Wikipedia

Tashkent

(Redirected fromTashkent, Uzbekistan)
For the Turkish town and district, seeTaşkent.

Tashkent(/tæʃˈkɛnt/),[a]also known asToshkent,[b]is thecapitalandlargest cityofUzbekistan.[c]It is the most populous city inCentral Asia,with a population of more than 3 million people as of April 1st 2024.[4]It is located in northeastern Uzbekistan, near the border withKazakhstan.

Tashkent
Toshkent
Ташкент, Tachkent, Tashkand, Toshkent
Capital city
Tashkent
Clockwise from top: Skyline of Tashkent,Kukeldash Madrasa,Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God,Supreme Assemblybuilding,Amir Timur Museum,Humo Ice Dome,HiltonTashkent City, Tashkent at night.
Flag of Tashkent
Flag
Official seal of Tashkent
Seal
Nickname:
Tosh(A rock)
Motto(s):
Kuch Adolatdadir
( "Strength is in Justice" )
Map

Location of Tashkent in Uzbekistan
Location of Tashkent
Tashkent is located in Uzbekistan
Tashkent
Tashkent
Tashkent is located in West and Central Asia
Tashkent
Tashkent
Tashkent is located in Asia
Tashkent
Tashkent
Coordinates:41°18′40″N69°16′47″E/ 41.31111°N 69.27972°E/41.31111; 69.27972
CountryUzbekistan
Settled3rd century BCE
Divisions12 districts
Government
• TypeCity Administration
•Hakim(Mayor)Shavkat Umirzakov
Area
631.29 km2(243.74 sq mi)
• Metro
6,400 km2(2,500 sq mi)
Dimensions
• Length25 km (16 mi)
• Width30 km (20 mi)
Elevation
455 m (1,493 ft)
Population
(1 January 2024)[2]
+3,040,800[1]
• Rank1st in Uzbekistan
• Density4,816/km2(12,470/sq mi)
•Urban
2,575,431
•Metro
2,633,661
• Metro density410/km2(1,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+05:00(Uzbekistan Time)
• Summer (DST)(Not Observed)
Area code71
Vehicle registration01
HDI(2019)0.820[3]
very high
International AirportsIslam Karimov Tashkent International Airport
Rapid transit systemTashkent Metro
Websitetashkent.uz
Official nameWestern Tien-ShanMountain
CriteriaNatural:
Reference1490
Inscription2016 (40thSession)
Area528,177.6 ha (1,305,155 acres)

Before the influence ofIslamin the mid-8th century AD,SogdianandTurkicculture was predominant. AfterGenghis Khandestroyed the city in 1219, it was rebuilt and profited from its location on theSilk Road.From the 18th to the 19th centuries, the city became anindependent city-state,before being re-conquered by theKhanate of Kokand.In 1865, Tashkent fell to theRussian Empire;as a result, it became the capital ofRussian Turkestan.InSoviettimes, it witnessed major growth and demographic changes due toforced deportationsfrom throughout the Soviet Union. Much of Tashkent was destroyed in the1966 Tashkent earthquake,but it was soon rebuilt as a model Soviet city. It was the fourth-largest city in the Soviet Union at the time, afterMoscow,LeningradandKyiv.[5]

Today, as the capital of an independent Uzbekistan, Tashkent retains a multiethnic population, with ethnicUzbeksas the majority. In 2009, it celebrated 2,200 years of itswritten history.[6]

History

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For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Tashkent.

Etymology

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During its long history, Tashkent has undergone various changes in names and political and religious affiliations.Abu Rayhan Biruniwrote that the city's name Tashkent comes from the turkictashand persiankent,literally translated as "Stone City" or "City of Stones".[7]

Ilya Gershevitch(1974:55, 72) (apud Livshits, 2007:179) traces the city's old name Chach back toOld Iranian*čāiča-"area of water, lake" (cf.Čaēčista,theAral Sea's name in theAvesta) (whenceMiddle Chinesetranscription *źiäk>standard ChineseShíwithChinese characterThạch for "stone"[8][9]), and *Čačkand~Čačkanθwas the basis forTurkicadaptation Tashkent, popularly etymologized as "stone city".[10]Livshits proposes thatČačoriginally designated only theAral Seabefore being used for the Tashkent oasis.[10]

