Thirty-nine Articles

TheThirty-nine Articles of Religion(commonly abbreviated as theThirty-nine Articlesor theXXXIX Articles), finalised in 1571, are the historically defining statements of doctrines and practices of theChurch of Englandwith respect to the controversies of theEnglish Reformation.The Thirty-nine Articles form part of theBook of Common Prayerused by the Church of England, and feature in parts of the worldwideAnglican Communion(including theEpiscopal Church), as well as by denominations outside of the Anglican Communion that identify with the Anglican tradition (seeContinuing Anglican movement).

WhenHenry VIIIbroke with theCatholic Churchand wasexcommunicated,he began the reform of the Church of England, which would beheadedby the monarch (himself), rather than the pope. At this point, he needed to determine what its doctrines and practices would be in relation to the Church of Rome and the newProtestant movementsin continental Europe. A series of defining documents were written and replaced over a period of thirty years as the doctrinal and political situation changed from the excommunication of Henry VIII in 1533, to theexcommunication of Elizabeth Iin 1570. These positions began with the Ten Articles in 1536, and concluded with the finalisation of the Thirty-nine articles in 1571. The Thirty-nine articles ultimately served to define the doctrine of the Church of England as it related toCalvinistdoctrine and Catholic practice.

The articles went through at least five major revisions prior to their finalisation in 1571. The first attempt was the Ten Articles in 1536, which showed some slightly Protestant leanings – the result of an English desire for a political alliance with the GermanLutheranprinces.The next revision was the Six Articles in 1539 which swung away from all reformed positions,and then theKing's Bookin 1543, which re-established most of the earlier Catholic doctrines. During the reign ofEdward VI,Henry VIII's son, theForty-two Articleswere written under the direction ofArchbishopThomas Cranmerin 1552. It was in this document that Calvinist thought reached the zenith of its influence in the English Church. These articles were never put into action, owing to Edward VI's death and the reversion of the English Church to Catholicism under Henry VIII's elder daughter,Mary I.

Finally, upon the coronation of Elizabeth I and the re-establishment of the Church of England as separate from the Catholic Church, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion were initiated by theConvocation of 1563,under the direction ofMatthew Parker,theArchbishop of Canterbury.

The Thirty-nine Articles were finalised in 1571, and incorporated into theBook of Common Prayer.Although not the end of the struggle between Catholic and Protestant monarchs and citizens, the book helped to standardise the English language, and was to have a lasting effect onreligion in the United Kingdomand elsewhere through its wide use.

Predecessors

Ten Articles (1536)

TheChurch of England's break with Rome inaugurated a period of doctrinal confusion and controversy as both conservative and reforming clergy attempted to shape the church's direction, the former as "Catholicismwithout thePope"and the latter asProtestant.In an attempt "to establish Christian quietness and unity", the Ten Articles were adopted by clericalConvocationin July 1536 as the English Church's first post-papal doctrinal statement.The Ten Articles were crafted as a rushed interim compromise between conservatives and reformers. Historians have variously described it as a victory forLutheranismand a success for Catholic resistance.Its provisions have also been described as "confusing".

The first five articles dealt with doctrines that were "commanded expressly by God, and are necessary to oursalvation",while the last five articles dealt with" laudable ceremonies used in the Church ".This division reflects how the Articles originated from two different discussions earlier in the year. The first five articles were based on the Wittenberg Articles negotiated between English ambassadorsEdward Foxe,Nicholas HeathandRobert Barnesand German Lutheran theologians, includingMartin LutherandPhilip Melanchthon.This doctrinal statement was itself based on theAugsburg Confessionof 1530.

The five principal doctrines were theBibleandecumenical creeds,baptism,penance,theEucharistandjustification.The core doctrine in the Ten Articles wasjustification by faith.Justification – which was defined asremissionofsinand accepting into God's favour – was through "the only mercy andgraceof theFather,promised freely unto us for his Son’s sakeJesus Christ,and the merits of hisbloodandpassion".Good workswould follow, not precede, justification. However, the Lutheran influence was diluted with qualifications. Justification was attained "bycontritionandfaithjoined withcharity".In other words, good works were "necessarily required to the attaining of everlasting life".

