Television licence

Atelevision licenceorbroadcast receiving licenceis a payment required in many countries for the reception oftelevision broadcastsor the possession of atelevision set.In some countries, a licence is also required to own a radio or receiveradio broadcasts.In such countries, some broadcasts are funded in full or in part by the licence fees. Licence fees are effectively ahypothecated taxto fundpublic broadcasting.

History

Radio broadcasters in the early 20th century needed to raise funds for their services. In some countries, this was achieved via advertising, while others adopted a compulsory subscription model with households that owned a radio set being required to purchase a licence. The United Kingdom was the first country to adopt compulsory public subscription with a licence, originally known as awireless licence,used to fund theBBC.In most countries that introduced radio licensing, possession of a licence was simply an indication of having paid the fee. However in Canada, between 1914 and 1922 people needed to pass an "Amateur Experimental Certificate of Proficiency", demonstrating the ability to send and receive Morse code at five words per minute, to be allowed to use a radio receiver.^[1]

With the arrival of television, some countries created separate television licences. Other countries increased radio licence fees to cover the additional cost of television broadcasting, changing the name from "radio licence" to "TV licence" or "receiver licence". Today, most countries fund public radio broadcasting from the same licence fee that is used for television, although a few still have separate radio licences. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom and Japan, have lower fees for households that only own monochrome television sets. In many countries, elderly and disabledconsumershave a reduced or zero licence fee.

Faced with licence fee evasion, some countries chose to fund public broadcasters directly from taxation or via methods such as a co-payment with electricity billing. In some countries, national public broadcasters carry advertising.

In 1989, theCouncil of Europecreated the European Convention on Transfrontier Television. Among other things, this regulates advertising.^{[citation needed]}The treaty came into force in 1993 when it had been ratified by seven countries, including fiveEU member states.As of 2010^[update],34 countries have acceded to the treaty.^[2]

Television licensing by country

Usage and costs of television licences vary greatly between countries. TheMuseum of Broadcast Communicationsin Chicago^[3]reports that two-thirds of countries in Europe and half of countries in Asia and Africa use television licences to fund public television. Television licensing is rare in the Americas, largely confined toBritish Overseas Territories.In some countries, radio channels and broadcasters' websites are also funded by a licence, giving access to radio and online services free of advertising.

Television licences in Europe


Country	TV licence required?	Prices and notes
Albania	yes	€7,73/month - (800L)
Austria	yes	15.30–€20 per month^[4]
Belarus	no	None exists
Belgium	no	Abolished in 2018: Flemish region and Brussels in 2001 Walloon region on 1 January 2018^[5]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	yes	€3,83/month - (7.5 KM per month^[6])
Bulgaria	no	Abolished
Croatia	yes	€11,41/month - (annually up to €137^[7])
Cyprus	no	Abolished
Czech Republic	yes	€6.8/month - (135 Kč per month (TV),^[8]45 Kč per month (radio)^[9])
Denmark	no	Abolished^[10]
Estonia	no	None exists
Finland	no	Abolished^[11]
France	no	Abolished in 2022^[12]
Georgia	no	None exists
Germany	yes	€18,36/month - (per month^[13])
Greece	yes	€3,00/month - (fee on monthly electricity bills^[14])
Hungary	no	Abolished^[15]
Iceland	no	Abolished in 2007^[16]
Ireland	yes	€13,33 - (€160.00 per year^[17])
Israel	no	Car owners pay €41 radio fee
Italy	yes	€70,00/year - (fee on electricity bills)^[18]
Latvia	no	None exists
Liechtenstein	no	Abolished
Lithuania	no	None exists
Luxembourg	no	None exists
Malta	no	Abolished
Monaco	no	None exists
Montenegro	yes	€3,50 - (per month)
Netherlands	no	Abolished
North Macedonia	no	Abolished
Norway	no	Abolished in 2020 in favor of a new tax system
Poland	yes	€5,22 - (€62,67 - 272.40złper year)
Portugal	no	€36.24 fee on electricity bills
Romania	no	Abolished
Russia	no	None exists
Serbia	yes	Fee on electricity bills
Slovakia	no	Abolished in 2023^[19]
Slovenia	yes	€12.75/month - (€153; radio €45.24)
Spain	no	None exists
Sweden	no	Abolished^[20]
Switzerland	yes	€28.96/month - (€347,50 - CHF 335.00^[21])
Turkey	yes	€0.57 - (e.g. 20 Lira/month, 2% of electricity bill and indirect charge on the appliance at purchase (average electricity bill 50-200 Turkish lira, up to 500 lira))
Ukraine	no	None exists
United Kingdom	yes	€15.48/month - (€185.73 annually) colour TV: £159.00 monochrome TV: £53.50 blind people: 50% discount

Albania

The Albanian licence fee is 100lekëper month, paid as part of the electricity bill.^[22]This makes up part ofRTSH's funding: 58 per cent comes directly from the government through taxes with the remainder from commercials and the licence fee.

Austria

UnderAustria's TV and Radio Licence Law (Fernseh- und Hörfunklizenzrecht), all operational broadcast reception equipment must be registered. Since 1998, theGebühren Info Service[de](GIS) has been responsible for licence administration. It is a fully-owned subsidiary of the Austrian public broadcaster, (ORF) and an agency of theFederal Ministry of Finance.GIS aims to inform people about licensing, using a four-channel communication strategy consisting of:

advertising campaigns in printed media, radio and television,
direct mail,
outlets such as post offices, banks, tobacconists and the five GIS Service Centres where people can register,
field service customer consultants visiting households not yet registered.

In 2007 the total licensing income was €682 million, 66 per cent of which was allocated to the ORF. The remaining 34 per cent was allocated to the federal government and local governments to fund cultural activities. GIS employs 191 people and has approximately 125 freelancers in the field service. 3.4 million Austrian households are registered with the GIS with 2.5 per cent evading the licence.

The television & radio licence fee varies betweenstates.As of 2022,Styriahas the highest annual television licence cost, at €343.80, andSalzburgandBurgenlandhave the highest annual radio licence cost, at €94.92. Annual fees from July 2022 are:^[23]

State	Television	Radio
Burgenland	€341.40	€94.92
Carinthia	€330.60	€92.52
Lower Austria	€339.00	€93.72
Upper Austria	€269.40	€75.72
Salzburg	€325.80	€94.92
Styria	€343.80	€94.92
Tyrol	€317.40	€88.92
Vorarlberg	€269.40	€75.72
Vienna	€339.00	€94.20

From January 2024, the GIS will be abolished and its associated TV licensing fee is expected to be replaced with a new compulsory ORF household tax, similar to Germany. As a result, some loopholes such as removing theantennaortunerfrom television sets in order to declare them "GIS-Free" and hence exempt from the GIS fee (declared legal in a report to theAustrian Parliamentin 2008,^[24]and confirmed as such by theSupreme Administrative Court of Austriain 2015,^[25]hence creating a market for selling regular andsmart TVswithout built-in antennas or tuners^[26]) will be closed under the new system.^[27]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The licence fee inBosnia and Herzegovinais approximately €46 per year.^[28]TheBosnian Warand associated collapse of infrastructure caused very high evasion rates. This has partly been resolved by collecting the licence fee as part of each household's monthly telephone bill. The licence fee is divided between three broadcasters:

50 per cent toBHRT(Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina), the main radio and television broadcaster inBosnia and Herzegovinaat national level, and Bosnia's only member of theEuropean Broadcasting Union.
25 per cent toRTVFBiH(Radio-Television of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina), a radio and television broadcaster that primarily serves theFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
25 per cent toRTRS(Radio-Television of the Republika Srpska), a radio and television broadcaster which primarily serves theRepublika Srpska.

Croatia

The licence fee inCroatiais regulated by the Croatian Radiotelevision Act, 2003.^[29]^[30]This law was written to ensure compliance with the European Convention on Transfrontier Television, which Croatia joined between 1999 and 2002.^[2]In addition to the licensing, the law regulates television advertising. Up to 9 per cent of air time on HRT may be given to advertising, with a limit of only one commercial during short breaks and no breaks during films. This is less than the limit permitted for commercial broadcasters.

The licence fee is charged to all owners of equipment capable of receiving television or radio broadcasts. It is set at 1.5 per cent of the previous year's average net salary,^[29]which is^[when?]€137 per year per household with at least one radio or television receiver. It is the main source of revenue for the national broadcasterHrvatska Radiotelevizija (HRT),and a secondary source of income for other national and local broadcasters, which receive a minority share. Within HRT, 66 per cent of the licence fee income goes to television and 34 per cent to radio.^[31]

Czech Republic

The licence fee in theCzech Republicis 135 Kč per month for television and 45 Kč per month for radio, amounting to 2160 Kč per year.^[8]^[9]Paid advertisements are not permitted on television except in narrowly defined circumstances during a transitional period. Each household that owns at least one television pays for one licence, regardless of how many televisions they own. Corporations and the self-employed must pay for a licence for each television and radio.

Germany

The licence fee in Germany is €18.36 per month (€220 per annum) for all apartments, secondary residences, holiday homes and summer houses. Since 2003 it has been payable regardless of possession or use of television and radio.^[32]Businesses and institutions must pay, based on factors including numbers of employees, vehicles and, for hotels, beds.^[33]The fee is billed monthly but typically paid quarterly or yearly. It is collected byBeitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradiowhich is sometimes criticized for its enforcement measures.^[34]Since 2013, only recipients of certain social benefits such asArbeitslosengeld IIorstudent loans and grantsare exempt from the licence fee. People with certain disabilities can apply to pay a reduced fee of €5.83. Low income, in general, is no longer a reason for exemption.^[35]Since the fee is billed to a person and not to a dwelling, empty dwellings are exempt.

Nine members of ARD

The licence fee is used to fund the public broadcastersZDFandDeutschlandradio,as well as the nine regional broadcasters of theARDnetwork. Together, they run 22 television channels (10 regional, 10 national, 2 international:Arteand3sat) and 61 radio stations (58 regional, 3 national). Two national television stations and 32 regional radio stations carry limited advertising. The 14 regional regulatory authorities for private broadcasters are also funded by the licence fee, and in some states, non-profit community radio stations get small amounts of the licence fee. Germany's international broadcaster,Deutsche Welle,is fully funded by the German federal government, though much of its new content is provided by the ARD.

Germany's per capita budget for public broadcasting is close to the European average but the total is one of the largest in the world. In 2006, annual income from licence fees was more than €7.9 billion.^[36]

The board of public broadcasters sued the German states for interference with their budgeting process, and on 11 September 2007, the Supreme Court decided in their favour. This effectively rendered the public broadcasters independent and self-governing. Public broadcasters have announced that they are determined to use all available ways to reach their "customers" and as such have started a very broad Internet presence with media portals, news and TV programs. National broadcasters abandoned an earlier pledge to restrict their online activities. This resulted in newspapers taking court action against the ARD, claiming that itsTagessschausmartphone app was unfairly subsidised by the licence fee, to the detriment of free-market providers of news content apps. The case was dismissed with the court advising the two sides to find a compromise.

Greece

The licence fee inGreeceis paid through electricity bills. It is charged to every electricity account, including private residences and businesses. There has been discussion of replacing it with a direct licence fee after complaints from people who do not own a television set. An often-quoted joke is that even the dead pay the licence fee, since graveyards have electricity bills.^[37]

Licensing income is paid to the state broadcaster,Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi(ERT). In June 2013, ERT was closed down to save money for the Greek government and licence fees were temporarily suspended.^[38] In June 2015, ERT reopened and the licence fee resumed at a rate of €36 per year.

Ireland

As of 2020, the cost of a television licence in Ireland is €160 per year.^[39]The licence applies to premises so a separate licence is required for holiday homes or motor vehicles which contain a television.^[40]The licence must be paid for premises that have any equipment that can potentially decode TV signals, regardless of whether they view RTÉ's content. The licence is free to anyone over the age of 70, to some people over 66, to people on a disability allowance, and people who are blind (these licences are paid for by the state). The Irish post office,An Post,is responsible for the collection of the licence fee and commencement of prosecution proceedings in cases of non-payment, but An Post has signalled its intention to withdraw from its licence fee business.^[41]The licence fee makes up 50 per cent of the revenue ofRTÉ,the national broadcaster with the rest coming from radio and television advertisements.^[42]Some RTÉ services have not historically relied on the licence for income, such asRTÉ 2fm,RTÉ Aertel,RTÉ.iebut since 2012 RTÉ 2FM has had some financial support from the licence. TheRTÉ Transmission Networkoperates on an entirely commercial basis.

