lo Biancoas Sergeant.[20]

TheNational Theatre Companyperformed a production in 1967 using theRichard Wilburtranslation and featuringJohn Gielgudas Orgon,Robert Stephensas Tartuffe,Jeremy Brettas Valere,Derek Jacobias The Officer andJoan Plowrightas Dorine.[21]

A production ofRichard Wilbur's translation of the play opened at theCircle in the Square Theatrein 1977, withJohn Woodas Tartuffe, and co-starringTammy Grimesas Elmire,Stefan Gieraschas Orgon,Ray Wiseas Damis,Swoosie Kurtzas Mariane andPatricia Elliottas Dorine.[22]

ARoyal Shakespeare Companyproduction using theChristopher Hamptontranslation and directed by Bill Alexander was performed atThe Pit Theatrein London in 1983. The production includedAntony Sheras Tartuffe,Nigel Hawthorneas Orgon,Mark Rylanceas Damis,Alison Steadmanas Elmire, Stephanie Fayerman as Dorine andDavid Bradleyas Cleante.[23]

Charles Randolph-Wright staged a production of Tartuffe, July 1999, at American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, which was set among affluent African Americans of Durham, North Carolina, in the 1950s.[24]

A translation byRanjit Boltwas staged at London'sPlayhouse Theatrein 1991 withAbigail Cruttenden,Paul Eddington,Jamie Glover,Felicity Kendal,Nicholas Le Prevost,John SessionsandToby Stephens.[25]Bolt's translation was later staged at London's National Theatre in 2002 withMargaret Tyzackas Madame Pernelle,Martin Clunesas Tartuffe,Clare Holmanas Elmire,Julian Wadhamas Cleante andDavid Threlfallas Orgon.[26]

David Ball adaptedTartuffefor theTheatre de la Jeune Lunein 2006 and Dominique Serrand revived this production in 2015 in a coproduction withBerkeley Repertory Theatre,South Coast Repertoryand theShakespeare Theatre Company.[27]

Liverpudlian poetRoger McGough's translation premièred at theLiverpool Playhousein May 2008 and transferred subsequently to theRose Theatre, Kingston.[28]

TheRoyal Shakespeare Companyproduced a new version byAnil Guptaand Richard Pinto which relocated the story to the modern-dayPakistani-Muslimcommunity ofSparkhill,Birmingham.It premiered at theSwan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avonin September 2018 before transferring toBirmingham Repertory Theatrein October 2022.[29]

In 2021, Singapore theatre companyW!ld Ricecommissioned a new version by Singaporean playwrightJoel Tan,which premiered in 2022. Tan's version adds a new plot twist: Valère's engagement to Mariane is a lavender marriage to cover up his torrid affair with Damis and her desire to become an independent woman.

In 2022, a feminist reimagining written by Flora Davies and Siân Lawrence was presented at Oxford's BT Studio by Green Sun Productions to great acclaim. This adaptation sets the action within a fictional feminist consultancy firm; Orgon and Elmire become Co-CEOs and Tartuffe a new hire in the office. The production transferred to the Edinburgh Fringe in August 2023.

Adaptations

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Film

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Stage

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  • The National Theatre, England, adapted this for stage in 1967 atThe Old Vic Theatre,London. Translated byRichard Wilbur,directed byTyrone Guthrieand ran for 39 performances, closing in 1969.[32]
  • Tartuffe in Texasis set inDallas,Texas;published in 2012 by Eldridge Publishing.[33]
  • Bell Shakespeare Company,Tartuffe - The Hypocritetranslated from original French byJustin Flemingin 2014 and earlier forMelbourne Theatre Companyin 2008, with uniquely varied rhyming verse forms.
  • American Stage Theatre Company inSt. Petersburg, Florida,adapted Tartuffe in 2016, staged in modern-day as a political satire, with Orgon, as a wealthy American businessman who entrusts his reputation and his fortune to up-and-coming politician, Tartuffe.[34]
  • It was adapted for an Australian audience in the "post-truth"age[35]by playwright Philip Kavanagh, performed by theState Theatre Company of South AustraliaandBrink Productions,October–November 2016 inAdelaide.[36]
  • An adaptation in English rhyming couplets set in London in 2017 by Andrew Hilton and Dominic Power, premiered by Shakespeare at the Tobacco Factory and Tobacco Factory Theatres in Bristol, April–May 2017. Tartuffe a bogus business guru preying on old-school Tory politician in mid-life crisis.[citation needed]
  • In 2022, a feminist reimagining written by Flora Davies and Siân Lawrence was presented at Oxford's BT Studio by Green Sun Productions to great acclaim.[37]This adaptation sets the action within a fictional feminist consultancy firm; Orgon and Elmire become Co-CEOs and Tartuffe a new hire in the office. The production transferred to the Edinburgh Fringe in August 2023.[38]