To the disappointment of conservatives, only three of the traditional sevensacramentswere even mentioned (baptism, the Eucharist and penance).The Articles affirm thereal presence of Christ in the Eucharist,stating that "under the form and figure of bread and wine... is verily, substantially and really contained the very self-same body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ".This definition was acceptable to those who held totransubstantiationorsacramental union,but it clearly condemnedsacramentarianism.More controversially for the reformers, the Articles maintained penance as a sacrament and thepriest's authority to grant divineabsolutioninconfession.

Articles six to ten focused on secondary issues. Significantly,purgatory,which had been a central concern of medieval religion, was placed in the non-essential articles. On the question of its existence, the Ten Articles were ambiguous. They stated, "the place where [departed souls] be, the name thereof, and kind of pains there" was "uncertain by scripture".Prayer for the deadandmasses for the deadwere permitted as arguably relieving the pain of departed souls in purgatory.

The Articles also defended the use of a number of Catholic rituals and practices opposed by Protestants, such as kissing the cross onGood Friday,while mildly criticising popular abuses and excesses. The use ofreligious imageswas permitted but people were to be taught not to kneel before them or makeofferingsto them. Prayer toMary, mother of Jesus,and all the othersaintswas permitted as long assuperstitionwas avoided.

In summary, the Ten Articles asserted:

1. The Bible and the threeecumenical creedsare the basis and summary of true Christian faith.
2. Baptism impartsremission of sinsandregenerationand is necessary for salvation, even in the case of infants. It condemns the opinions ofAnabaptistsandPelagiansasheresy.
3. The sacrament ofpenance,with confession and absolution, is necessary to salvation.
4. That the body and blood of Christ arereally presentin the Eucharist.
5. Justification is by faith, but good works are necessary.
6. Images can be used as representations of virtue and good example and also to remind people of their sins but are not objects of worship.
7. Saints are to be honoured as examples of life and as furthering the prayers of the faithful.
8. Praying to saintsis permitted, and holy days should be observed.
9. The observance of various rites and ceremonies, such as clericalvestments,sprinkling ofholy water,bearing of candles onCandlemas,giving of ashes onAsh Wednesday,is good and laudable. However, none of these has power to forgive sin.
10. It is a good and charitable deed to pray for the dead. However, the doctrine of purgatory is biblically uncertain. Abuses related to purgatory, such as the claim that papalindulgencesor masses for the dead offered at certain localities (such as thescala coelimass) can deliver immediately from purgatory, are to be rejected.

Bishops' Book(1537)

Thomas Cranmerheaded the committee that authored theBishop's Book.

The failure of the Ten Articles to settle doctrinal controversy ledThomas Cromwell,the King'svicegerentin spirituals, to convene a nationalsynodof bishops and high-ranking clergy for further theological discussion in February 1537.This synod produced a book calledThe Institution of the Christian Man(popularly calledThe Bishops' Book), the wordinstitutionbeing synonymous withinstruction.The Bishops' Bookpreserved the semi-Lutheranism of the Ten Articles, and the articles on justification, purgatory, and the sacraments of baptism, the Eucharist and penance were incorporated unchanged into the new book.

When the synod met, conservatives were still angry that four of the traditional seven sacraments (confirmation,marriage,holy ordersandextreme unction) had been excluded from the Ten Articles.John Stokesleyargued for all seven, whileThomas Cranmeronly acknowledged baptism and the Eucharist. The others divided along party lines. The conservatives were at a disadvantage because they found it necessary to appeal tosacred tradition,which violated Cromwell's instructions that all arguments refer to scripture.

In the end, the missing sacraments were restored but placed in a separate section to emphasize "a difference in dignity and necessity." Only baptism, the Eucharist and penance were "instituted of Christ, to be as certain instruments or remedies necessary for our salvation".Confirmation was declared to have been introduced by theearly Churchin imitation of what they had read about thepractice of the Apostles.