Five per cent of the licence fee goes to theBroadcasting Authority of Ireland's "Sound and Vision Scheme", which provides funds for programme production and restoration of archive material. From 2011 until 2018, five per cent of RTÉ's licence income was granted toTG4.RTÉ is now required to provide TG4 with programming. The remainder of TG4's funding is from direct state grants and commercial income.

Italy

The licence fee inItalyis charged to each household with a television set, regardless of use,^[43]and to all public premises with one or more televisions or radios. In 2016, the government reduced the licence fee to €100 per household and incorporated it into electricity bills in an attempt to eliminate evasion,^[44]^[45]and as of 2018, the fee was €90.00.^[46]

Sixty-six per cent ofRAI's income comes from the licence fee (up from about half of total income seven years ago), with another twenty-five per cent from advertising,^[47]which is aired pretty regularly every 20 minutes or so, with very few exceptions (football matches, special events, Eurovision Song Contest)

Montenegro

Under the Broadcasting Law of December 2002, each household and legal entity inMontenegroable to receive radio or television programmes is required to pay a broadcasting subscription fee. The monthly fee is €3.50, or €42.00 per annum. Funds are distributed,

75 per cent to the republic's public broadcasting radio and television services,
10 per cent to support local public broadcasting services
10 per cent to support commercial broadcasting services,
5 per cent to support the Broadcasting Agency of Montenegro.

The Broadcasting Agency of Montenegro collected the fee through telephone bills, but after the privatization ofTelekom,the new owners, T-com, announced they would not administer the fee after July 2007.

Poland

As of 2023, the licence fee inPolandfor a television set is 27.30złper month, or for radio only is 8.70złper month. One licence is required per household, irrespective of the number of sets. The fee is waived for people over 75.^[48]Public health institutions, nurseries, educational institutions, hospices and retirement homes need only one licence per building or building complex they occupy. Commercial premises need a licence for each set, including radios and televisions in company vehicles.

Around 60 per cent of the fee goes toTelewizja Polskawith the rest going toPolskie Radio.Advertisements are allowed between programmes on public television but it is not permitted to interrupt its programmes for advertisements.

The licence is collected and maintained by the Polish post office,Poczta Polska.There is a major problem with licence evasion in Poland: in 2012 around 65 per cent of households evaded the licence fee (compared to an average of 10 per cent in theEuropean Union),^[49]and in 2020, only 8 per cent of Polish households paid the licence fee. Reasons for non-payment include theopt-insystem in which there is no effective means to compel people to register or to prosecute those that fail to do so. Licensing inspectors, who are usuallypostal workers,do not have the right of entry to inspect premises and must get the owner's or occupier's permission to enter. Also, the public media are frequently accused of producing pro-government propaganda and not being independent public broadcasters.^[50]Due to widespread non-payment of the licence fee, in 2020 the government gave a 2 billion złoty grant for public media.^[51]

Portugal

From September 2003, theRádio e Televisão de Portugal(RTP) was financed through government grants and the "Taxa de Contribuição Audiovisual" (Portuguese forBroadcasting Contribution Tax), charged monthly through the electricity bills.^[52] Following the2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis,government grants ended and RTP was financed only through the "Taxa de Contribuição Audiovisual" and advertising.^[53]Since July 2016, the fee is €2.85 +VATper month.^[54]

RTP1can broadcast only 6 minutes of commercial advertising per hour (commercial channels can broadcast 12 minutes per hour).RTP2and thepublic radios stationshave no commercial advertising.RTP3andRTP Memóriacan broadcast commercial advertising on cable, satellite and IPTV platforms but not on digital terrestrial television.

Serbia

Licence fees inSerbiaare bundled together with electricity bills and collected monthly. There have been increasing indications that the Government of Serbia is considering the temporary cessation of the licence fee until a more effective financing solution is found.^[55]However, as of 28 August 2013 this has yet to be realized.

Slovenia

Since June 2013, the annual licence fee inSloveniais €12.75 per household per month to receive both television and radio services, or €3.77 per month for radio only, regardless of the number of devices capable of receiving television or radio broadcasts. Businesses and the self-employed pay this amount for each set, and pay higher rates where they are intended for public viewing rather than private use by employees.^[56]

The licence fee is used to fund the national broadcasterRTV Slovenija.In 2007, the licence fee raised €78.1 million, approximately 68 per cent of the broadcaster's operating revenue. RTV Slovenija's advertising income in 2007 was €21.6 million.^[57]

Switzerland

Any household that receives radio or television programs from theSwissnational public broadcasterSRG SSRmust be registered and pay licence fees. The fee isCHF335 per year for TV and radio for single households, and CHF 670 for multiple households, e.g.nursing homes.^[58]Households unable to receive broadcast transmissions are exempt from the fees until 2023 if residents apply to opt out.^[59]Residential licence fees are collected by Serafe AG, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the insurance collections agency Secon.^[60]Non-payment of licence fees incurs fines of up to CHF 100,000. For businesses, the fee is on a scale based on the company's annual turnover and is collected by the Swiss Federal Tax Administration.^[61] The majority of the fee, CHF 1.2 billion, goes to SRG SSR, with the rest going to a collection of small regional radio and television broadcasters.

On 4 March 2018, there wasa referendumon whether TV licensing should be scrapped, with the slogan "No Billag", a reference to the previous collector of the licence fees.^[62]^[63]^[64]Parliament have advocated a no vote.^[65]Voters overwhelmingly rejected the proposal by 71.6 to 28.4 per cent and in all cantons.^[66]Following the vote, the fee was significantly reduced.

Turkey

A licence fee of up to 16 per cent is paid to the state broadcasterTRTby the producer or importer of the television receiving equipment. Consumers indirectly pay this fee when purchasing equipment. No registration is required for television receiving equipment, except for cellular phones as mandated by a separate law.

TRT also receives funding via advertisements. Previously a 2 per cent tax was added to monthly electricity bills but this has been abolished.

United Kingdom

A television licence is required for each household where television programmes are watched or recorded as they are broadcast, irrespective of the signal method (terrestrial, satellite, cable or the Internet). As of September 2016, users ofBBC iPlayermust also have a television licence to watch on-demand television content from the service.^[67]As of 1 April 2017, after a price freeze that began in 2010, the cost of a licence may now increase to account for inflation. As of January 2022, the licence fee is £159 for a colour and £53.50 for a black and white television Licence^[68]As it is classified in law as a tax, evasion of licence fees is a criminal offence.^[69]204,018 people were prosecuted or fined in 2014 for TV licence offences: 173,044 in England, 12,536 in Wales, 4,905 people in Northern Ireland and 15 in the Isle of Man.^[70]^[71]

The licence fee is used almost entirely to fundBBCdomestic radio, television and internet services. Money received from the licence represents approximately 75 per cent of the cost of these services, with most of the remainder coming from the profits ofBBC Studios,a commercial arm of the corporation which distributes content outside of the United Kingdom, and operates or licences BBC-branded television services and brands.^[72]The BBC also receives some funding from theScottish GovernmentviaMG Albato finance theBBC AlbaGaelic-language television service in Scotland. The BBC used to receive a direct government grant from theForeign and Commonwealth Officeto fund television and radio services broadcast to other countries, such as theBBC World Serviceradio andBBC Arabic Television.These services run on a non-profit, non-commercial basis. The grant was abolished on 1 April 2014, leaving these services to be funded by the UK licence fee, a move which has caused some controversy.^[73]^[74]

Channel 4is also a public television service but it is funded through advertising.^[75]The Welsh languageS4Cis funded through a combination of a direct grant from theDepartment for Culture, Media and Sportand advertising, and receives some programming free of charge from the BBC. These other broadcasters are much smaller than the BBC.

In addition to public broadcasters, the United Kingdom has a wide range of commercial television funded by advertising and subscription. A television licence is still required of viewers who solely watch such commercial channels, although 74.9 per cent of the population watchesBBC Onein any given week, making it the most popular channel in the country.^[76]A similar licence existed for radio but was abolished in 1971.

Television licences in Africa

Ghana

The licence fee inGhanawas reintroduced in 2015, and is used to fund theGhana Broadcasting Corporation(GBC). Households have to pay between GH¢36 and GH¢60 per year for using one or more televisions at home.^[77]

Mauritius

The licence fee inMauritiusisRs1,800 per year (around €29),^[78]collected as part of the electricity bill. The fee provides 60 per cent of the income forMauritius Broadcasting Corporation(MBC). Most of the remaining funds come from television and radio commercials.^[79]The introduction of private broadcasting in 2002 has put pressure on MBC's commercial revenues. Private stations argue that MBC affects their profitability and they want the government to make MBC commercial-free.^[78]

Namibia

The licence fee inNamibiawasN$204 (about €23) in 2001.^[80]The fee is used to fund theNamibian Broadcasting Corporation.^[81]

South Africa

The licence fee in South Africa isR265 (about €23) per annum (R312 per year if paid on a monthly basis) for television.^[82]A concessionary rate of R70 is available for those over 70, disabled persons and war veterans who are on social welfare. The licence fee partially funds the public broadcaster, theSouth African Broadcasting Corporation(SABC), providing R972 million (almost €90 million) in 2008–9. SABC derives much of its income from advertising. Proposals to abolish licensing have circulated since October 2009. The national carrier hopes to receive funding entirely from state subsidies and commercials.

Television licences in Asia

Japan

In Japan, the annual licence fee (Japanese:Thụ tín liêu,jushin-ryo) for terrestrial television broadcasts is¥14,205, and ¥24,740 for those receivingsatellitebroadcasts.^[83]The fee is slightly less if paid bydirect debit.There is a separate licence for monochrome TV, and fees are slightly less inOkinawa.

The Japanese licence fee pays for the national broadcaster,Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK). Every household in Japan with a television set is required to have a licence, but in 2006 non-payment was described as "epidemic" following a series of scandals involving NHK.^[84]In 2005, it was reported that, "there is no fine or any other form of sanction for non-payment".^[85]TheNHK Party,often called the Anti-NHK Party, was founded in 2013 as asingle-issue political partyto oppose the license fee, with its only policy being toencryptNHK's broadcast signal, meaningonly those who watch NHK pay for it.^[86]

Pakistan

The television licence inPakistanisRs420 per year, collected as monthly charge on all electricity bills.^[87]The fee plus advertising revenue fund thePakistan Television Corporation(PTV).

South Korea

InSouth Korea,the television licence fee (Korean:수신료 징수제) is collected for theKorean Broadcasting Systemand theEducational Broadcasting System.The fee is₩30,000 per year^[88](about €20.67), and is bundled with electricity bills. It has stood at this level since 1981, and now makes up less than 40 per cent of KBS's income and less than 8 per cent of EBS's income.^[89]Its purpose is to maintain public broadcasting in South Korea, and give public broadcasters the resources to do their best to produce and broadcast public interest programs.

Countries where the TV licence has been abolished

The following countries have had television licences, but subsequently abolished them:

Australia

1950sPostmaster-General's Departmentadvertisement regarding broadcast licences

Radio licence fees were introduced inAustraliain the 1920s to fund privately owned broadcasters, which were not permitted to sell advertising. With the formation of the government-ownedAustralian Broadcasting Commissionin 1932, licence fees were used to fund ABC broadcasts while privately-owned stations were permitted to seek revenue from advertising and sponsorship. Television licence fees were introduced in 1956 when the ABC began television transmissions. In 1964 a television licence, issued on apunched card,cost£6 (A$12); the fine for not having a licence was £100 (A$200).

All licence fees were abolished on 18 September 1974 by theWhitlam governmenton the basis that the near-universality of television and radio use meant that public funding was fairer.^[90]Since then, the ABC has been funded by government grants, now totalling aroundA$1.13 billion per year, plus its own commercial activities (merchandising, overseas sale of programmes, etc.).

Belgium

Flemish region and Brussels

TheFlemish regionofBelgiumandBrusselsabolished its television licence in 2001. TheFlemishbroadcasterVRTis now funded from general taxation.