Ünal (2022) critiques Gershevitch's and Livshits's etymology as being "based on too many assumptions". He instead derives the nameČačfrom LateProto-Turkic*t1iāt2(ă)"stone", which he proposes to be seemingly another translation, besides the apparent Chinese translation thạchshí"stone", of *kaŋk-(whence Chinese transcription khang cưEHC*kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ>standard ChineseKāngjū), which possibly meant "stone". AgainstHarold Walter Bailey's andEdwin G. Pulleyblank's suggestedTocharianorigin for *kaŋk-,Ünal proposes that it was instead anIranianword and compares it toPashtokā́ṇay"stone".[11]

Early history

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Tashkent was first settled between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC as anoasison theChirchik River,near the foothills of the WestTian ShanMountains. In ancient times, this area contained Beitian, probably the summer "capital" of theKangjuconfederacy.[12]Some scholars believe that a "Stone Tower"mentioned byPtolemyin his famous treatiseGeography,and by other early accounts of travel on the oldSilk Road,referred to this settlement (due to its etymology). This tower is said to have marked the midway point betweenEuropeandChina.Other scholars, however, disagree with this identification, though it remains one of four most probable sites for the Stone Tower.[13][14]

History as Chach

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Coinage of Chach circa 625-725 CE

In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the town and the province were known asChach.TheShahnamehofFerdowsialso refers to the city as Chach.

Ambassadors fromChaganian(central figure, inscription of the neck), and Chach (modern Tashkent) to kingVarkhumanofSamarkand.648-651 CE,Afrasiyab murals,Samarkand.[15][16]

The principality of Chach had asquarecitadel built around the 5th to 3rd centuries BC, some 8 km (5.0 mi) south of theSyr DaryaRiver. By the 7th century AD, Chach had more than 30 towns and a network of over 50 canals, forming a trade center between theSogdiansandTurkicnomads. TheBuddhistmonkXuanzang(602/603? – 664 AD), who travelled from China to India through Central Asia, mentioned the name of the city asZhěshí(Giả thời). The Chinese chroniclesHistory of Northern Dynasties,Book of Sui,andOld Book of Tangmention a possession calledShíThạch( "stone" ) orZhěshíGiả thờiwith a capital of the same name since the fifth century AD.[17]

In 558–603, Chach was part of theTurkic Khaganate.At the beginning of the 7th century, the Turkic Kaganate, as a result of internecine wars and wars with its neighbors, disintegrated into theWesternandEastern Kaganates.The Western Turkic rulerTong Yabghu Qaghan(618-630) set up his headquarters in the Ming-bulak area to the north of Chach. Here he received embassies from the emperors of theTang EmpireandByzantium.[18]In 626, the Indian Buddhist preacherPrabhakāramitraarrived with ten companions to the Khagan. In 628, Xuanzang arrived in Ming-bulak.

The Turkic rulers of Chach minted their coins with the inscription on the obverse side of the "lord of the Khakan money" (mid-8th century); with an inscription in the ruler Turk (7th century), in Nudjket in the middle of the 8th century, coins were issued with the obverse inscription “Nanchu (Banchu) Ertegin sovereign".[19]

Islamic Caliphate

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Further information:Umayyad CaliphateandAbbasid Caliphate

Chach (Arabic: Shash) wasconqueredby theUmayyad Caliphateat the beginning of the 8th century.[20]

According to the descriptions of the authors of the 10th century, Shash was structurally divided into acitadel,an inner city (madina) and two suburbs - an inner (rabad-dahil) and an outer (rabad-harij). The citadel, surrounded by a special wall with two gates, contained the ruler's palace and the prison.[21]

SilverDirhamofAbbasidcaliphHarun al-Rashidminted in Tashkent (Mad'an al-Shash) in 190AH(805/806CE)

Post Caliphate rule

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Further information:Anarchy at SamarraandSamanid Empire

Under theSamanid Empire,whose founderIsmail Samaniwas a descendant ofPersianZoroastrianconvert toIslam,the city came to be known asBinkath.However, the Arabs retained the old name ofChachfor the surrounding region, pronouncing itash-Shāsh(الشاش) instead. Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali ash-Shashi, known as al-Kaffal ash-Shashi (904-975), was born in Tashkent. He was an Islamic theologian, scholar, jurist of theShafi'imadhhab,hadith scholar and linguist.[citation needed]

After the 11th century, the name evolved from Chachkand/Chashkand to Tashkand. The modern spelling of "Tashkent" reflectsRussianorthography and 20th-century Soviet influence.