TheBishops' Bookalso included expositions on the creed, theTen Commandments,theLord's PrayerandHail Mary.These were greatly influenced byWilliam Marshall's primer (an English-languagebook of hours) of 1535, which itself was influenced by Luther's writings.Following Marshall,The Bishops' Bookrejected the traditional Catholic numbering of the Ten Commandments, in which theprohibition on making and worshiping graven imageswas part of the first commandment, "Thou shalt have no other gods before me".In agreement with theEastern OrthodoxandHuldrych Zwingli's church at Zurich, the authors of theBishops' Bookadopted the Jewish tradition of separating these commandments. While allowing images of Christ and the saints, the exposition on the second commandment taught against representations ofGod the Fatherand criticised those who "be more ready with their substance to deck dead images gorgeously and gloriously, than with the same to help poor Christian people, the quick and livelyimages of God".Such teachings encouragediconoclasm,which would become a feature of the English Reformation.

The list of the 46 divines as they appear in theBishop's Bookincluded all of thebishops,eightarchdeaconsand 17 otherDoctors of Divinity,some of whom were later involved with translating theBibleand compiling theBook of Common Prayer:

Thomas Cranmer– Edward Lee– John Stokesley– Cuthbert Tunstall– Stephen Gardiner– Robert Aldrich– John Voysey– John Longland– John Clerk– Rowland Lee– Thomas Goodrich– Nicholas Shaxton– John Bird– Edward Foxe– Hugh Latimer– John Hilsey– Richard Sampson– William Repps– William Barlowe– Robert Partew– Robert Holgate– Richard Wolman– William Knight– John Bell– Edmond Bonner– William Skip– Nicholas Heath– Cuthbert Marshal– Richard Curren– William Cliffe– William Downes– Robert Oking– Ralph Bradford– Richard Smyth– Simon Matthew– John Pryn– William Buckmaster– William May– Nicholas Wotton– Richard Cox– John Edmunds– Thomas Robertson– John Baker– Thomas Barett– John Hase– John Tyson

In August 1537, it was presented to the King who ordered that parts should be read from the pulpit every Sunday and feast day. Nevertheless, the King was not entirely satisfied and took it upon himself to make a revisedBishops' Book,which, among other proposed changes,weakened the original's emphasis on justification by faith. This revised version was never published.Because theBishops' Bookwas never authorised by the Crown or Convocation, the Ten Articles remained the official doctrinal standard of the Church of England.

Six Articles (1539)

One of the final drafts of the Six articles (1539), amended in King Henry VIII's own hand

Fearful of diplomatic isolation and a Catholic alliance, Henry VIII continued his outreach to the LutheranSchmalkaldic League. In May 1538, three Lutheran theologians from Germany – Franz Burchard, vice-chancellor of Saxony; Georg von Boineburg, doctor of law; andFriedrich Myconius,superintendentof the church inGotha– arrived in London and held conferences with English bishops and clergy at the archbishop'sLambeth Palacethrough September.

The Germans presented, as a basis of agreement, a number of articles based on the Lutheran Confession of Augsburg. BishopsTunstall,Stokesleyand others were not won over by these Protestant arguments and did everything they could to avoid agreement. They were willing to separate from Rome, but their plan was to unite with theGreek Churchand not with the Protestants on the continent.The bishops also refused to eliminate what the Germans considered abuses (e.g. private masses for the dead, compulsoryclerical celibacy,and withholdingcommunion winefrom thelaity) allowed by the English Church.Stokesley considered these customs to be essential because the Greek Church practised them.As the King was unwilling to break with these practices, the Germans had all left England by 1 October.