Walloon region

From 1 January 2018, the licence fee in theWalloon region(encompassing the French and German-speaking communities) was abolished. Licences in effect at that remained payable until their period was up but were not renewed after that period.^[5]

The licence fee in Belgium's Walloon region was €100.00 for a television and €0.00 for a radio in a vehicle.^[91]One licence was needed per household with a functional television receiver, regardless of the number, but each car with a radio had to have a separate car radio licence. Household radios did not require a licence. The money raised by the fee was used to fund Belgium's French and German public broadcasters (RTBFandBRFrespectively). The television licence fee was paid by people with surnames beginning with a letter between A and J between 1 April and 31 May inclusive, and those with surnames beginning with a letter between K and Z paid between 1 October and 30 November inclusive. People with certain disabilities were exempt from paying the fee. Hotels and similar lodging establishments paid an additional fee of €50.00 for each additional functional TV receiver and paid between 1 January and 1 March inclusive.

Bulgaria

A fee for use of television and radio was included the fee in theBulgarianRadio and Television Law passed in the 1990s. Following public criticism, thepresidentvetoed the law. TheBulgarian National Assemblyretained the power to impose a fee but added a temporary measure fundingBulgarian National Television(BNT) andBulgarian National Radio(BNR) directly from the national budget. This funding mechanism has been retained since then.

Canada

From 1922 to 1953 individual members of the public were required to pay for annual Private Receiving Station licences to legally receive broadcasting stations.

The Radiotelegraph Act 1913 required anyone possessing a radio receiver to hold an "Amateur Experimental Station" licence,^[92]^[93]and pass an "Amateur Experimental Certificate of Proficiency", demonstrating the ability to send and receive Morse code at five words per minute.^[1]In January 1922 the government introduced a Private Receiving Station licence for people who only intended to receive radio, rather than transmit.^[94]^[95]The receiving station licences initially cost $1 per year. Over time this increased to $2.50 to cover radio and television broadcasts by theCanadian Broadcasting Corporation.The licence fee was abolished in 1953 and replaced with television equipment excise taxes.^[96]

Cyprus

Cyprushad an indirect tax forCyBC,its state-run public broadcasting service, paid through electricity bills dependent on home size. It was abolished in the late 1990s and CyBC is now funded by advertising and government grants.

Denmark

Until 2022 aDanishmedia licence fee of 1353kr(€182) per year was charged for any devices that could receive broadcast television.^[97]^[98]The majority of the licence fee funded the national radio and television broadcasterDR,with a smaller proportion fundingTV 2'sregional services.^[99]The media licence was abolished in 2022.^[100]Funding for DR is now provided through general taxation.^[10]TV 2 is now funded through advertising revenue,^[101]and it receives indirect subsidies through favourable loans from the Danish state.

Finland

Stamped inLoviisa.The price for half a year was 3,000Mkin 1960s

The television fee inFinlandwas between €244.90 and €253.80 per year for each household with a television. It was the primary source of funding forYleisradio(Yle). In 2013 it was replaced with theYle public broadcasting tax(Finnish:yleisradiovero,Swedish:rundradioskatt), a progressive income tax up to €163 per person.^[11]^[102]^[103]People with low incomes, under the age of eighteen years, or resident inÅlandare exempt from the tax.^[104]

France

Until 2022 a broadcasting licence fee (contribution à l'audiovisuel public) fundedRadio FranceandFrance Télévisions.^[105]People under the age of 21, under 25 and in full-time education, and those who had a household income below a certain threshold were exempt from the fee. The fee was abolished in 2022 and replaced with direct funding from theFrench Treasury.^[106]^[12]

Gibraltar

Until 2006 television licence fees provided funds to theGibraltar Broadcasting Corporation(GBC).^[107]^[108]Even before the abolition of the licence fee, the majority of GBC's funding came as a grant from the government.

Hungary

InHungary,licence fees nominally exist, but since 2002 residential fees have been paid from the state budget.^[109]This means that funding forMagyar TelevízióandDuna TVcomes directly from taxation. Commercial venues such as hotels and bars also had their fees paid between 2002 and 2007, but since then they have needed to make a payment per television set.

Ever since privatisation in 1995,^[110]^[111]the public broadcaster MTV has had persistent financial difficulties.^[112]During the2009 financial crisis,parliament cut their funding by more than 30 per cent, a move that was publicly condemned by the EBU.^[113]

Hong Kong

Hong Kong previously had a radio and television licence fee forRadio Television Hong Kong (RTHK)andRediffusion Television,costing 36Hong Kong dollarsper year. RTHK is now funded by theHong Kong Government.

Iceland

The television licence fee forIceland's state broadcasterRÚVwas abolished in 2007 and replaced with apoll taxof 17,200kr.from everyone who pays income tax, regardless of whether they use television and radio.^[114]

India

Indiaintroduced a radio receiver licence system in 1928 forAll India Radio(AIR) Akashvani. Television licensing began in 1956–57. In 1976, public television was separated from AIR as a separate company,Doordarshan.In the 1970s and 1980s, radio licences cost Rs 15 per year and television licences cost Rs 50. The wireless licence inspector from the post office was authorized to check every house and shop for a Wireless License Book, and to issue penalties or seize the receiving equipment for non-payment. In 1984, the licensing system was withdrawn. AIR and Doordarshan are both funded by the Government of India and by income from advertising.

Indonesia

A radio tax forRRIfunding was introduced in 1947,^[115]during theIndonesian National Revolution.The television fee was introduced soon afterTVRIstarted broadcasting in 1962. The radio tax was abolished in the 1980s.^{[citation needed]}The television fee continued into the 1990s. Its abolition started after public protests about the company that collected the fee, which was run by the Indonesian President's son,^[116]but areas such asBandungandSurabayacontinued to have a television fee throughout the 1990s.^[117]^[118]A "broadcasting fee" (Indonesian:iuran penyiaran) was included in legislation in 2002 but has not been implemented. Public radio and television are currently funded through a combination of advertising and funds from the state budget.

Israel

Licence fees were the primary source of revenue for theIsrael Broadcasting Authoritywhen it was the state broadcaster. Every household was charged₪345 (€73) for a television licence and car owners were charged₪136 (€29) for a radio licence. The television licence was abolished in 2015,^[119]but a radio licence is still required of car owners.^[120]The Israel Broadcasting Authority was replaced by theIsraeli Broadcasting Corporationin May 2017. Its radio stations carry advertising and some of its television programmes are sponsored by commercial entities.

Liechtenstein

An annual licence was required between 1978 and 1998 for households with broadcast receiving equipment. The income was divided betweenPTTand the Swiss national broadcaster,SRG.Since 1998, an annual government grant for public media is administrated by the Mediakommision.

The sole radio station in the principality,Radio Liechtenstein,was founded as a private commercial music station in 1995. It was nationalised in 2004 underLiechtensteinischer Rundfunk[de]to create a domesticpublic broadcastingstation. It is funded by commercials and the public broadcasting grant.

Malaysia

The annual television licence fee for television in 1990 was at RM 24,^[121]previously RM 36 in 1986 and RM 12 in 1985,^[122]while the radio licence fee in 1990 was at RM 12;^[121]unchanged since the 1960s.^[123]The licence fee for the former was also the lowest in the world as of 1989.^[124]The licence fee for monochrome televisions in 1985 was at RM 24.^[122]

Licences for home-use radios were abolished by late 1985 with the amendments to the Telecommunications Act 1960,^[125]while radio licences were abolished on 1 January 1991, due to Malaysia's improved economic performance.^[121]

46.5% of television owners did not pay for the television licence in 1995.^[126]

In 1995, the government had planned to introduce pre-payment of television licence fees for people who have purchased a new television once every ten years, amounting RM 240 for each, replacing the annual payment which caused the government to lose millions of ringgit every year.^[127]

The government planned to add a separate licence for cable and satellite television owners and an increase of television licence fee for such users in 1996;^[128]it also had planned to increase the television licence fee to RM 36 in 1998.^[123]

The television licence fees were abolished in April 1999; however people still paid for the fees. The government decided to refund the fees that amounted to RM 67 million,^[129]becoming just RM 21 million in 2000.^[130]

Until April 2000,^[131]Malaysiahad an annual television licence fee of MYR 24 (MYR 2 per month), one of the lowest television licence fees in the world. Now,RTMis funded by the government and advertising.

Malta

The licence fee inMaltafundedTelevision Malta(TVM), and the radio stations Radio Malta and Radju Parliament run byPublic Broadcasting Services.Approximately two-thirds of TVM's funding came from the licence fee, with much of the remainder coming from commercials.^[132]Malta's television licence was abolished in 2011 when thefree-to-airsystem was discontinued.

Netherlands

Advertising on public television and radio started in 1967 but was tightly regulated. Initially there was only a small advertising segment before and after news broadcasts. In the late 1980s, commercial breaks of 1 to 3 minutes were allowed between programmes. Advertising on Sundays was not permitted until 1991. Due to excessive collection costs, the fee was abolished around 2000.^[133]Income tax was increased and the maximum duration of commercial breaks was extended to 5 and 7 minutes.^[133]TheNetherlands Public Broadcastingis now funded by government subsidy and advertising. The amount of time used by commercial breaks may not exceed 15 per cent of daily broadcasting time or 10 per cent of total annual broadcasting time.

New Zealand

Licence fees were first used in New Zealand to fund the radio services of what was to become theNew Zealand Broadcasting Corporation.Television was introduced in 1960 and with it the television licence fee, later known as the public broadcasting fee. This was capped atNZ$100 a year in the 1970s, and the country's two television channels, while still publicly owned, became increasingly reliant on advertising. From 1989, it was collected and disbursed by the Broadcasting Commission (NZ On Air) on a contestable basis to support local content production. The public broadcasting fee was abolished in July 1999.^[134]NZ On Air was then funded by a direct appropriation from the Ministry for Culture and Heritage.

North Macedonia

The licence fee in theRepublic of North Macedoniawas around €26 per year.^[135]Until 2005 it was collected monthly as part of the electricity bill. From November 2005,Macedonian Radio-Television(MRT) collected the fee until this responsibility was taken over by the Public Revenue Office. The fee was paid per household, with exemptions for households not covered by a broadcasting signal, and households of people with severe vision or hearing impairment. Hotels and motels were charged one broadcasting fee for every five rooms, legal persons and office space owners paid for one broadcasting fee for each 20 employees or other users of the office space, and owners of catering and other public facilities paid per television set. MRT also received income from advertising and sponsorship.

In January 2017, the licence fee was abolished. MRT, Macedonian Broadcasting and the Agency for Audio and Audiovisual Media Services are now financed directly from the Budget of the Republic of North Macedonia.^[136]

Norway

The licence fee inNorwaywas abolished in January 2020. Before that, every household with a television needed to pay a fee ofc.3000kr(c. €305). The fee was charged per household. People in a house who had a separate television and were not in the parental care of the householders needed to pay a separate licence fee.^[137] The fee was the primary source of income forNorsk Rikskringkasting(NRK).^[138]Since 2020, funding for NRK comes through taxation from each individual liable for income taxes in Norway.^[139]

Romania

Until 2017 a licence fee was collected as part of the electricity bill. It made up part ofTeleviziunea Română's (TVR) funding, with the rest coming from advertising and government grants. Everyone with a television receiver or a computer needed to pay. In 2016, the Parliament of Romania decided to abolish the fee from 1 January 2017.^[140]Since then, TVR's funding mainly comes from government grants and advertising.

Singapore

Residents of Singapore with televisions in their households, or televisions or radios in their vehicles, were required to acquire the appropriate licences from 1963 to 2010. The licence fee in 1963 was at $24 per year ($2 per month), touted at the time as being "one of the cheapest inthis part of the world".^[141]The licence fees are channelled to theSingapore Broadcasting Authoritywhere they would be used to fund minority and public service programmes.^[142]

The licence fees were abolished from 1 January 2011. Finance MinisterTharman Shanmugaratnamreported that he was abolishing the fees as they were "losing their relevance".^[143]

Slovakia

The TV licence fee inSlovakiawas €4.64 per month (€55.68 per year).^[144]In addition to the licence fee,RTVSalso received state subsidies and money from advertising. The license fee was abolished from 1 July 2023.^[19]

Soviet Union

Until 1961, all radio and television receivers in the Soviet Union were required to be registered in local telecommunication offices and a subscription fee was to be paid monthly. Compulsory registration and subscription fees were abolished on 18 August 1961, with prices of radio and television receivers raised to compensate for the lost fees.^[145]

Sweden

On 1 January 2019, the television licence (Swedish:TV-avgift,literallyTV fee) in Sweden was scrapped and replaced by a "general public service fee" (Swedish:allmän public service-avgift), which is a flat income-based public broadcasting tax of 1 per cent, capped at 1,300Swedish kronor(approximatelyUS$145 or€126) per person per year.^[146]The fee is administered by theSwedish Tax Agency(Swedish:Skatteverket),^[147]on behalf of the country's three public broadcastersSveriges Television(SVT),Sveriges Radio(SR) andSveriges Utbildningsradio(UR). The fee pays for 5 television channels, 45 radio channels, and online television and radio.