At the end of the 10th century, Tashkent became part of the possessions of the Turkic state of theKarakhanids.In 998/99 the Tashkent oasis went to the Karakhanid Ahmad ibn Ali, who ruled the north-eastern regions ofMavarannahr.In 1177/78, a separate khanate was formed in the Tashkent oasis. Its center was Banakat, where dirhams of Mu'izz ad-dunya wa-d-din Qilich-khan were minted, in 1195–1197; and of Jalal ad-dunya wa-d-din Tafgach-khakan, in 1197–1206.[22]

Mongol conquest

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Main articles:Mongol EmpireandChagatai Khanate

The city was destroyed byGenghis Khanin 1219 and lost much of its population as a result of theMongols' destruction of theKhwarezmid Empirein 1220.

Timurid period

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Further information:Timurid Empire

Under theTimuridand subsequentShaybaniddynasties, the city's population and culture gradually revived as a prominent strategic center of scholarship, commerce and trade along theSilk Road. During the reign ofAmir Timur(1336-1405), Tashkent was restored and in the 14th-15th centuries Tashkent was part of Timur's empire. For Timur, Tashkent was considered a strategic city. In 1391 Timur set out in the spring from Tashkent to Desht-i-Kipchak to fight the Khan of theGolden HordeTokhtamysh Khan.Timur returned from this victorious campaign through Tashkent.[23]

Zangi ata shrine

The most famous saint Sufi of Tashkent was Sheikh Khovendi at-Takhur (13th to the first half of the 14th century). According to legend, Amir Timur, who was treating his wounded leg in Tashkent with the healing water of the Zem-Zem spring, ordered to build a mausoleum for the saint. By order of Timur, the Zangiata mausoleum was built.

Uzbek Shaybanid's dynasty period

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In the 16th century, Tashkent was ruled by theShaybanid dynasty.[24][25]

Barak khan madrasa, Shaybanids, 16th century

Shaybanid Suyunchkhoja Khan was an enlightened Uzbek ruler; following the traditions of his ancestors MirzoUlugbekandAbul Khair Khan,he gathered famous scientists, writers and poets at his court, among them: Vasifi, Abdullah Nasrullahi, Masud bin Osmani Kuhistani. Since 1518 Vasifi was the educator of the son of Suyunchhoja Khan Keldi Muhammad, with whom, after the death of his father in 1525, he moved to Tashkent. After the death of his former pupil, he became the educator of his son, Abu-l-Muzaffar Hasan-Sultan.[26]

Later the city was subordinated to ShaybanidAbdullah Khan II(the ruler actually from 1557, officially in 1583–1598), who issued his coins here.[27] From 1598 to 1604 Tashkent was ruled by the Shaybanid Keldi Muhammad, who issued silver and copper coins on his behalf.[28]

Kazakh ruled period

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In 1598, Kazakh Tauekel Khan was at war with theKhanate of Bukhara.The Bukhara troops sent against him were defeated by Kazakhs in the battle between Tashkent and Samarkand. During the reign of Yesim-Khan,[29]a peace treaty was concluded between Bukhara and Kazakhs, according to which Kazakhs abandoned Samarkand, but left behind Tashkent, Turkestan and a number of Syr Darya cities.

Yesim-Khan ruled theKazakh Khanatefrom 1598 to 1628, his main merit was that he managed to unite the Kazakh khanate.

The city was part of Kazakh Khanate between 1598 and 1723.[30]

Tashkent state

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In 1784,Yunus Khoja,the ruler of the dakha (district) Shayhantahur, united the entire city under his rule and created an independent Tashkent state (1784-1807), which by the beginning of the 19th century seized vast lands.[31]

Kokand Khanate

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In 1809, Tashkent was annexed to theKhanate of Kokand.[32]At the time, Tashkent had a population of around 100,000 and was considered the richest city in Central Asia.

Under the Kokand domination, Tashkent was surrounded by a moat and an adobe battlement (about 20 kilometers long) with 12 gates.[33]

It prospered greatly through trade with Russia but chafed under Kokand's high taxes. The Tashkent clergy also favored the clergy ofBukharaover that of Kokand. However, before theEmirof Bukhara could capitalize on this discontent, the Russian army arrived.

Colonial period

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Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was built by theRussian Orthodox Churchin Tashkent.

In May 1865,Mikhail Grigorevich Chernyayev(Cherniaev), acting against the direct orders of theTsarand outnumbered at least 15–1, staged a daring night attack against a city with a wall 25 km (16 mi) long with 11 gates and 30,000 defenders. While a small contingent staged a diversionary attack, the main force penetrated the walls, led by aRussian Orthodoxpriest. Although the defense was stiff, the Russians captured the city after two days of heavy fighting and the loss of only 25 dead as opposed to several thousand of the defenders (includingAlimqul,the ruler of the Kokand Khanate). Chernyayev, dubbed the "Lion of Tashkent" by city elders, staged a hearts-and-minds campaign to win the population over. He abolished taxes for a year, rode unarmed through the streets and bazaars meeting common people, and appointed himself "Military Governor of Tashkent", recommending toTsar Alexander IIthat the city become an independentkhanateunder Russian protection.