Meanwhile, England was in religious turmoil. Impatient Protestants took it upon themselves to further reform – some priests said mass in English rather than Latin and married without authorisation (Archbishop Cranmer was himself secretly married). Protestants themselves were divided between establishment reformers who held Lutheran beliefs upholding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and radicals who heldAnabaptistandSacramentarianviews denying real presence.In May 1539, a new Parliament met, andLord ChancellorAudleytold theHouse of Lordsthat the King desired religious uniformity. A committee of four conservative and four reformist bishops was appointed to examine and determine doctrine.On 16 May, theDuke of Norfolknoted that the committee had not agreed on anything and proposed that the Lords examine six controversial doctrinal questions that became the basis of the Six Articles:

1. whether the Eucharist could be the true body of Christ without transubstantiation,
2. whether it needed to be given to the laityunder both kinds,
3. whethervowsofchastityneeded to be observed as part of divine law,
4. whether clerical celibacy should be compulsory,
5. whetherprivate (votive) masseswere required (legitimate) by divine law,
6. whether auricularconfession(that is, confession to a priest) was necessary as part of divine law.

Act of Parliament
Parliament of England
Long title	An Act for abolishing of Diversity of Opinions of certain Articles concerning Christian Religion.
Citation	25 Hen. 8.c. 14
Dates
Royal assent	28 June 1539
Other legislation
Repealed by	Treason Act 1547
Status: Repealed

Over the next month, these questions were argued in Parliament and Convocation with the active participation of the King. The final product was an affirmation of traditional teachings on all but the sixth question. Communion in one kind, compulsory clerical celibacy, vows of chastity and votive masses were a legitimate form.Protestants achieved a minor victory on auricular confession, which was declared "expedient and necessary to be retained" but not required by divine law. In addition, although the real presence was affirmed in traditional terminology, the wordtransubstantiationitself did not appear in the final version.

The Act of Six Articles became law in June 1539, which, unlike the Ten Articles, gave the Six Articles statutory authority. Harsh penalties were attached to violations of the Articles. Denial of transubstantiation was punished by burning without an opportunity torecant.Denial of any of the other articles was punished by hanging or life imprisonment.Married priests had until 12 July to put away their wives, which was likely a concession granted to give Archbishop Cranmer time to move his wife and children outside of England.After the act's passage, bishops Latimer and Shaxton, outspoken opponents of the measure, were forced to resign their dioceses.The Act of Six Articles was repealed by theTreason Act 1547during the reign of Henry's son,Edward VI.

King's Book(1543)

When Parliament re-convened in April 1540, a committee was formed to revise theBishops' Book,which Henry VIII had never liked. The committee's membership included both traditionalists and reformers, but the former held the majority.Convocation began discussing the revised text in April 1543. TheKing's Book,orThe Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for Any Christian Manto use its formal title,was more traditional than the 1537 version and incorporated many of the King's own revisions. It was approved by aspecial meeting of the nobilityon 6 May and differed from theBishop's Bookin having been issued under the King's authority. It was also statutorily enforced by theAct for the Advancement of True Religion.Because of its royal authorisation, theKing's Bookofficially replaced the Ten Articles as the official doctrinal statement of the Church of England.

Significantly, the doctrine of justification by faithalonewas totally rejected. Cranmer tried to save the doctrine by arguing that while true faith was accompanied by good works (in other words, faith was notalone) it was only faith that justified. However, Henry would not be persuaded, and the text was amended to read that faith justified "neither only nor alone".It also stated that each person had free will to be "a worker... in the attaining of his own justification".TheKing's Bookalso endorsed traditional views of the mass, transubstantiation, confession, and Church ceremonies.The traditional seven sacraments were all included without any distinction in importance made between them. It was taught that the second commandment did not forbid images but only "godly honour" being given to them. Looking at images of Christ and the saints "provoked, kindled and stirred to yield thanks to Our Lord".