Previously the television licence was a household-based flat fee. Originally it was referred as the "television licence" (Swedish:TV-licens), but in the 2000s was renamed "television fee". It was last charged in 2018 atkr2,400 per annum.^[148]It was payable in monthly, bimonthly, quarterly or annual instalments,^[149]to the agencyRadiotjänst i Kiruna,which was jointly owned by SVT, SR and UR. The fee was collected by every household or company containing a television set, and possession of such a device had to be reported to Radiotjänst by law. One fee was collected per household regardless of the number of television sets in the home or at other locations owned by the household, such as summer houses. Although the fee also paid for radio broadcasting, there was no specific fee for radios since the radio licence was abolished in 1978.^[150]Television licence evasion was suspected to be around 11 to 15 per cent.^[151]

Taiwan

A Taiwanese TV licence

Between 1959 and the 1970s, all radio and TV receivers in Taiwan were required to have a licence with an annual fee ofNT$60. This was to prevent influence from mainland China's (the People's Republic of China) channels.^[152]

Thailand

The Radio Broadcasting and Television Act, B.E. 2498 (1955) set a lifetime licence fee of 200baht(equivalent to 2,334 baht in 2020) for ownership of radio and television sets or parts.^[153]It was abolished in 1959 as television and radio quickly became a vital source of information.^[154]

Countries that have never had a television or broadcasting licence

Andorra

Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra,the public broadcaster, is funded by advertising and government grants with no fee for viewers.

Brazil

The federal companyEmpresa Brasil de Comunicação,which managesTV Brasiland public radio stations (Rádio MEC and Rádio Nacional), is financed from the Federal Budget, besides profit from licensing and production of programs, institutional advertisement, and service rendering to public and private institutions.^[155]

ThePadre Anchieta Foundation,which managesTV Culturaand the Cultura FM and Cultura Brasil radio stations inSão Paulo,receives funds from the state government, advertisements and fundraising from the private sector. In December 1997, the "Education and Culture Tax", a state tax inSão Paulo,was instituted to fund the state's public broadcasters, TV Cultura and Rádio Cultura.^[156]The tax was charged monthly through electricity bills according to consumers' energy consumption.^[157]^[158]However, the collection of the fee was declared unconstitutional by the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo.^[159]

China

The current state broadcaster,China Central Television(CCTV), established in 1958, is funded almost entirely through the sale of commercial advertising time, although this is supplemented by government funding and a tax of ¥2 per month from all cable television subscribers in the country.

Estonia

InEstoniathere are three public TV channels:Eesti TelevisioonETV, ETV2, and ETV+ (ETV+ was launched on 27 September 2015 and mostly targets people who speak Russian). The funding comes from governmentgrant-in-aid.ETV is currently one of only a few public television broadcasters in the European Union which has neither advertising nor a licence fee and is solely funded by national government grants. Commercials in public broadcasting television were stopped in 2002 over concerns that its low prices were damaging the ability of commercial broadcasters to operate. The introduction of a licence fee system was considered but ultimately rejected in the face of public opposition.^[160]

Iran

Iranhas never levied television licence fees. After the 1979Islamic Revolution,National Iranian Radio and Televisionwas renamedIslamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting,and became the state broadcaster. In Iran, private broadcasting is illegal.

Latvia

Public Broadcasting of Latviais a consortium of the public radio broadcasterLatvijas Radioand the public TV broadcasterLatvijas Televīzija,which operates the LTV1 and LTV7 channels. After years of debate, the public broadcasters ceased airing commercial advertising from January 1, 2021, and became fully government-funded by the national budget.^[161]The introduction of a television licence has been previously debated, but this was opposed by the government.

Luxembourg

Luxembourghas never had a television licence requirement. Until 1993, it had no national public broadcaster, and it still has no public television broadcaster.

Radio 100,7is a radio station funded by the country's Ministry of Culture and by sponsorship arrangements. Television in Luxembourg is provided by the commercial networkRTL Télé Lëtzebuergand channels serving nearby countries.

Monaco

Monaco has never had any listener or viewer broadcasting licence fee. Since the establishment ofRadio Monte-Carloin 1943 andTélévision Monte-Carloin 1954, both have been funded on a commercial basis with no charge for the audience.

Nigeria

Television licences are not used in Nigeria, except in the sense ofbroadcasting licencesgranted to private networks. The federal government's television station, NTA (Nigerian Television Authority), has two broadcast networks: NTA 1 is partly funded by central government and partly by advertising revenue, and NTA 2 is wholly funded by advertisements. Almost all thirty-six states have their own television stations, funded wholly or substantially by their respective governments.

Philippines

Television licensing has never been enacted in the Philippines. The state-owned television (PTVandIBC) and radio (PBS) stations have been funded directly by the government's annual budget.

Post-Soviet states

See#Soviet Union.

Spain

RTVE,the public broadcaster, had been funded by government grants and advertising income since it launched its radio services in 1937 and television services in 1956. Although the state-owned national radio station removed advertising in 1986, its TV channels continued broadcasting commercials until 2009. Since 2010, the public broadcaster is funded by government grants and taxes paid by private nationwide TV broadcasters and telecommunications companies.^[162]

United States

In the United States, privately owned commercial radio and television stations funded by advertising proved to be commercially viable. Some governments owned non-commercial radio stations (such asWNYC,owned by New York City from 1922 to 1997) oreducational televisionstations, but most broadcasters were private companies or were owned by charitable organizations supported by donations.

TheCorporation for Public Broadcasting(CPB) was created by thePublic Broadcasting Act of 1967,and this led to the creation of thePublic Broadcasting Service(PBS) andNational Public Radio(NPR). These are loose networks ofnon-commercial educational(NCE) stations owned by state and local governments,educational institutions,and non-profit organizations. They are more similar to U.S. commercial networks than European public broadcasters.

Annual funding forpublic televisionin the United States was US$445.5 million in 2014 (including interest revenue).^[163]The CPB, and virtually all government-owned stations, are funded through general taxes, donations from individuals (usually in the form of "memberships" ), and charitable organizations. Individual programs on public broadcasters may be supported byunderwriting spotspaid for by sponsors. Between 53 and 60 percent of public television's revenues come from private membership donations andgrants,^[164]so most stations solicit individual donations byfundraising,pledge drivesortelethonswhich can disrupt regularly scheduled programming. Normal programming can be replaced with specials aimed at a wider audience to solicit new members and donations.^[165]

In some rural areas of the United States,broadcast translatordistricts exist, which are funded by anad valorem property taxon all property within the district,^[166]or by a parcel tax on each dwelling unit within the district. Failure to pay the TV translator tax has the same repercussions as failing to pay any other property tax, including alienplaced on the property and eventual seizure.^[167]In addition, fines can be levied on viewers who watch TV from the translator signals without paying the fee. As the Federal Communications Commission has exclusive jurisdiction over broadcast stations, whether a local authority can legally impose a fee merely to watch an over-the-air broadcast station is questionable. In some areas the tax is charged regardless of whether the resident watches TV from the translator. In other areas the property owner may certify that they do not use the translator district's services and get a waiver.

Cable television franchise feeagreements are added to cable TV bills to fundpublic, educational, and government access(PEG) television for the municipality that granted the franchise agreement. State governments may also add taxes. These taxes generate controversy since they sometimes go into the general taxation fund, or there is "double taxation" wherepublic-access televisionis paid for by taxes but the cable television operator has to pay for equipment or facilities, or has to pay for local municipality projects that are not related to television.

Uruguay

Uruguay does not have a fee or TV licence. The two public broadcasters in the country,Canal 5andRNU,are funded by government grants.^[168]

Vietnam

Vietnam has never had a television licence fee. Advertising was introduced in the early 1990s as a way to generate revenue for television stations. The current state broadcaster,Vietnam Television,receives the majority of its funds through advertising and some from government subsidies. Local television stations in Vietnam are operated in a similar way.

Detection of television licence evasion

In many jurisdictions, television licences are enforced. Detection of illegal television sets can be as simple as observing the lights and sounds of a television used in a property without a licence.

Television detector vanshave been employed by TV Licensing in the United Kingdom, with variousdetection techniquesreported. An effort to compel the BBC to release key information about the television detection equipment under theFreedom of Information Act 2000was rejected.^[169]The BBC stated, "Detection equipment is complex to deploy as its use is strictly governed by theRegulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000(RIPA) and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers (British Broadcasting Corporation) Order 2001. RIPA and the Order outline how relevant investigatory powers are to be used by the BBC and ensure compliance with human rights. "^[169] The BBC resisted further Freedom of Information Act requests seeking data on the estimated evasion rate for each of the nations of the UK.^[170]

Opinions of television licensing systems

Advocates argue that a main advantage of television fully funded by a licence fee is that programming can be enjoyed without interruptions for advertisements. Europeans tend to watch television for one hour less per day than North Americans,^[171]but because of differences in advertising may be enjoying the same amount of television content in that shorter time. Television funded by advertising is not truly free of cost to consumers as the cost of advertising is passed on in the price of products.

Critics of receiver licensing point out that a licence is aregressive form of taxation.^[172]In contrast, costs from advertising are paid proportion to the consumption of advertised goods. The experience with broadcast deregulation in Europe suggests that demand for commercial-free content is not as high as once thought.^{[citation needed]}

In 2004, the UK government'sDepartment for Culture, Media and Sportasked the public what it thought of various funding alternatives. Fifty-nine per cent of respondents agreed with the statement "Advertising would interfere with my enjoyment of programmes", while 31 per cent disagreed. 71 per cent agreed with the statement "subscription funding would be unfair to those that could not pay", while 16 per cent disagreed. An independent study showed that more than two-thirds of people polled thought that the licence fee should be dropped due to other subscription television services. The Department concluded that the licence fee was "the least worse [sic] option ",^[173] and in 2005 the British government described the licence fee system as "the best (and most widely supported) funding model, even though it is not perfect".^[174]^[175]

In 2018 there was a referendum in Switzerland on whether TV licensing should be scrapped,^[176]^[63]^[64]in which voters rejected abolition by 71.6 per cent to 28.4 per cent.^[66]Legislators inBulgaria^[177]andSerbia^[178]have attempted to introduce a television licence. In Bulgaria, a fee is specified in the broadcasting law but has never been implemented.Lithuania^[179]andLatviahave debated the introduction of a licence fee but have not legislated for one. In the case of Latvia, some analysts believe this is partly because the government is unwilling to relinquish control ofLatvijas Televīzija,which it gains from directly funding the service.^[who?]^[180]

The Czech Republic^[181]increased the proportion of funding that the public broadcaster gets from licence fees, justifying the move with the argument that the existing public service broadcasters cannot compete with commercial broadcasters for advertising revenues.

Internet-based broadcast access

The Internet allows television and radio programmes to be easily accessed outside their country of origin. Where national broadcasters have streaming services, there would be no technological difficulties in accessing these programmes internationally. However, countries with TV licensing systems often do not have a way for potential international viewers to pay for a licence. Instead, they work to prevent international access because licensing rules have not adapted to the possible global audience.