Coats of arms of Tashkent, 1909

The Tsar liberally rewarded Chernyayev and his men with medals and bonuses, but regarded the impulsive general as a loose cannon, and soon replaced him with GeneralKonstantin Petrovich von Kaufman.Far from being granted independence, Tashkent became the capital of the new territory ofRussian Turkistan,with Kaufman as first Governor-General. Acantonmentand Russian settlement were built across the Ankhor Canal from the old city, and Russian settlers and merchants poured in. Tashkent was a center of espionage in theGreat Gamerivalry between Russia and the United Kingdom over Central Asia. TheTurkestan Military Districtwas established as part of the military reforms of 1874. TheTrans-Caspian Railwayarrived in 1889, and the railway workers who built it settled in Tashkent as well, bringing with them the seeds ofBolshevik Revolution.

Effect of the Russian Revolution

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Tashkent c. 1910

With the fall of theRussian Empire,theRussian Provisional Governmentremoved all civil restrictions based on religion and nationality, contributing to local enthusiasm for theFebruary Revolution.TheTashkent Sovietof Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies was soon set up, but primarily represented Russian residents, who made up about a fifth of the Tashkent population. Muslim leaders quickly set up the Tashkent Muslim Council (Tashkand Shura-yi-Islamiya) based in the old city. On 10 March 1917, there was a parade with Russian workers marching with red flags, Russian soldiers singingLa Marseillaiseand thousands of local Central Asians. Following various speeches, Governor-GeneralAleksey Kuropatkinclosed the events with words "Long Live a great free Russia".[34]

The First Turkestan Muslim Conference was held in Tashkent 16–20 April 1917. Like the Muslim Council, it was dominated by theJadid,Muslim reformers. A more conservative faction emerged in Tashkent centered around theUlema.This faction proved more successful during the local elections of July 1917. They formed an alliance with Russian conservatives, while the Soviet became more radical. The Soviet attempt to seize power in September 1917 proved unsuccessful.[35]

In April 1918, Tashkent became the capital of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkestan ASSR). The new regime was threatened by White forces,basmachi;revolts from within, and purges ordered from Moscow.

Soviet period

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Tashkent, 1917
The Courage Monument in Tashkent on a 1979 Soviet stamp

The city began to industrialize in the 1920s and 1930s.

Violating theMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact,Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. The government worked to relocate factories from western Russia and Ukraine to Tashkent to preserve the Soviet industrial capacity. This led to great increase in industry during World War II.

It also evacuated most of the German communist emigres to Tashkent.[36]The Russian population increased dramatically; evacuees from the war zones increased the total population of Tashkent to well over a million. Russians andUkrainianseventually comprised more than half of the total residents of Tashkent.[37]Many of the former refugees stayed in Tashkent to live after the war, rather than return to former homes.

During the postwar period, theSoviet Unionestablished numerous scientific and engineering facilities in Tashkent.

On 10 January 1966, thenIndian Prime MinisterLal Bahadur ShastriandPakistan PresidentAyub Khansigned apact in TashkentwithSoviet PremierAlexei Kosyginas the mediator to resolve the terms of peace after theIndo-Pakistani War of 1965.On the next day, Shastri died suddenly, reportedly due to a heart attack. It is widely speculated that Shastri was killed by poisoning the water he drank.[citation needed]

Much of Tashkent's old city was destroyed by a powerfulearthquake on 26 April 1966.More than 300,000 residents were left homeless, and some 78,000poorly engineeredhomes were destroyed,[38]mainly in the densely populated areas of the old city where traditionaladobehousing predominated.[39]The Soviet republics, and some other countries, such as Finland, sent "battalions of fraternal peoples" and urban planners to help rebuild devastated Tashkent.

Tashkent was rebuilt as a model Soviet city with wide streets planted with shade trees, parks, immense plazas for parades, fountains, monuments, and acres of apartment blocks. TheTashkent Metrowas also built during this time. About 100,000 new homes were built by 1970,[38]but the builders occupied many, rather than the homeless residents of Tashkent.[citation needed]Further development in the following years increased the size of the city with major new developments in the Chilonzor area, north-east and south-east of the city.[38]

At the time of the collapse of theSoviet Unionin 1991, Tashkent was the fourth-largest city in the USSR and a center of learning in the fields of science and engineering.