Television

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Opera

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Audio

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  • On 10 December 1939, an hour-long adaptation was broadcast on the NBC radio seriesGreat Plays.[43]
  • In 1968,Caedmon Recordsrecorded and released on LP (TRS 332) a production performed that same year by the Stratford National Theatre of Canada as part of theStratford Festival(see "Stratford Shakespeare Festival production history") using theRichard Wilburtranslation and directed by Jean Gascon. The cast includedDouglas Rainas Orgon andWilliam Huttas Tartuffe.[44]
  • In 2009,BBC Radio 3broadcast an adaptation directed by Gemma Bodinetz and translated byRoger McGough,based on the 2008 Liverpool Playhouse production (see "Modern Productions" above), withJohn Rammas Tartuffe, Joseph Alessi as Orgon,Simon Coatesas Cleante,Annabelle Dowleras Dorine,Rebecca Laceyas Elmire, Robert Hastie as Damis and Emily Pithon as Marianne.[45]
  • L.A. Theatre Worksperformed and recorded a production in 2010 (ISBN1-58081-777-7) with theRichard Wilburtranslation and featuringBrian Bedfordas Tartuffe,Martin Jarvisas Orgon,Alex Kingstonas Elmire,Matthew Rhysas Valere,Gia Caridesas Dorine, andJohn de Lancieas Cleante. The production was directed byDakin Matthews.[46]
  • In 2022, for Moliere's 400th Anniversary, a modern English adaptation is released, starringDavid Sereroas Tartuffe.[47]

Notes

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  1. ^the 2nd version, before the largely-finished 3rd version in 1669