References

^^a ^b"Regulations: 97. Amateur Experimental Certificate",The Canadian Gazette,27 June 1914, page 4550.
^^a ^b"European Convention on Transfrontier Television – CETS No.: 132".Council of Europe.5 May 1989.Retrieved14 June2010.
^"License Fee".Encyclopedia of Television (1st Edition).Chicago:Museum of Broadcast Communications.1997. Archived fromthe originalon 4 September 2013.Retrieved21 November2006.
^https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000199068/orf-beitrag-plus-landesabgabe-die-steirer-zahlen-am-meisten
^^a ^b"Redevance TV: questions suite à sa suppression en 2018".Portail de la Wallonie(in French).Retrieved24 February2018.
^"BHRT pressured by debts faces hard times".25 April 2022.
^"Croatian Radio Television (HRT) Monthly Fee: Everything You Need to Know".total-croatia-news.com.2 March 2023. Archived fromthe originalon 1 April 2023.Retrieved2 March2023.
^^a ^bCzech Television - license fees (in Czech)
^^a ^bCzech Radio - license fees (in Czech)
^^a ^b"[1]."statista.com. Retrieved on January 2, 2023." Annual TV and radio license fees in Denmark from 2010 to 2021. "
^^a ^b"End of the road for TV license fees".Yle Uutiset.27 November 2012.Retrieved12 July2015.
^^a ^b"France's TV licence scrapped to help with cost of living crisis".4 August 2022.
^"What is the German TV tax (Rundfunkbeitrag)?".2 March 2023.
^"ERT (Greek Radio and Television) fee (Law 4324/29.04.15)".Public Power Corporation.Retrieved18 May2021.
^"Újra eltörlik az üzembentartási díjat".NÉPSZAVA online.Archived fromthe originalon 17 October 2017.Retrieved12 July2015.
^"About licensing fees in Iceland in icelandic".Ruv.is.Archived fromthe originalon 9 October 2014.Retrieved27 January2018.
^"TV licences".2 March 2023.
^https://www.informazionefiscale.it/esenzione-canone-Rai-2024-chi-non-paga-domanda-scadenza-esonero
^^a ^b"Za RTVS už nebudete platiť ani cent. Koncesionárske poplatky sa definitívne rušia".tvnoviny.sk.22 February 2023.
^"The radio and TV fee is being replaced".Radiotjänst.Archived fromthe originalon 16 November 2018.Retrieved1 January2019.
^"Fee Overview".SERAFE AG.Retrieved27 June2022.
^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 1 May 2015.Retrieved31 July2018.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Übersicht".GIS(in German).Retrieved24 February2018.
^https://www.parlament.gv.at/dokument/XXIV/III/63/imfname_159777.pdf
^https://web.archive.org/web/20150723110038/https://www.vwgh.gv.at/medien/ro_2015150015.pdf?4zdiv7
^"Warum die GIS-freien TVS jetzt noch besser werden".13 September 2021.
^"Haushaltsabgabe: Alle Infos über den ORF-Beitrag, der ab 2024 die GIS-Gebühr ersetzt!".12 July 2023.
^ Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program; Network Media Program. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Bosnia and Herzegovina(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 253–338.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^^a ^b Croatian Parliament(19 February 2003)."Zakon o Hrvatskoj radioteleviziji (The Croatian Radio-Television Act)"(in Croatian).Narodne novineNN 2003/25.Retrieved13 June2010.
^Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program; Network Media Program. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Croatia(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 425–481.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"Statut Hrvatske Radiotelevizije"(in Croatian).Croatian Radiotelevision.26 June 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 9 July 2014.Retrieved14 June2010.
^"Der neue Rundfunkbeitrag – Bürgerinnen und Bürger: Rund um das neue Modell".rundfunkbeitrag.de. Archived fromthe originalon 17 March 2013.Retrieved17 March2013.
^"Der neue Rundfunkbeitrag – Unternehmen und Institutionen: Rund um das neue Modell".rundfunkbeitrag.de. Archived fromthe originalon 17 March 2013.Retrieved17 March2013.
^Costello, Patrick (17 December 2016)."Germans risk fines and jail to protest public TV tax".USA Today.Retrieved27 April2018.
^"The licence fee (Rundfunkbeitrag) – For citizens"(PDF).rundfunkbeitrag.de.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 April 2018.Retrieved27 April2018.
^"Jahresbericht 2016"[Annual Report 2016](PDF).rundfunkbeitrag.de(in German). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 14 February 2018.Retrieved27 April2018.
^"ΕΡΤ και ΔΕΗ. Πως μπορείτε να μην πληρώνετε αναγκαστικά"[ERT and PPC. How can you not necessarily pay.].AWMN Forum.16 May 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 21 September 2007.Retrieved13 January2011.
^Dabilis, Andy."ERT To Close, Re-Open With Smaller Force".Greek Reporter.Retrieved11 June2013.
^"TV Licence".Anpost.ie.Retrieved13 January2011.
^"Television Licences".Citizensinformation.ie. 20 July 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 10 May 2010.Retrieved13 January2011.
^"Comptroller and Auditor General"(PDF).Audgen.gov.ie.Archived(PDF)from the original on 11 August 2007.Retrieved13 January2011.
^"About RTÉ".Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 30 January 2007.Retrieved13 January2011.
^"Information on subscription to the Italian Television".Abbonamenti.rai.it.Retrieved12 July2015.
^"RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana – Abbonamenti".Abbonamenti.rai.it.Retrieved27 January2018.
^"Information on subscription to the Italian Television".Abbonamenti.rai.it.Retrieved12 July2015.
^"Canone Rai in bolletta 2019".Fisco e Tasse.
^"Reports and Financials as at 31 December 2014"(PDF).Rai.it.Archived(PDF)from the original on 24 September 2015.Retrieved15 January2016.
^"Abonament RTV | RTV.poczta-polska.pl".
^Presenters: Peter Gentle (5 January 2012)."Dateline Warsaw – Poland's public media funding crisis".Dateline Warsaw.Warsaw.Polskie Radio.Polish Radio External Service.Archived fromthe originalon 9 January 2012.Retrieved8 January2012.
^"Poland: Growing hate speech | Reporters without borders".Reporters without Borders.Retrieved20 March2020.
^Tilles, Daniel (15 February 2020)."Polish ruling party grants more funds to state media described as 'propaganda mouthpieces'".Notes From Poland.Retrieved20 March2020.
^Versão pdf (22 August 2003)."Lei 30/2003, 2003-08-22 - DRE".Dre.pt.Retrieved15 March2021.
^"PCP vai propor que a RTP volte a receber indemnização anual do Estado".19 February 2019.
^"Ainda não é desta que a RTP terá aumento da contribuição para o audiovisual".16 December 2019.
^"Serbia's public broadcaster to be financed from budget".B92. 3 April 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 2 May 2013.Retrieved23 August2013.
^ RTV Slovenija."Mesečna višina RTV prispevka določena v Zakonu o spremembah in dopolnitvah zakona o izvrševanju proračunov Republike Slovenije za leti 2013 in 2014 (Ur.l. RS št. 46/2013)"(in Slovenian).Retrieved28 August2013.
^ RTV Slovenija."Annual Report 2007"(PDF).Retrieved13 November2008.
^"Fee Overview".SERAFE AG.Retrieved14 January2022.
^"Households with no means of receiving radio or television".serafe.ch.Retrieved20 March2020.
^"Homepage".serafe.ch.Retrieved20 March2020.
^OFCOM, Federal Office of Communications."Fee for businesses".bakom.admin.ch.Retrieved20 March2020.
^ChF, Chancellerie fédérale."Initiative populaire fédérale 'Oui à la suppression des redevances radio et télévision (suppression des redevances Billag)'".bk.admin.ch(in French).Retrieved28 January2018.
^^a ^b"OUI à la suppression des redevances Billag. – No billag".nobillag.ch(in French). Archived fromthe originalon 16 January 2018.Retrieved28 January2018.
^^a ^b"Non à no Billag – votations".non-nobillag.ch(in French). Archived fromthe originalon 11 July 2018.Retrieved28 January2018.
^"Parliament rejects 'No Billag' licence fee initiative".SWI swissinfo.ch.Retrieved28 January2018.
^^a ^b"UPDATED: Swiss vote against plan to scrap compulsory TV licence fee".4 March 2018.Retrieved7 March2018.
^"How will the BBC detect people watching iPlayer without a licence?".The Guardian.8 August 2016.Retrieved16 May2017.
^"TV Licence types and costs – TV Licensing ™".tvlicensing.co.uk.
^"Further Issues for BBC Charter Review"(PDF).House of Lords Session Report.The Stationery Office Limited. 3 March 2006. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 March 2009.Retrieved15 August2008.
^Nowell, Andrew (31 July 2015)."TV licence fines branded unfair".Wigan Evening Post.Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2015.Retrieved31 December2015.
^Darbyshire, Adrian (2 September 2015)."Record number prosecuted for TV licence evasion".Isle of Man Courier.Archived fromthe originalon 6 September 2015.Retrieved31 December2015.
^(2008)BBC Annual ReportArchived27 January 2009 at theWayback Machine,BBC.Retrieved 17 November 2008.
^"BBC World Service: A licence fee-funded service"(PDF).Downloads.bbc.co.uk.June 2013.Archived(PDF)from the original on 8 August 2013.Retrieved27 January2018.
^"House of Commons – The future of the BBC World Service – Foreign Affairs Committee".Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived fromthe originalon 21 June 2015.Retrieved12 July2015.
^"Channel 4 FAQ".Channel 4 Television Corporation.Retrieved5 April2020.Channel Four Television Corporation was set up by an Act of Parliament. It is a publicly owned not-for-profit corporation and does not have any shareholders.
^"Weekly viewing summary".Barb.co.uk.Retrieved26 June2016.
^"Graphic.com.gh: GBC to re-introduce payment of TV Licence fee".
^^a ^b(August 2003)The Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation: A ReportArchived3 September 2006 at theWayback Machine,Sir Victor Glover, Prime Minister's Office, Republic of Mauritius. Retrieved 21 November 2006
^"Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation".Archived from the original on 10 October 2006.Retrieved22 August2006.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^"Have you paid your TV licence yet?".Namibia Economist.2 November 2001. Archived fromthe originalon 6 October 2006.Retrieved21 November2006.
^Tyson, Robin (2 June 2006)."The Future of the NBC".The Namibian.Archived fromthe originalon 19 April 2014.Retrieved19 April2014.
^"Pay Yours".Tvlic.co.za. Archived fromthe originalon 10 January 2011.Retrieved13 January2011.
^"Receiving Fee System".Nhk.or.jp.Retrieved22 December2016.
^Julian Ryall,"Japan Cracking Down On NHK License Fee Nonpayment",The Hollywood Reporter,15 November 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^"Respect! BBC the role model as NHK tries to beat scandal",The Times,4 February 2005
^"After stunning election win, anti-NHK party sets higher goal".The Asahi Shimbun.Archived fromthe originalon 25 July 2019.Retrieved30 July2019.
^"AsiaMedia:: PAKISTAN: PTV to earn Rs4bn through licence fee: New collection system".Asiamedia.ucla.edu. 15 June 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 17 September 2011.Retrieved13 January2011.
^"TV수신료와 수신서비스".Kbs.co.kr. Archived fromthe originalon 14 April 2005.Retrieved13 January2011.
^"Kbs Global".English.kbs.co.kr. Archived fromthe originalon 29 June 2008.Retrieved13 January2011.
^1974–75 Budget speech by the Hon Frank Crean, APH Hansard, 17 September 1974, p1290, introduced through theBroadcasting and Television Act 1974(Cth)
^"Autoradio Television Tout Savoir Sur la Redevance"(PDF)(in French). Archived from the original on 9 May 2006.Retrieved19 July2006.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^"Laws and Regulations—Canada",The Year-Book of Wireless Telegraphy & Telephony(1914 edition), pages 131–132.
^"Regulations: 18. Amateur Experimental Licenses",The Canadian Gazette,27 June 1914, page 4546.
^Mary Vipond,Listening In: The First Decade of Canadian Broadcasting 1922–1932,McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992, pages 22–23.
^Radiotelegraph Regulations: License to Operate a Radio Receiving Equipment ",The Canada Gazette,23 September 1922, page 7.
^"Budget Speech Delivered by Hon. D. C. Abbott, Minister of Finance, in the House of Commons, Thursday, February 19, 1953",page 21 (gc.ca)
^Published by Julia Stoll (3 February 2020)."• Denmark: TV and radio license fees 2010-2020".Statista.Retrieved15 March2021.
^"Bekendtgørelse om licens".Retsinformation.dk. 29 June 2013.Retrieved25 September2013.
^"Forside – dr.dk/OmDR".Dr.dk.Retrieved13 January2011.
^"Denmark scraps public TV licence fee".Broadband TV News.18 March 2018.
^"Så meget af din licens får staten – Medier & reklamer".Business.dk.Retrieved13 January2011.
^"Tämä domain on varattu asiakkaallemme".Tv-maksu.fi.Retrieved26 June2016.
^"Tämä domain on varattu asiakkaallemme".Tv-maksu.fi.Retrieved26 June2016.
^"Article inFinnish Public Broadcasting Tax for individual taxpayers".Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2018.Retrieved6 July2018.
^DDM (20 January 2005)."A quoi sert la redevance audiovisuelle?".Ddm.gouv.fr. Archived fromthe originalon 31 October 2010.Retrieved13 January2011.
^"Emmanuel Macron promises to scrap TV licence fee if re-elected".the Guardian.8 March 2022.Retrieved8 March2022.
^Chief Minister's Budget Speech Archived7 October 2006 at theWayback Machine,Government of Gibraltar Information Services, 28 June 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
^"Commonwealth Secretariat – Gibraltar".Commonwealth.live.poptech.coop.Archived fromthe originalon 28 September 2007.Retrieved26 June2016.
^Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program; Network Media Program. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Hungary(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 789–864.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Gusztav Kosztolanyi (31 July 1999)."Screen Test: TV broadcasting in Hungary".Central Europe Review. Archived fromthe originalon 24 March 2010.Retrieved14 June2010.
^Gusztav Kosztolanyi (6 August 1999).""No one's jamming their transmission...": TV broadcasting in Hungary – Episode Two: Privatisation and scandal ".Central Europe Review. Archived fromthe originalon 7 June 2011.Retrieved14 June2010.
^"Hungary's media landscape".Wieninternational. 29 January 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 14 August 2010.Retrieved14 June2010.
^"EBU urges rethink of cuts to Hungary's public broadcaster".European Broadcasting Union.11 November 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 7 June 2011.Retrieved14 June2010.
^"Afnotadeild | RÚV".Archived fromthe originalon 5 October 2012.Retrieved19 October2012.
^"Undang-undang (UU) No. 12 Tahun 1947 Menetapkan" Pajak Radio "atas Semua Pesawat Penerimaan Radio".Financial Audit Board of Indonesia.Retrieved27 June2020.
^Kitley, P. (2000).Television, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia.Ohio UniversityCenter for International Studies.
^Djulianto Susantio (22 August 2016)."Pajak Radio dan Pajak Televisi Hilang Ditelan Modernisasi".Kompasiana.com.Retrieved27 June2020.
^"Iuran TVRI - Iuran Penyiaran".Televisi Republik Indonesia Stasiun Surabaya.Archived fromthe originalon 24 December 2001.Retrieved26 August2021.
^"State broadcast journalists condemn ban on expressing political opinions".The Times of Israel.Retrieved26 June2016.
^"gov".gov.il.
^^a ^b ^c"Govt to scrap radio licence next year".The Straits Times.17 August 1990.Retrieved15 December2023.
^^a ^b"Colour TV fees up".The Straits Times.26 September 1985.Retrieved17 December2023.
^^a ^b"TV LICENCE FEE MAY GO UP".The Straits Times.2 April 1998.Retrieved17 December2023.
^"KL to scrap radio licence fees".The Straits Times.27 February 1989.Retrieved17 December2023.
^"Home radios may not need licences by year-end".The Straits Times.10 September 1985.Retrieved12 December2023.
^"REVENUE LOSS".The Straits Times.11 June 1995.Retrieved17 December2023.
^"Ministry proposes prepayment of licence fee for new TV sets".The Straits Times.8 August 1995.Retrieved17 December2023.
^"TV FEES MAY GO UP".The Straits Times.13 July 1996.Retrieved17 December2023.
^"KL govt to refund RM67m in TV fees".The Straits Times.1 November 1999.Retrieved17 December2023.
^"Govt to refund $9.2 million to TV licence holders".The Straits Times.15 January 2000.Retrieved17 December2023.
^Lee, Chun Wah; Goonasekera, Anura; Venkatraman, S., eds. (2003).Asian Communication Handbook.Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre. p. 171.ISBN 9971-905-97-3.Retrieved23 January2020.
^(May 2002)European Benchmarking: Public Service Broadcasters in the Digital Era Archived9 October 2009 at theWayback Machine,Circom Regional (European Association of Regional Television). Retrieved 21 November 2006.
^^a ^b(May 2006)Analysis of Responses on Fees for Broadcasting and Fees for Non-Commercial and Passive Services Archived15 June 2007 at theWayback Machine,Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) within the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT).
^Investing in the Next Generation Archived16 February 2016 at theWayback Machine,Economic and Fiscal Forecast Summary,New Zealand Treasury,1999
^ Borce Manevski, MA in Communications and Media. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Republic of North Macedonia(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 1165–1230.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.
^"МРТ".Archived fromthe originalon 11 August 2018.Retrieved10 August2018.
^"5.Who has to pay TV licence fee? - Lisens - NRK".Archived fromthe originalon 18 June 2012.Retrieved24 January2013.
^"Fakta om kringkastingsavgiften - Lisens - NRK".Archived fromthe originalon 31 December 2009.Retrieved14 January2010.
^"Ny finansiering av NRK – spørsmål og svar".NRK(in Norwegian). 2 September 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2021.Retrieved12 April2021.
^"Rumäniens Parlament kippt Rundfunkgebühr".eurotopics.net.4 November 2016.
^"S'pore TV starts next month".The Straits Times.3 January 1963.Retrieved8 August2023.
^"TV delivers audiences to advertisers, entertainment and news come second".The Straits Times.23 April 1995.Retrieved11 December2023.
^"Channel NewsAsia".Channel NewsAsia. Archived fromthe originalon 30 June 2017.Retrieved12 July2015.
^"340/2012 Z.z. – Zákon o úhrade za služby verejnosti..."Slov-lex.sk.Retrieved27 January2018.
^"Могут быть использованы вражескими элементами".Журнал "Коммерсантъ Власть"(in Russian).Kommersant.13 June 2016. p. 45.Retrieved25 April2018.
^"The radio and TV fee is being replaced".Radiotjänst.Archived fromthe originalon 16 November 2018.Retrieved15 November2018.
^Skatteverket."Public service-avgift | Skatteverket".skatteverket.se(in Swedish).Retrieved30 December2018.
^"Radio and TV fee".Radiotjänst.Archived fromthe originalon 21 January 2019.Retrieved15 November2018.
^"Payment".Radiotjänst.Archived fromthe originalon 7 July 2018.Retrieved15 November2018.
^"The history of the Swedish license fee".Radiotjänst.Archived fromthe originalon 16 November 2018.Retrieved15 November2018.
^Nyheter, SVT (16 October 2017)."Så ska public service finansieras i framtiden".SVT Nyheter(in Swedish).Retrieved15 November2018.
^"Quảng bá thu âm cơ chấp chiếu"[TV and Radio Licensing in Taiwan].Taiwan Historica.Archived fromthe originalon 18 November 2019.Retrieved9 November2019.
^พระราชบัญญัติวิทยุกระจายเสียงและวิทยุโทรทัศน์ พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๘[Radio Broadcasting and Television Act, B.E. 2498] (PDF).Royal Thai Government Gazette(in Thai). No. 72 Section 11: 237–248. 8 February 1955. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
^พระราชบัญญัติวิทยุกระจายเสียงและวิทยุโทรทัศน์ (ฉบับที่ ๒) พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๒[Radio Broadcasting and Television Act (No. 2), B.E. 2502] (PDF).Royal Thai Government Gazette(in Thai). No. 76 Section 43: special edition pages 1–6. 7 April 1959. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
^"Empresa Brasil de Comunicação terá diferentes formas de financiamento — Agência Brasil - EBC".Archived fromthe originalon 21 August 2008.Retrieved2 July2018.
^"Lei nº 9.904, de 30 de dezembro de 1997".Legislative Assembly of State of São Paulo(in Brazilian Portuguese). 30 December 1997.Retrieved23 September2021.
^"SP cria nova lei para custear TV Cultura".Folha de S.Paulo(in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 January 1998.Retrieved23 September2021.
^"Nova taxa torna TV Cultura superavitária".Folha de S.Paulo(in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 January 1998.Retrieved23 September2021.
^Dallari, Adilson Abreu."Cobrança de taxa para custeio da TV educativa"(PDF).Federal Senate of Brazil(in Brazilian Portuguese).Retrieved23 September2021.
^"Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence – Estonia"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 March 2009.Retrieved8 May2009.
^"Public media exits the advertising market".Public Broadcasting of Latvia.2 January 2021.Retrieved21 January2021.
^"La nueva ley de financiación de RTVE permite el patrocinio" limitado "de eventos deportivos"[The new RTVE financing law allows for "limited" sponsorship of sporting events] (in Spanish).RTVE.13 July 2009.Retrieved31 December2015.
^"CPB Operating Budget".Cpb.org.15 January 2015.Retrieved26 June2016.
^"Public Broadcasting Revenue Fiscal Year 2005"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 15 May 2011.Retrieved10 March2011.
^Getler, Michael(24 March 2006)."Pledging Allegiance, or March Madness?".PBS Ombudsman.Retrieved22 May2006.
^"TV/FM Broadcast Service | City of Aspen and Pitkin County, Colorado".Aspenpitkin.com. Archived fromthe originalon 13 December 2010.Retrieved13 January2011.
^"Chapter 3.32 TELEVISION TRANSLATOR SERVICE CHARGE".Monocounty.ca.gov. Archived fromthe originalon 15 November 2010.Retrieved13 January2011.
^"Ley N° 19.307".Centro de Información Oficial(in Spanish).Retrieved20 October2022.
^^a ^b"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 7 April 2014.Retrieved25 March2014.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Ally, Tibbitt (29 September 2021)."BBC criticised for lack of transparency over licence fee evasion".The Ferret.Retrieved1 October2021.
^"North America watches the most TV averaging four hours 28 minutes viewing per day. Europeans average three hours 35 minutes".BBC News.12 April 2005.Retrieved13 January2011.
^ "BBC Review should consider licence fee concessions"(Press release).IPPR.27 December 2003. Archived fromthe originalon 29 June 2008.Retrieved21 November2006.
^"Review of the BBC's Royal Charter What you said about the BBC"(PDF).July 2004. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 December 2005.Retrieved13 January2011.
^ (March 2005).Review of the BBC's Royal Charter: A strong BBC, independent of government(BBCGreen Paper),Department for Culture, Media and Sport
^ "Licence fee 'needs more scrutiny'".BBC News.12 June 2006.Retrieved21 November2006.
^ChF, Chancellerie fédérale."Initiative populaire fédérale 'Oui à la suppression des redevances radio et télévision (suppression des redevances Billag)'".bk.admin.ch(in French).Retrieved28 January2018.
^ Däther, Kerstin; Alexander Scheuer (2000)."The Financing of Public Service Broadcasting in Selected Central and Eastern European States".IRIS Legal Observations of the European Audiovisual Observatory.European Audiovisual Observatory: 14–20. Archived fromthe originalon 29 June 2001.Retrieved21 November2006.
^Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program; Network Media Program. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Serbia(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 1315–1383.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program; Network Media Program. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Lithuania(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 1019–1075.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program; Network Media Program. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Latvia(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 955–1017.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^(May 2006)Česká Televize 2006 Archived29 September 2009 at theWayback Machine,Czech Television External Relations.