Due to the1966 earthquakeand the Soviet redevelopment, little architectural heritage has survived of Tashkent's ancient history. Few structures mark its significance as a trading point on the historicSilk Road.

Such countries of the Soviet Union asAzerbaijanandArmenia,KazakhstanandGeorgia,BelarusandKyrgyzstan,TurkmenistanandTajikistan,Latvia,Moldova,Estoniahelped restore the city after the earthquake and erected many modern buildings.[40]

Capital of Uzbekistan

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Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan, noted for its tree-lined streets, fountains and parks. In 2009, the local government initiated a controversial tree-cutting campaign.[41]

Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre

Since 1991, the city has changed economically, culturally, and architecturally. New development has superseded or replaced icons of the Soviet era. The largest statue ever erected for Lenin was replaced with a globe, featuring a geographic map of Uzbekistan. Buildings from the Soviet era have been replaced with new modern buildings. The "Downtown Tashkent" district includes the 22-storyNBU Bankbuilding, international hotels, the International Business Center, and the Plaza Building.

Japanese Gardens in Tashkent

The Tashkent Business district is a special district, established for the development of small, medium and large businesses in Uzbekistan. In 2018, construction began on a new Downtown which would include a business district with skyscrapers of local and foreign companies, world hotels such asHilton Tashkent Hotel,apartments, malls, shops and other entertainment. The construction of the International Business Center is planned to be completed by the end of 2021.[42]Fitch assigns “BB−” rating to Tashkent city, “Stable” forecast.[43]

In 2007, Tashkent was named a "cultural capital of the Islamic world" byMoscow News,as the city has numerous historic mosques and significant Islamic sites, including the Islamic University.[44]Tashkent holds theSamarkand Kufic Quran,one of the earliest written copies of theQuran,which has been located in the city since 1924.[45]

Tashkent is the most visited city in the country,[46]and has greatly benefited from increasingtourismas a result of reforms under presidentShavkat Mirziyoyevand opening up by abolishing visas for visitors from theEuropean Unionand other developing countries or making visas easier for foreigners.[47]

Tashkent over the years

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  • Development of Tashkent
  • c. 1865
  • 1913
  • 1940
  • 1965
  • 1966:earthquakeand subsequent redevelopment
  • 1981
  • 2000

The invention of television

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In the summer of 1928, the first fully electronic TV set was presented to the public in Tashkent.Boris Grabovsky's method, patented inSaratovin 1925, proposed a new model of TV imaging based on the vertical and horizontal electron beam sweeping under high voltage. Nowadays this principle of the TV imaging is used practically in all modern cathode-ray tubes. Historian and ethnographer Boris Golender (Борис Голендер in Russian), in a video lecture, described this event.[48]This date of demonstration of the fully electronic TV set is the earliest known so far. Despite this fact, most modern historians disputably considerVladimir ZworykinandPhilo Farnsworth[49]as inventors of the first fully electronic TV set. In 1964, the contribution made to the development of early television by Grabovsky was officially acknowledged by the Uzbek government and he was awarded the prestigious degree "Honorable Inventor of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic".

Tashkent and vicinity, satellite imageLandsat 5,2010-06-30

Geography

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Tashkent is situated in a well-watered plain on the road betweenSamarkand,Uzbekistan's second city, andShymkentacross theborder.Tashkent is just 13 km from two border crossings intoKazakhstan.

Closest geographic cities with populations of over 1 million are:Shymkent(Kazakhstan),Dushanbe(Tajikistan),Bishkek(Kyrgyzstan),Kashgar(China),Almaty(Kazakhstan),Kabul(Afghanistan) andPeshawar(Pakistan).

Tashkent sits at the confluence of theChirchiq Riverand several of its tributaries and is built on deep alluvial deposits up to 15 m (49 ft). The city is located in an active tectonic area suffering large numbers of tremors and some earthquakes.

The local time in Tashkent isUTC/GMT+5 hours.