References

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  1. ^"Tartuffe".Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  2. ^abRey, François; Lacouture, Jean (2007),Molière et le roi,éditions du seuil
  3. ^Molière (2002).Tartuffe.Translated by Martin Sorrel. London:Nick Hern Books.
  4. ^Molière.Tartuffe.III.vi.
  5. ^Prest, Julia (2016). "Failed Seductions and the Female Spectator: Pleasure and Polemic in theLettre sur la comédie de l'Imposteur".Yale French Studies(130): 10–23.JSTOR44512289.
  6. ^Pitts, Vincent J. (2000).La Grande Mademoiselle at the Court of France: 1627—1693.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 250.ISBN0-8018-6466-6.
  7. ^Pavlovski, Linda, ed. (2001)."Molière: Introduction".Drama Criticism.13(2006 ed.). Gale Group, Inc.Retrieved26 November2007– via eNotes.com.
  8. ^McBride, Robert (2005).Moliere Et Son Premier Tartuffe.Manchester University Press.ISBN0907310575.
  9. ^Prest, Julia (2016). "Failed Seductions and the Female Spectator: Pleasure and Polemic in theLettre sur la comédie de l'Imposteur".Yale French Studies(130): 11.JSTOR44512289.Scholars have been slow to accept this attribution, however, and other names that are commonly put forward are Jean Donneau de Visé and Claude- Emmanuel Huillier, better known as Chapelle.
  10. ^"Molière".Encyclopædia Britannica.2007.Retrieved4 December2007.
  11. ^La CalotteatGallica
  12. ^Almanach de La Calotteat Gallica
  13. ^La Calotteat caricaturesetcaricature.com
  14. ^"Versailles: The Cour de Marbre".6 February 2017.
  15. ^abcdKoppisch 2002.
  16. ^Garreau 1984, vol. 3, p. 417.
  17. ^Molière 1669.
  18. ^Engelberts, Matthijs (2018), "Molière's Tartuffe and French National Identity: Reconfiguring the King, the People and the Church",Reconsidering National Plays in Europe,Springer International Publishing, pp. 211–243,doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75334-8_8,ISBN9783319753331
  19. ^Benedetti (1999, 389).
  20. ^"Tartuffe (1965 Broadway production)".Internet Broadway Database.Retrieved17 July2023.
  21. ^"Tartuffe: National Theatre. Translated by Richard Wilbur".Theatricalia.com.21 November 1967.Retrieved14 December2016.
  22. ^"Tartuffe (1977 Broadway Production)".Internet Broadway Database.Retrieved17 July2023.
  23. ^"RSC Productions: Tartuffe (1983)".Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.Retrieved17 July2023.
  24. ^Shirley, Don (5 July 1999)."Fresh, Clever 'Tartuffe' Hits New Heights".Los Angeles Times.San Francisco.Retrieved4 April2022.
  25. ^"Tartuffe: Translation by Ranjit Bolt".Theatricalia.com.Retrieved14 December2016.
  26. ^"Production of Tartuffe".Theatricalia.com.Retrieved14 December2016.
  27. ^"Berkeley Rep Presents Tartuffe"(PDF).Berkeleyrep.org.Retrieved14 December2016.
  28. ^Key, Philip (15 May 2008)."Tartuffe, Roger McGough, Liverpool Playhouse".Liverpool Daily Post.
  29. ^"Tartuffe".Royal Shakespeare Company.14 October 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 20 March 2023.Retrieved20 March2023.
  30. ^"Tartuffe (1925) directed by F.W. Murnau".IMDB.com.Retrieved17 July2023.
  31. ^"Le tartuffe (1984) directed by Gerard Depardieu".IMDB.com.Retrieved17 July2023.
  32. ^"Tartuffe".National Theatre.Retrieved20 May2017– via catalogue.nationaltheatre.org.uk.
  33. ^"Eldridge Plays & Musicals".Histage.com.Retrieved14 December2016.
  34. ^"Tartuffe".americanstage.org.American Stage Theatre Company.Retrieved14 December2016.
  35. ^Brooker, Ben (11 November 2016)."Tartuffe".australianbookreview.com.au.Australian Book Review.
  36. ^"Review: Tartuffe".The Adelaide Review.9 November 2016.
  37. ^"theoxfordblue.co.uk".www.theoxfordblue.co.uk.Retrieved14 August2023.
  38. ^"Tartuffe, the Imposter: A Feminist Reimagining (Green Sun Productions)".www.thespaceuk.com.Retrieved14 August2023.
  39. ^"BBC Play of the Month (1965–1983): Tartuffe".IMDb.com.Retrieved14 December2016.
  40. ^"Tartuffe (TV Movie, 1978)".IMDB.com.Retrieved17 July2023.
  41. ^"Tartuffe Or the Imposter (1985)".ftvdb.bfi.org.uk.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 29 January 2009.Retrieved14 December2016.
  42. ^"Tartuffe".BBC.12 March 2023.Retrieved20 March2023.
  43. ^"Great Plays: Tartuffe (12/10/39)".Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs.Retrieved17 July2023.
  44. ^"Stratford National Theater of Canada: Tartuffe".Discogs.com.Retrieved17 July2023.
  45. ^"Drama on 3: Tartuffe".BBC.co.uk.BBC Radio 3. 24 July 2016.Retrieved14 December2016.
  46. ^"LATW: Tartuffe".L.A. Theatre Works.Retrieved17 July2023.
  47. ^"Tartuffe by Moliere (English adaptation): English Adap... Audiobook".

Sources

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  • Benedetti, Jean. 1999.Stanislavski: His Life and Art.Revised edition. Original edition published in 1988. London: Methuen.ISBN0-413-52520-1.
  • Garreau, Joseph E. (1984). "Molière", vol. 3, pp. 397–418, inMcGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama,Stanley Hochman, editor in chief. New York: McGraw-Hill.ISBN9780070791695.
  • Koppisch, Michael S. (2002). "Tartuffe, Le, ou l'Imposteur",pp. 450–456, inThe Molière Encyclopedia,edited by James F. Gaines. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.ISBN9780313312557.
  • Molière (1669).Le Tartuffe ou l'Imposteur.Paris: Jean Ribov – viaGallica.
  • Brockett, Oscar. 1964. "THE THEATER, an Introduction" published Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston. Inclusive of University of Iowa production, "Tartuffe", includes "The Set Designer", set design and Thesis, a three hundred year commemoration, "A Project in Scene Design and Stage Lighting for Moliere's Tartuffe", by Charles M. Watson, State University of Iowa, 1964.
  • The Misanthrope and Tartuffeby Molière, and Richard Wilbur 1965, 1993. A Harvest Book, Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York.
  • The Misanthrope, Tartuffe, and other Plays,by Molière, and Maya Slater 2001, Oxfords World Classics, Oxford University Press, Clays Ltd. 2008
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