External links

TV licensing authorities

Broadcasting Fee Association– international organisation for television licence fee collecting organisations
A list of TV licence authorities by the European Audiovisual Observatory
Billag (Switzerland)
Serafe (Switzerland)
Licenskontoret (Denmark)
PEMRA (Pakistan)
Beitragsservice (Germany)
ORF-GIS (Austria)
Radiotjänst (Sweden)
TV Licences (South Africa)
TV Licensing (United Kingdom)
TV-maksuhallinto (Finland)Archived17 April 2021 at theWayback Machine

[babel.hathitrust.org-1] "Regulations: 97. Amateur Experimental Certificate",The Canadian Gazette,27 June 1914, page 4550.

[ectt-cets-132-2] "European Convention on Transfrontier Television – CETS No.: 132".Council of Europe.5 May 1989.Retrieved14 June2010.

[Encyclopedia_of_Television-3] "License Fee".Encyclopedia of Television (1st Edition).Chicago:Museum of Broadcast Communications.1997. Archived fromthe originalon 4 September 2013.Retrieved21 November2006.

[4] ttps://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000199068/orf-beitrag-plus-landesabgabe-die-steirer-zahlen-am-meisten

[Belgium2018-5] "Redevance TV: questions suite à sa suppression en 2018".Portail de la Wallonie(in French).Retrieved24 February2018.

[6] "BHRT pressured by debts faces hard times".25 April 2022.

[7] "Croatian Radio Television (HRT) Monthly Fee: Everything You Need to Know".total-croatia-news.com.2 March 2023. Archived fromthe originalon 1 April 2023.Retrieved2 March2023.