Climate

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Tashkent
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
55
6
−3
47
8
−2
72
14
4
64
22
10
32
27
14
7.1
33
18
3.5
36
19
2
34
17
4.5
29
12
34
21
7
45
14
3
53
9
0
█Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█Precipitation totals in mm
Source: WMO[50]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
2.1
42
26
1.8
46
29
2.8
58
40
2.5
71
50
1.3
81
57
0.3
92
64
0.1
96
67
0.1
93
63
0.2
84
54
1.3
70
45
1.8
58
38
2.1
47
31
█Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█Precipitation totals in inches

Tashkent features aMediterranean climate(Köppen:Csa) with somehumid continental climateinfluences (Köppen:Dsa).[51]As a result, Tashkent experiences cold and often snowy winters not typically associated with most Mediterranean climates and long, hot and dry summers. Mostprecipitationoccurs during the winter, which frequently falls as snow. The city experiences two peaks of precipitation in the early winter and spring. The slightly unusual precipitation pattern is partially due to its 500 m (1,600 ft) altitude. Summers are long in Tashkent, usually lasting from May to September. Tashkent can be extremely hot during the months of July and August. The city also sees very little precipitation during the summer, particularly from June through September.[52][53]

Climate data for Tashkent (1991–2020, extremes 1867–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7) 		27.0
(80.6) 		32.5
(90.5) 		36.4
(97.5) 		39.9
(103.8) 		43.0
(109.4) 		44.6
(112.3) 		43.1
(109.6) 		40.0
(104.0) 		37.5
(99.5) 		31.6
(88.9) 		27.3
(81.1) 		44.6
(112.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		9.5
(49.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		28.0
(82.4) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.9
(96.6) 		34.9
(94.8) 		29.5
(85.1) 		22.2
(72.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		8.6
(47.5) 		21.8
(71.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		15.9
(60.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		8.1
(46.6) 		3.5
(38.3) 		15.2
(59.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7) 		0.1
(32.2) 		5.3
(41.5) 		10.1
(50.2) 		14.3
(57.7) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.1
(68.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		9.2
(48.6)
Record low °C (°F) −28
(−18) 		−25.6
(−14.1) 		−16.9
(1.6) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.2
(46.8) 		5.7
(42.3) 		0.1
(32.2) 		−11.2
(11.8) 		−22.1
(−7.8) 		−29.5
(−21.1) 		−29.5
(−21.1)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 55
(2.2) 		72
(2.8) 		66
(2.6) 		63
(2.5) 		41
(1.6) 		17
(0.7) 		3
(0.1) 		2
(0.1) 		5
(0.2) 		24
(0.9) 		51
(2.0) 		58
(2.3) 		457
(18)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 3
(1.2) 		2
(0.8) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(0.8) 		3
(1.2)
Average rainy days 14 13 14 12 11 7 4 3 3 7 10 12 110
Average snowy days 9 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 27
Averagerelative humidity(%) 73 68 61 60 53 40 39 42 45 57 66 73 56
Mean monthlysunshine hours 104.7 119.4 169.2 222.7 303.0 352.8 386.5 353.4 283.8 220.4 135.0 104.7 2,755.6
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[54]
Source 2:NOAA[55]

Demographics

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Bread vendor in a market street of Tashkent

In 1983, the population of Tashkent amounted to 1,902,000 people living in a municipal area of 256 km2(99 sq mi). By 1991, the year theSoviet Union dissolved,the city's population had grown to approximately 2,136,600. Tashkent was the fourth most populated city in the formerUSSR,afterMoscow,Leningrad (St. Petersburg), andKyiv.Nowadays, Tashkent remains the fourth most populous city in the CIS.

As of 2020, the city's population was 2,716,176.[56]

As of 2008,the demographic structure of Tashkent was as follows:[citation needed]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1897155,673—
1959911,930+2.89%
19701,384,509+3.87%
19791,780,002+2.83%
19831,902,000+1.67%
19892,072,459+1.44%
19912,130,200+1.38%
19952,097,400−0.39%
20002,142,300+0.42%
20012,137,900−0.21%
20022,136,600−0.06%
20032,139,200+0.12%
20042,135,400−0.18%
20052,135,700+0.01%
20062,140,600+0.23%
YearPop.±% p.a.
20072,157,100+0.77%
20082,180,000+1.06%
20092,206,300+1.21%
20102,234,300+1.27%
20112,296,500+2.78%
20122,309,300+0.56%
20132,340,900+1.37%
20142,352,900+0.51%
20152,371,300+0.78%
20162,393,200+0.92%
20172,424,100+1.29%
20182,464,900+1.68%
20192,509,900+1.83%
20202,571,700+2.46%
20212,694,400+4.77%
Source: Uzbekistan State Statistics Committee[57][58]and Demoscope.ru[59][60][61][62][63]

Uzbekis the main spoken language in Tashkent, thoughRussianis also spoken as a lingua franca. As in much of Uzbekistan, signage in Tashkent often contains a mix of Latin and Cyrillic scripts.[64][65]

Districts

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Amir Timur Street in 2006
Residential towers
A downtown street in 2012