The one area in which theKing's Bookmoved away from traditional teaching was on prayer for the dead and purgatory. It taught that no one could know whether prayers or masses for the dead benefited an individual soul, and it was better to offer prayers for "the universal congregation of Christian people, quick and dead". People were encouraged to "abstain from the name of purgatory, and no more dispute or reason thereof".Presumably, the hostility towards purgatory derived from its connection to papal authority. The King's own behavior sent mixed signals. In 1540, he allowed offerings for the souls of deceasedKnights of the Garterto be spent on works of charity instead of masses. At the same time, however, he required the new cathedral foundations to pray for the soul ofQueen Jane.Perhaps because of the uncertainty surrounding this doctrine, bequests in wills forchantries,obitsand masses fell by half what they had been in the 1520s.

Forty-two Articles (1553)

Main article:Forty-two Articles

Henry VIII was succeeded by his son,Edward VI,in 1547. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a stronger Protestant identity. TheBook of Common Prayerof 1549authorised a reformed liturgy, and the1552Book of Common Prayerwas even more explicitly Protestant. To make the English Church fully Protestant, Cranmer also envisioned areform of canon lawand the creation of a concise doctrinal statement, which would become the Forty-two Articles.Work on a doctrinal statement was delayed by Cranmer's efforts to forge a doctrinal consensus among the various Protestant churches to counter the work of the CatholicCouncil of Trent.When this proved impossible, Cranmer turned his attention to defining what the Church of England believed.

In late 1552 the first edition of the confession was produced in the form of the Forty-Five Articles that Cranmer submitted for comment and revision, and which were approved by Parliament in June of 1553 by which time their number had been reduced to theForty-two Articleswhich were drafted by Cranmer and a small group of fellow Protestants. The title page claimed that the articles were approved by Convocation when in reality they were never discussed or adopted by the clerical body. They were also never approved by Parliament.The articles were issued by Royal Mandate on 19 June 1553. All clergy, schoolmasters and members of the universities were required to subscribe to them.The theology of the articles has been described by some as a "restrained"Calvinism.Others point to a much stronger Lutheran influence.

Development

Edward died in 1553. With the coronation ofMary Iand the reunion of the Church of England with the Catholic Church, the articles were never enforced. However, after Mary's death, they became the basis of the Thirty-nine Articles.In 1563, Convocation met underArchbishop Parkerto revise the articles.Convocation passed only 39 of the 42, and Elizabeth reduced the number to 38 by throwing out Article 29 to avoid offending her subjects with Catholic leanings.In 1571, despite the opposition of BishopEdmund Gheast,Article 29 was re-inserted, declaring that the wicked do not eat the Body of Christ.This was done following the queen'sexcommunicationby thePope Pius Vin 1570. That act destroyed any hope of reconciliation with Rome and it was no longer necessary to fear that Article 29 would offend Catholic sensibilities.The Articles, increased to Thirty-nine, were ratified by the Queen, and the bishops and clergy were required to assent.

Content

Elizabeth I,in whose reign the Thirty-nine Articles were passed

The Thirty-nine Articles were intended to establish, in basic terms, the faith and practice of the Church of England.While not designed to be a creed or complete statement of the Christian faith, the articles explain the doctrinal position of the Church of England in relation to Catholicism,Calvinism,andAnabaptism.

Thirty-nine Articles

1. Of Faith in the Holy Trinity. 2. Of Christ the Son of God. 3. Of his going down into Hell. 4. Of his Resurrection. 5. Of the Holy Ghost. 6. Of the Sufficiency of the Scripture. 7. Of the Old Testament. 8. Of the Three Creeds. 9. Of Original or Birth-sin. 10. Of Free-Will. 11. Of Justification. 12. Of Good Works. 13. Of Works before Justification. 14. Of Works of Supererogation. 15. Of Christ alone without Sin. 16. Of Sin after Baptism. 17. Of Predestination and Election. 18. Of obtaining Salvation by Christ. 19. Of the Church. 20. Of the Authority of the Church.