[CzechTV-8] Czech Television - license fees (in Czech)

[CzechRadio-9] Czech Radio - license fees (in Czech)

[statista.com-10] "[1]."statista.com. Retrieved on January 2, 2023." Annual TV and radio license fees in Denmark from 2010 to 2021. "

[End_of_the_road_for_TV_license_fees-11] "End of the road for TV license fees".Yle Uutiset.27 November 2012.Retrieved12 July2015.

[walesonline.co.uk-12] "France's TV licence scrapped to help with cost of living crisis".4 August 2022.

[13] "What is the German TV tax (Rundfunkbeitrag)?".2 March 2023.

[14] "ERT (Greek Radio and Television) fee (Law 4324/29.04.15)".Public Power Corporation.Retrieved18 May2021.

[15] "Újra eltörlik az üzembentartási díjat".NÉPSZAVA online.Archived fromthe originalon 17 October 2017.Retrieved12 July2015.

[16] "About licensing fees in Iceland in icelandic".Ruv.is.Archived fromthe originalon 9 October 2014.Retrieved27 January2018.

[17] "TV licences".2 March 2023.

[18] ttps://www.informazionefiscale.it/esenzione-canone-Rai-2024-chi-non-paga-domanda-scadenza-esonero

[tvnoviny.sk-19] "Za RTVS už nebudete platiť ani cent. Koncesionárske poplatky sa definitívne rušia".tvnoviny.sk.22 February 2023.

[20] "The radio and TV fee is being replaced".Radiotjänst.Archived fromthe originalon 16 November 2018.Retrieved1 January2019.

[21] "Fee Overview".SERAFE AG.Retrieved27 June2022.

[22] "Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 1 May 2015.Retrieved31 July2018.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[Übersicht-23] "Übersicht".GIS(in German).Retrieved24 February2018.

[24] ttps://www.parlament.gv.at/dokument/XXIV/III/63/imfname_159777.pdf

[25] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20150723110038/https://www.vwgh.gv.at/medien/ro_2015150015.pdf?4zdiv7

[26] "Warum die GIS-freien TVS jetzt noch besser werden".13 September 2021.

[27] "Haushaltsabgabe: Alle Infos über den ORF-Beitrag, der ab 2024 die GIS-Gebühr ersetzt!".12 July 2023.

[28] Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program; Network Media Program. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Bosnia and Herzegovina(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 253–338.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[croatia-law-29] Croatian Parliament(19 February 2003)."Zakon o Hrvatskoj radioteleviziji (The Croatian Radio-Television Act)"(in Croatian).Narodne novineNN 2003/25.Retrieved13 June2010.

[30] Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program; Network Media Program. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Croatia(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 425–481.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[31] "Statut Hrvatske Radiotelevizije"(in Croatian).Croatian Radiotelevision.26 June 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 9 July 2014.Retrieved14 June2010.

[32] "Der neue Rundfunkbeitrag – Bürgerinnen und Bürger: Rund um das neue Modell".rundfunkbeitrag.de. Archived fromthe originalon 17 March 2013.Retrieved17 March2013.

[33] "Der neue Rundfunkbeitrag – Unternehmen und Institutionen: Rund um das neue Modell".rundfunkbeitrag.de. Archived fromthe originalon 17 March 2013.Retrieved17 March2013.

[34] Costello, Patrick (17 December 2016)."Germans risk fines and jail to protest public TV tax".USA Today.Retrieved27 April2018.

[35] "The licence fee (Rundfunkbeitrag) – For citizens"(PDF).rundfunkbeitrag.de.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 April 2018.Retrieved27 April2018.

[36] "Jahresbericht 2016"[Annual Report 2016](PDF).rundfunkbeitrag.de(in German). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 14 February 2018.Retrieved27 April2018.

[37] "ΕΡΤ και ΔΕΗ. Πως μπορείτε να μην πληρώνετε αναγκαστικά"[ERT and PPC. How can you not necessarily pay.].AWMN Forum.16 May 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 21 September 2007.Retrieved13 January2011.

[38] Dabilis, Andy."ERT To Close, Re-Open With Smaller Force".Greek Reporter.Retrieved11 June2013.

[autogenerated1-39] "TV Licence".Anpost.ie.Retrieved13 January2011.

[40] "Television Licences".Citizensinformation.ie. 20 July 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 10 May 2010.Retrieved13 January2011.

[41] "Comptroller and Auditor General"(PDF).Audgen.gov.ie.Archived(PDF)from the original on 11 August 2007.Retrieved13 January2011.

[42] "About RTÉ".Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 30 January 2007.Retrieved13 January2011.

[43] "Information on subscription to the Italian Television".Abbonamenti.rai.it.Retrieved12 July2015.

[44] "RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana – Abbonamenti".Abbonamenti.rai.it.Retrieved27 January2018.

[45] "Information on subscription to the Italian Television".Abbonamenti.rai.it.Retrieved12 July2015.

[46] "Canone Rai in bolletta 2019".Fisco e Tasse.

[47] "Reports and Financials as at 31 December 2014"(PDF).Rai.it.Archived(PDF)from the original on 24 September 2015.Retrieved15 January2016.

[48] "Abonament RTV | RTV.poczta-polska.pl".

[49] Presenters: Peter Gentle (5 January 2012)."Dateline Warsaw – Poland's public media funding crisis".Dateline Warsaw.Warsaw.Polskie Radio.Polish Radio External Service.Archived fromthe originalon 9 January 2012.Retrieved8 January2012.

[50] "Poland: Growing hate speech | Reporters without borders".Reporters without Borders.Retrieved20 March2020.

[51] Tilles, Daniel (15 February 2020)."Polish ruling party grants more funds to state media described as 'propaganda mouthpieces'".Notes From Poland.Retrieved20 March2020.

[52] Versão pdf (22 August 2003)."Lei 30/2003, 2003-08-22 - DRE".Dre.pt.Retrieved15 March2021.

[53] "PCP vai propor que a RTP volte a receber indemnização anual do Estado".19 February 2019.

[54] "Ainda não é desta que a RTP terá aumento da contribuição para o audiovisual".16 December 2019.

[RTS-55] "Serbia's public broadcaster to be financed from budget".B92. 3 April 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 2 May 2013.Retrieved23 August2013.

[56] RTV Slovenija."Mesečna višina RTV prispevka določena v Zakonu o spremembah in dopolnitvah zakona o izvrševanju proračunov Republike Slovenije za leti 2013 in 2014 (Ur.l. RS št. 46/2013)"(in Slovenian).Retrieved28 August2013.

[57] RTV Slovenija."Annual Report 2007"(PDF).Retrieved13 November2008.

[58] "Fee Overview".SERAFE AG.Retrieved14 January2022.

[59] "Households with no means of receiving radio or television".serafe.ch.Retrieved20 March2020.

[60] "Homepage".serafe.ch.Retrieved20 March2020.

[61] OFCOM, Federal Office of Communications."Fee for businesses".bakom.admin.ch.Retrieved20 March2020.

[62] ChF, Chancellerie fédérale."Initiative populaire fédérale 'Oui à la suppression des redevances radio et télévision (suppression des redevances Billag)'".bk.admin.ch(in French).Retrieved28 January2018.

[nobillag.ch-63] "OUI à la suppression des redevances Billag. – No billag".nobillag.ch(in French). Archived fromthe originalon 16 January 2018.Retrieved28 January2018.

[Non_à_no_Billag_–_votations-64] "Non à no Billag – votations".non-nobillag.ch(in French). Archived fromthe originalon 11 July 2018.Retrieved28 January2018.

[65] "Parliament rejects 'No Billag' licence fee initiative".SWI swissinfo.ch.Retrieved28 January2018.

[thelocal.ch-66] "UPDATED: Swiss vote against plan to scrap compulsory TV licence fee".4 March 2018.Retrieved7 March2018.

[guardian-iplayerlicence-67] "How will the BBC detect people watching iPlayer without a licence?".The Guardian.8 August 2016.Retrieved16 May2017.

[68] "TV Licence types and costs – TV Licensing ™".tvlicensing.co.uk.

[Select_Committee_20060303-69] "Further Issues for BBC Charter Review"(PDF).House of Lords Session Report.The Stationery Office Limited. 3 March 2006. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 March 2009.Retrieved15 August2008.

[70] Nowell, Andrew (31 July 2015)."TV licence fines branded unfair".Wigan Evening Post.Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2015.Retrieved31 December2015.

[iomtoday.co.im-71] Darbyshire, Adrian (2 September 2015)."Record number prosecuted for TV licence evasion".Isle of Man Courier.Archived fromthe originalon 6 September 2015.Retrieved31 December2015.

[72] (2008)BBC Annual ReportArchived27 January 2009 at theWayback Machine,BBC.Retrieved 17 November 2008.

[73] "BBC World Service: A licence fee-funded service"(PDF).Downloads.bbc.co.uk.June 2013.Archived(PDF)from the original on 8 August 2013.Retrieved27 January2018.

[74] "House of Commons – The future of the BBC World Service – Foreign Affairs Committee".Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived fromthe originalon 21 June 2015.Retrieved12 July2015.

[Channel_4_FAQ-75] "Channel 4 FAQ".Channel 4 Television Corporation.Retrieved5 April2020.Channel Four Television Corporation was set up by an Act of Parliament. It is a publicly owned not-for-profit corporation and does not have any shareholders.

[76] "Weekly viewing summary".Barb.co.uk.Retrieved26 June2016.

[77] "Graphic.com.gh: GBC to re-introduce payment of TV Licence fee".

[Mauritius-78] (August 2003)The Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation: A ReportArchived3 September 2006 at theWayback Machine,Sir Victor Glover, Prime Minister's Office, Republic of Mauritius. Retrieved 21 November 2006

[79] "Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation".Archived from the original on 10 October 2006.Retrieved22 August2006.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[80] "Have you paid your TV licence yet?".Namibia Economist.2 November 2001. Archived fromthe originalon 6 October 2006.Retrieved21 November2006.

[81] Tyson, Robin (2 June 2006)."The Future of the NBC".The Namibian.Archived fromthe originalon 19 April 2014.Retrieved19 April2014.

[82] "Pay Yours".Tvlic.co.za. Archived fromthe originalon 10 January 2011.Retrieved13 January2011.

[83] "Receiving Fee System".Nhk.or.jp.Retrieved22 December2016.

[ryall-84] Julian Ryall,"Japan Cracking Down On NHK License Fee Nonpayment",The Hollywood Reporter,15 November 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[85] "Respect! BBC the role model as NHK tries to beat scandal",The Times,4 February 2005

[:0a-86] "After stunning election win, anti-NHK party sets higher goal".The Asahi Shimbun.Archived fromthe originalon 25 July 2019.Retrieved30 July2019.

[87] "AsiaMedia:: PAKISTAN: PTV to earn Rs4bn through licence fee: New collection system".Asiamedia.ucla.edu. 15 June 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 17 September 2011.Retrieved13 January2011.

[88] "TV수신료와 수신서비스".Kbs.co.kr. Archived fromthe originalon 14 April 2005.Retrieved13 January2011.

[89] "Kbs Global".English.kbs.co.kr. Archived fromthe originalon 29 June 2008.Retrieved13 January2011.

[90] 1974–75 Budget speech by the Hon Frank Crean, APH Hansard, 17 September 1974, p1290, introduced through theBroadcasting and Television Act 1974(Cth)

[91] "Autoradio Television Tout Savoir Sur la Redevance"(PDF)(in French). Archived from the original on 9 May 2006.Retrieved19 July2006.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[92] "Laws and Regulations—Canada",The Year-Book of Wireless Telegraphy & Telephony(1914 edition), pages 131–132.

[93] "Regulations: 18. Amateur Experimental Licenses",The Canadian Gazette,27 June 1914, page 4546.

[94] Mary Vipond,Listening In: The First Decade of Canadian Broadcasting 1922–1932,McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992, pages 22–23.

[95] Radiotelegraph Regulations: License to Operate a Radio Receiving Equipment ",The Canada Gazette,23 September 1922, page 7.

[eliminated-96] "Budget Speech Delivered by Hon. D. C. Abbott, Minister of Finance, in the House of Commons, Thursday, February 19, 1953",page 21 (gc.ca)

[97] Published by Julia Stoll (3 February 2020)."• Denmark: TV and radio license fees 2010-2020".Statista.Retrieved15 March2021.