Since 2020, whenYangihayotDistrict was created,[66]Tashkent has been divided into the following 12 districts (Uzbek:tumanlar):

Nr District Population
(2021)[4] 		Area
(km2)[67][66] 		Density
(area/km2) 		Map
1 Bektemir 31,400 17.83 1,761
2 Chilanzar 260,700 29.94 8,707
3 Yashnobod 258,800 33.7 7,680
4 Mirobod 142,800 17.1 8,351
5 Mirzo Ulugbek 285,000 35.15 8,108
6 Sergeli 105,700 37.36 2,829
7 Shayxontoxur 348,300 29.7 11,727
8 Olmazor 377,100 34.5 10,930
9 Uchtepa 278,200 24 11,592
10 Yakkasaray 121,600 14.6 8,329
11 Yunusabad 352,000 40.6 8,670
12 Yangihayot 132,800 44.20 3,005

Before Tashkent was conquered by the Russian Empire, it was divided into four districts, ordahain Uzbek:

  1. Beshyoghoch
  2. Kukcha
  3. Shaykhontokhur
  4. Sebzor

In 1940 it had the following districts (Russianрайон):

  1. Oktyabr
  2. Kirov
  3. Stalin
  4. Frunze
  5. Lenin
  6. Kuybishev

By 1981, these were reorganized into the following:[38]

  1. Bektemir
  2. Akmal-Ikramov (Uchtepa)
  3. Khamza (Yashnobod)
  4. Lenin (Mirobod)
  5. Kuybishev (Mirzo Ulugbek)
  6. Sergeli
  7. Oktober (Shaykhontokhur)
  8. Sobir Rakhimov (Olmazar)
  9. Chilanzar
  10. Frunze (Yakkasaray)
  11. Kirov (Yunusabad)

Landmarks

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Kukeldash Madrasainner yard
Prince Romanov Palace
Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre
Museum of Applied Arts
A statue commemoratingTaras Shevchenko
The Hotel Uzbekistan, which opened in 1974

Due to the destruction of most of the ancient city during the1917 revolutionand, later, the 1966 earthquake, little remains of Tashkent's traditional architectural heritage. Tashkent is, however, rich in museums and Soviet-era monuments. They include:

  • Kukeldash Madrasah.Dating back to the reign ofAbdullah Khan II(1557–1598) it is being restored by the provincial Religious Board ofMawarannahrMoslems. There is talk of making it into a museum, but it is currently being used as a madrassah.
  • Chorsu Bazaar,located near the Kukeldash Madrassa. This huge open airbazaaris the center of the old town of Tashkent. Everything imaginable is for sale. It is one of the major tourist attractions of the city.
  • Hazrati Imam Complex. It includes several mosques, shrine, and a library which contains amanuscript Qur'an in Kufic script,considered to be the oldest extantQur'anin the world. Dating from 655 and stained with the blood of murdered caliph,Uthman,it was brought by Timur toSamarkand,seized by the Russians as a war trophy, and taken toSaint Petersburg.It was returned to Uzbekistan in 1924.[68]
  • Qaffol Shoshi mausoleumbuilt in honor of Imam Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Ismail al-Kaffal ash-Shashi.[69][70]The original tomb did not survive in its initial form. In its current state, the mausoleum was constructed in 1542 by the royal architect of that time, Gulyam Husayn. It is an asymmetrical domed portal mausoleum, known as a khanqah.[71]
  • Yunus Khan Mausoleum. It is a group of three 15th-centurymausoleums,restored in the 19th century. The biggest is the grave ofYunus Khan,grandfather ofMughal EmpirefounderBabur.
  • Palace of Prince Romanov.During the 19th centuryGrand DukeNikolai Konstantinovich,a first cousin ofAlexander III of Russiawas banished to Tashkent for some shady deals involving the Russian Crown Jewels. His palace still survives in the center of the city. Once a museum, it has been appropriated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  • Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre,built by the same architect who designedLenin's Tombin Moscow,Aleksey Shchusev,withJapaneseprisoner of warlabor in World War II. It hosts Russian ballet and opera.
  • Fine Arts Museum of Uzbekistan. It contains a major collection of art from the pre-Russian period, includingSogdianmurals,Buddhiststatues, andZoroastrianart, along with a more modern collection of 19th and 20th centuryapplied art,such assuzaniembroidered hangings. Of more interest is the large collection of paintings "borrowed" from theHermitageby Grand Duke Romanov to decorate his palace in exile in Tashkent, and never returned. Behind the museum is a small park, containing the neglected graves of theBolshevikswho died in theRussian Revolution of 1917and toOsipov's treachery in 1919,[72]along with first Uzbekistani PresidentYuldosh Akhunbabayev.
  • Museum of Applied Arts. Housed in a traditional house originally commissioned for a wealthy tsarist diplomat, the house itself is the main attraction, rather than its collection of 19th and 20th centuryapplied arts.
  • State Museum of History of Uzbekistanthe largest museum in the city. It is housed in the ex-Lenin Museum.
  • Amir Timur Museum,housed in a building with a brilliant blue dome and ornate interior. It houses exhibits ofTimurand of PresidentIslam Karimov.To adjacent south of the museum isAmir Timur Squarewhere there is a statue of Timur on horseback, surrounded by some of the nicest gardens and fountains in the city.
  • Navoi Literary Museum, commemorating Uzbekistan's adopted literary hero,Alisher Navoi,with replica manuscripts,Islamic calligraphyand 15th centuryminiature paintings.
  • TheTashkent Metrois known for extravagant design and architecture in the buildings. Taking photos in the system was banned until 2018.[73]