21. Of the Authority of General Councils. 22. Of Purgatory. 23. Of Ministering in the Congregation. 24. Of speaking in the Congregation. 25. Of the Sacraments. 26. Of the Unworthiness of Ministers. 27. Of Baptism. 28. Of the Lord's Supper. 29. Of the Wicked which eat not the Body of Christ. 30. Of both kinds. 31. Of Christ's one Oblation. 32. Of the Marriage of Priests. 33. Of Excommunicate Persons. 34. Of the Traditions of the Church. 35. Of the Homilies. 36. Of Consecrating of Ministers. 37. Of Civil Magistrates. 38. Of Christian men's Goods. 39. Of a Christian man's Oath.

The Thirty-nine Articles can be divided into eight sections based on their content:

Articles 1–5: The Doctrine of God: The first five articles articulate the doctrine of God, theHoly Trinityand theincarnationof Jesus Christ. This is a departure from other doctrinal statements of the 16th and 17th centuries such as theHelvetic Confessionsand theWestminster Confession,which begin with the doctrine of revelation andHoly Scriptureas the source of knowledge about God.

Articles 6–8: Scripture and the Creeds: These articles state that Holy Scripture contains everything necessary forsalvation,so that no one can be required to believe any doctrine that cannot be proved on the basis of biblical teaching. The articles acknowledge the authority of theApostles' Creed,theNicene Creedand theAthanasian Creedbecause they express Scriptural teaching. It states that theApocryphais not part of Scripture. While not a basis of doctrine, the Apocrypha continues to be read by the church for moral instruction and examples for holy living.

Articles 9–18: Sin and Salvation: These articles discuss the doctrines oforiginal sinandjustification by faith(salvation is a gift received throughfaithin Christ). They reject the medieval Catholic teachings on works ofsupererogationand that performinggood workscan make a person worthy to receive justification (congruousmerit). They also reject the radical Protestant teaching that a person could be free from sin in this life.The articles address the doctrine ofpredestination—that "Predestination to life is the everlasting purpose of God".Double predestination,the belief that God has also predestined some people toreprobation,is not endorsed by the articlesandApostacyis affirmed.

Articles 19–21: The Church and its Authority: These articles explain the nature and authority of thevisible church.They state that the church, under Scripture, has authority over matters of faith and order. General councils of the church can only be called with the permission of the civil authority. It is possible for church councils to reach the wrong decisions, so they should only be followed if their actions align with Scripture.

Articles 22–24: Errors to be avoided in the Church: These articles condemn the Catholic teachings onpurgatory,indulgences,the use of religious images and theinvocation of saints.In addition, the Catholic practice of using Latin as aliturgical languageis disapproved of in favour of the vernacular. The articles state that no person should preach publicly or administer the sacraments unless they are called and authorised by legitimate church authority.This was meant to counter the radical Protestant belief that a Christian could preach and act as a minister on his own initiative in defiance of church authorities.

Articles 25–31: The Sacraments: These articles explain the Church of England'ssacramental theology.According to the articles,sacramentsare signs of divine grace which God works invisibly but effectively in people's lives. Through sacraments, God creates and strengthens the faith of believers. The radical Protestant belief that sacraments are only outward signs of a person's faith is denied by the articles.While the Catholic Church claimedseven sacraments,the articles recognise only two:baptismand theLord's Supper.The five rites called sacraments by Catholics are identified in the articles as either corrupted imitations of the Apostles (confirmation, penance and extreme unction) or as "states of life allowed in the Scriptures" (holy orders and marriage).

Regeneration(or the gift of new life), membership in the church, forgiveness of sins andadoption as children of Godare all received through baptism.The articles state thatinfant baptismis "most agreeable with the institution of Christ" and should continue to be practised in the church.In the Lord's Supper, participants become partakers of the body and blood of Christ and receive the spiritual benefits of Christ's death on the cross.According to the articles, this partaking should not be understood in terms of the Catholic doctrine oftransubstantiation,which is condemned as "repugnant to the plain words of Scripture". Instead, the articles declare that there is no change in the substance of the bread and wine. Rather, participants are fed the body of Christ by the Holy Spirit and through faith.The articles declare that "The offering of Christ once made is the perfect redemption, propitiation, and satisfaction for all the sins of the whole world". This was meant as a repudiation of the idea that the Mass was a sacrifice in which Christ was offered for the forgiveness of sins for the living and the dead in purgatory,andUnlimited atonementis affirmed.