[retsinformation.dk-98] "Bekendtgørelse om licens".Retsinformation.dk. 29 June 2013.Retrieved25 September2013.

[99] "Forside – dr.dk/OmDR".Dr.dk.Retrieved13 January2011.

[100] "Denmark scraps public TV licence fee".Broadband TV News.18 March 2018.

[business.dk-101] "Så meget af din licens får staten – Medier & reklamer".Business.dk.Retrieved13 January2011.

[102] "Tämä domain on varattu asiakkaallemme".Tv-maksu.fi.Retrieved26 June2016.

[103] "Tämä domain on varattu asiakkaallemme".Tv-maksu.fi.Retrieved26 June2016.

[104] "Article inFinnish Public Broadcasting Tax for individual taxpayers".Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2018.Retrieved6 July2018.

[105] DDM (20 January 2005)."A quoi sert la redevance audiovisuelle?".Ddm.gouv.fr. Archived fromthe originalon 31 October 2010.Retrieved13 January2011.

[106] "Emmanuel Macron promises to scrap TV licence fee if re-elected".the Guardian.8 March 2022.Retrieved8 March2022.

[107] Chief Minister's Budget Speech Archived7 October 2006 at theWayback Machine,Government of Gibraltar Information Services, 28 June 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2006.

[108] "Commonwealth Secretariat – Gibraltar".Commonwealth.live.poptech.coop.Archived fromthe originalon 28 September 2007.Retrieved26 June2016.

[109] Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program; Network Media Program. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Hungary(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 789–864.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[110] Gusztav Kosztolanyi (31 July 1999)."Screen Test: TV broadcasting in Hungary".Central Europe Review. Archived fromthe originalon 24 March 2010.Retrieved14 June2010.

[111] Gusztav Kosztolanyi (6 August 1999).""No one's jamming their transmission...": TV broadcasting in Hungary – Episode Two: Privatisation and scandal ".Central Europe Review. Archived fromthe originalon 7 June 2011.Retrieved14 June2010.

[112] "Hungary's media landscape".Wieninternational. 29 January 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 14 August 2010.Retrieved14 June2010.

[113] "EBU urges rethink of cuts to Hungary's public broadcaster".European Broadcasting Union.11 November 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 7 June 2011.Retrieved14 June2010.

[114] "Afnotadeild | RÚV".Archived fromthe originalon 5 October 2012.Retrieved19 October2012.

[115] "Undang-undang (UU) No. 12 Tahun 1947 Menetapkan" Pajak Radio "atas Semua Pesawat Penerimaan Radio".Financial Audit Board of Indonesia.Retrieved27 June2020.

[116] Kitley, P. (2000).Television, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia.Ohio UniversityCenter for International Studies.

[117] Djulianto Susantio (22 August 2016)."Pajak Radio dan Pajak Televisi Hilang Ditelan Modernisasi".Kompasiana.com.Retrieved27 June2020.

[118] "Iuran TVRI - Iuran Penyiaran".Televisi Republik Indonesia Stasiun Surabaya.Archived fromthe originalon 24 December 2001.Retrieved26 August2021.

[119] "State broadcast journalists condemn ban on expressing political opinions".The Times of Israel.Retrieved26 June2016.

[120] "gov".gov.il.

[scrap-121] "Govt to scrap radio licence next year".The Straits Times.17 August 1990.Retrieved15 December2023.

[fees-122] "Colour TV fees up".The Straits Times.26 September 1985.Retrieved17 December2023.

[MAY-123] "TV LICENCE FEE MAY GO UP".The Straits Times.2 April 1998.Retrieved17 December2023.

[124] "KL to scrap radio licence fees".The Straits Times.27 February 1989.Retrieved17 December2023.

[125] "Home radios may not need licences by year-end".The Straits Times.10 September 1985.Retrieved12 December2023.

[126] "REVENUE LOSS".The Straits Times.11 June 1995.Retrieved17 December2023.

[127] "Ministry proposes prepayment of licence fee for new TV sets".The Straits Times.8 August 1995.Retrieved17 December2023.

[128] "TV FEES MAY GO UP".The Straits Times.13 July 1996.Retrieved17 December2023.

[129] "KL govt to refund RM67m in TV fees".The Straits Times.1 November 1999.Retrieved17 December2023.

[130] "Govt to refund $9.2 million to TV licence holders".The Straits Times.15 January 2000.Retrieved17 December2023.

[131] Lee, Chun Wah; Goonasekera, Anura; Venkatraman, S., eds. (2003).Asian Communication Handbook.Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre. p. 171.ISBN 9971-905-97-3.Retrieved23 January2020.

[132] (May 2002)European Benchmarking: Public Service Broadcasters in the Digital Era Archived9 October 2009 at theWayback Machine,Circom Regional (European Association of Regional Television). Retrieved 21 November 2006.

[ero-133] (May 2006)Analysis of Responses on Fees for Broadcasting and Fees for Non-Commercial and Passive Services Archived15 June 2007 at theWayback Machine,Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) within the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT).

[134] Investing in the Next Generation Archived16 February 2016 at theWayback Machine,Economic and Fiscal Forecast Summary,New Zealand Treasury,1999

[135] Borce Manevski, MA in Communications and Media. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Republic of North Macedonia(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 1165–1230.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.

[136] "МРТ".Archived fromthe originalon 11 August 2018.Retrieved10 August2018.

[137] "5.Who has to pay TV licence fee? - Lisens - NRK".Archived fromthe originalon 18 June 2012.Retrieved24 January2013.

[NRK-138] "Fakta om kringkastingsavgiften - Lisens - NRK".Archived fromthe originalon 31 December 2009.Retrieved14 January2010.

[139] "Ny finansiering av NRK – spørsmål og svar".NRK(in Norwegian). 2 September 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2021.Retrieved12 April2021.

[eurotopics.net-140] "Rumäniens Parlament kippt Rundfunkgebühr".eurotopics.net.4 November 2016.

[141] "S'pore TV starts next month".The Straits Times.3 January 1963.Retrieved8 August2023.

[142] "TV delivers audiences to advertisers, entertainment and news come second".The Straits Times.23 April 1995.Retrieved11 December2023.

[143] "Channel NewsAsia".Channel NewsAsia. Archived fromthe originalon 30 June 2017.Retrieved12 July2015.

[144] "340/2012 Z.z. – Zákon o úhrade za služby verejnosti..."Slov-lex.sk.Retrieved27 January2018.

[145] "Могут быть использованы вражескими элементами".Журнал "Коммерсантъ Власть"(in Russian).Kommersant.13 June 2016. p. 45.Retrieved25 April2018.

[146] "The radio and TV fee is being replaced".Radiotjänst.Archived fromthe originalon 16 November 2018.Retrieved15 November2018.

[147] Skatteverket."Public service-avgift | Skatteverket".skatteverket.se(in Swedish).Retrieved30 December2018.

[148] "Radio and TV fee".Radiotjänst.Archived fromthe originalon 21 January 2019.Retrieved15 November2018.

[149] "Payment".Radiotjänst.Archived fromthe originalon 7 July 2018.Retrieved15 November2018.

[150] "The history of the Swedish license fee".Radiotjänst.Archived fromthe originalon 16 November 2018.Retrieved15 November2018.

[151] Nyheter, SVT (16 October 2017)."Så ska public service finansieras i framtiden".SVT Nyheter(in Swedish).Retrieved15 November2018.

[152] "Quảng bá thu âm cơ chấp chiếu"[TV and Radio Licensing in Taiwan].Taiwan Historica.Archived fromthe originalon 18 November 2019.Retrieved9 November2019.

[153] พระราชบัญญัติวิทยุกระจายเสียงและวิทยุโทรทัศน์ พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๘[Radio Broadcasting and Television Act, B.E. 2498] (PDF).Royal Thai Government Gazette(in Thai). No. 72 Section 11: 237–248. 8 February 1955. Retrieved 2 November 2023.

[154] พระราชบัญญัติวิทยุกระจายเสียงและวิทยุโทรทัศน์ (ฉบับที่ ๒) พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๒[Radio Broadcasting and Television Act (No. 2), B.E. 2502] (PDF).Royal Thai Government Gazette(in Thai). No. 76 Section 43: special edition pages 1–6. 7 April 1959. Retrieved 2 November 2023.

[155] "Empresa Brasil de Comunicação terá diferentes formas de financiamento — Agência Brasil - EBC".Archived fromthe originalon 21 August 2008.Retrieved2 July2018.

[156] "Lei nº 9.904, de 30 de dezembro de 1997".Legislative Assembly of State of São Paulo(in Brazilian Portuguese). 30 December 1997.Retrieved23 September2021.

[157] "SP cria nova lei para custear TV Cultura".Folha de S.Paulo(in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 January 1998.Retrieved23 September2021.

[158] "Nova taxa torna TV Cultura superavitária".Folha de S.Paulo(in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 January 1998.Retrieved23 September2021.

[159] Dallari, Adilson Abreu."Cobrança de taxa para custeio da TV educativa"(PDF).Federal Senate of Brazil(in Brazilian Portuguese).Retrieved23 September2021.

[160] "Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence – Estonia"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 March 2009.Retrieved8 May2009.

[:0b-161] "Public media exits the advertising market".Public Broadcasting of Latvia.2 January 2021.Retrieved21 January2021.

[162] "La nueva ley de financiación de RTVE permite el patrocinio" limitado "de eventos deportivos"[The new RTVE financing law allows for "limited" sponsorship of sporting events] (in Spanish).RTVE.13 July 2009.Retrieved31 December2015.

[163] "CPB Operating Budget".Cpb.org.15 January 2015.Retrieved26 June2016.

[revenue-164] "Public Broadcasting Revenue Fiscal Year 2005"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 15 May 2011.Retrieved10 March2011.

[165] Getler, Michael(24 March 2006)."Pledging Allegiance, or March Madness?".PBS Ombudsman.Retrieved22 May2006.

[166] "TV/FM Broadcast Service | City of Aspen and Pitkin County, Colorado".Aspenpitkin.com. Archived fromthe originalon 13 December 2010.Retrieved13 January2011.

[167] "Chapter 3.32 TELEVISION TRANSLATOR SERVICE CHARGE".Monocounty.ca.gov. Archived fromthe originalon 15 November 2010.Retrieved13 January2011.

[168] "Ley N° 19.307".Centro de Información Oficial(in Spanish).Retrieved20 October2022.

[foione-169] "Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 7 April 2014.Retrieved25 March2014.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[170] Ally, Tibbitt (29 September 2021)."BBC criticised for lack of transparency over licence fee evasion".The Ferret.Retrieved1 October2021.

[171] "North America watches the most TV averaging four hours 28 minutes viewing per day. Europeans average three hours 35 minutes".BBC News.12 April 2005.Retrieved13 January2011.

[172] "BBC Review should consider licence fee concessions"(Press release).IPPR.27 December 2003. Archived fromthe originalon 29 June 2008.Retrieved21 November2006.

[173] "Review of the BBC's Royal Charter What you said about the BBC"(PDF).July 2004. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 December 2005.Retrieved13 January2011.

[174] (March 2005).Review of the BBC's Royal Charter: A strong BBC, independent of government(BBCGreen Paper),Department for Culture, Media and Sport

[175] "Licence fee 'needs more scrutiny'".BBC News.12 June 2006.Retrieved21 November2006.

[176] ChF, Chancellerie fédérale."Initiative populaire fédérale 'Oui à la suppression des redevances radio et télévision (suppression des redevances Billag)'".bk.admin.ch(in French).Retrieved28 January2018.

[177] Däther, Kerstin; Alexander Scheuer (2000)."The Financing of Public Service Broadcasting in Selected Central and Eastern European States".IRIS Legal Observations of the European Audiovisual Observatory.European Audiovisual Observatory: 14–20. Archived fromthe originalon 29 June 2001.Retrieved21 November2006.

[178] Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program; Network Media Program. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Serbia(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 1315–1383.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[179] Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program; Network Media Program. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Lithuania(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 1019–1075.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[180] Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program; Network Media Program. (2005).Television across Europe: regulation, policy and independence: Latvia(PDF).EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)/ Open Society Institute (OSI). pp. 955–1017.ISBN 978-1-891385-35-3.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[ceskatelevize-181] (May 2006)Česká Televize 2006 Archived29 September 2009 at theWayback Machine,Czech Television External Relations.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]