The Russian Orthodox church in Amir Temur Square, built in 1898, was demolished in 2009. The building had not been allowed to be used for religious purposes since the 1920s due to the anti-religious campaign conducted across the former Soviet Union by the Bolshevik (communist) government in Moscow. During the Soviet period, the building was used for different non-religious purposes; after independence, it was a bank.

Tashkent also has a World War II memorial park and a Defender of Motherland monument.[74][75][76]

Education

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Most important scientific institutions of Uzbekistan, such as theAcademy of Sciences of Uzbekistan,are located in Tashkent. There are several universities and institutions of higher education:

Media

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Transportation

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Inside a Tashkent Metro station

Entertainment and shopping

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There are several shopping malls in Tashkent. These include Next, Samarqand Darvoza and Kontinent shopping malls.[77]Most of the malls, including Riviera and Compass mall, were built and are operated by the Tower Management Group.[78]This is part of the Orient Group of Companies.[79]

The capital's most established theatre is theAlisher Navoi Theater,that has regular ballet and opera performances.[80]Ilkhom Theater, founded by Mark Weil in 1976, was the first independent theater in the Soviet Union. The theater still operates in Tashkent and is known for its historical reputation.[81]

Sport

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Maksim Shatskikh,a striker for theUzbekistan national football team,is from Tashkent.

Footballis the most popular sport in Tashkent, with the most prominent football clubs beingPakhtakor Tashkent FK,FC Bunyodkor,andPFC Lokomotiv Tashkent,all three of which compete in theUzbekistan Super League.FootballersMaksim Shatskikh,Peter OdemwingieandVasilis Hatzipanagiswere born in the city.

Humo Tashkent,a professional ice hockey team was established in 2019 with the aim of joiningKontinental Hockey League(KHL), a top level Eurasian league in future. Humo joined the second-tierSupreme Hockey League(VHL) for the 2019–20 season. Humo play their games at theHumo Ice Dome;both the team and arena derive their name from the mythicalHuma bird.[82]

Humo Tashkent was a member of the reformed Uzbekistan Ice Hockey League which began play in February 2019.[83]Humo finished in first place at the end of the regular season.

CyclistDjamolidine Abdoujaparovwas born in the city, while tennis playerDenis Istominwas raised there. Akgul AmanmuradovaandIroda Tulyaganovaare notable female tennis players from Tashkent.

GymnastsAlina Kabaevaand Israeli OlympianAlexander Shatilovwere also born in the city.

Former world champion and Israeli Olympic bronze medalist sprint canoer in the K-1 500 m eventMichael Kolganovwas also born in Tashkent.[84]

InWeightlifting,Uzbekistan won the heavyweight class in both the Rio[85]and Tokyo[86]Olympic Games.Tashkent is hosting the 2021 Weightlifting World Championships.[87]

Notable people

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Main category:People from Tashkent
Alisher UsmanovwithVladimir Putin.

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Uzbekistan

Tashkent istwinnedwith:[89]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^USalso/tɑːʃˈkɛnt/
  2. ^/tɒʃˈkɛnt/;Uzbek:Toshkent, Тошкент/تاشکند,IPA:[tɒʃˈkent]
  3. ^The city was historically known asChach,Shash,orBinkat

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Museum of Fine Arts

Further reading

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See also:Bibliography of the history of Tashkent
  • Stronski, Paul,Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930–1966(Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010).
  • Jeff Sahadeo,Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865–1923(Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 2010).
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