Articles 32–36: The Discipline of the Church: The articles defend the practice ofclerical marriageand the church's power ofexcommunication.It states that traditions and ceremonies in the church may vary by time and place; national churches can alter or abolish traditions created by human authority. TheFirst and Second Book of Homiliesare said to contain correct doctrine and should be read in church. The articles also defend the ordination rites contained in the1549 and 1552 Ordinals.

Articles 37–39: Christians and Civil Society: The articles affirm the role of the monarch as theSupreme Governor of the Church of England.It rejects all claims to the Pope's jurisdiction in England. It defends the state's right to usecapital punishmentand declares that Christians may serve in the military. It rejects the Anabaptist teaching that the property of Christians should be held in common, but it does explain that Christians should givealmsto the poor and needy. It also defends the morality of oath-taking for civic purposes.

Later history

The 1662Book of Common Prayerhas long been printed with the Thirty-nine Articles.

During the reign of Elizabeth I, a "Calvinist consensus" developed within the church regarding the doctrines of salvation. Article 17 only endorsedelectionto salvation and was silent on whether God predestined people forreprobation;however, most of the bishops and leading churchmen believed indouble predestination.When anArminianminority emerged to challenge this consensus,Archbishop Whitgiftissued theLambeth Articlesin 1595. These did not replace the Thirty-nine Articles but were meant to officially align Article 17 to Calvinist theology. The Queen was unwilling to alter her religious settlement and refused to assent to these new articles.

The Thirty-nine Articles are printed in the1662Book of Common Prayerand other Anglican prayer books. TheTest Act 1672made adherence to the Articles a requirement for holding civil office in England until its repeal in 1828.Students atOxford Universitywere still expected to sign up to them until the passing of theOxford University Act 1854.

In the Church of England, only clergy (and until the 19th century members of Oxford and Cambridge Universities) are required to subscribe to the Articles. Starting in 1865, clergy affirmed that the doctrine contained in the Articles and theBook of Common Prayerwas agreeable to Scripture and that they would not preach in contradiction to it. Since 1975, clergy are required to acknowledge the Articles as one of the historic formularies of the Church of England that bear witness to the faith revealed in Scripture and contained in the creeds.TheChurch of Irelandhas a similar declaration for its clergy, while some other churches of theAnglican Communionmake no such requirement.TheUS Episcopal Churchnever required subscription to the Articles.

The influence of the Articles on Anglican thought, doctrine and practice has been profound. Although Article VIII itself states that the three Catholic creeds are a sufficient statement of faith, the Articles have often been perceived as the nearest thing to a supplementary confession of faith possessed by the Anglican tradition. In Anglican discourse, the Articles are regularly cited and interpreted to clarify doctrine and practice. Sometimes they are used to prescribe support of Anglican comprehensiveness. An important concrete manifestation of this is theChicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral,which incorporates Articles VI, VIII, XXV, and XXXVI in its broad articulation of fundamental Anglican identity. In other circumstances they delineate the parameters of acceptable belief and practice in proscriptive fashion. The Articles continue to be invoked today in the Anglican Church. For example, in the ongoing debate over homosexual activity and the concomitant controversies over episcopal authority, Articles VI, XX, XXIII, XXVI, and XXXIV are regularly cited by those of various opinions.

Each of the 44 member churches in theAnglican Communionis, however, free to adopt and authorise its own official documents, and the Articles are not officially normative in all Anglican Churches (neither is theAthanasian Creed). The only doctrinal documents agreed upon in the Anglican Communion are the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed of AD 325, and the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral. Beside these documents, authorised liturgical formularies, such as Prayer Book and Ordinal, are normative. The several provincial editions of Prayer Books (and authorised alternative liturgies) are, however, not identical, although they share a greater or smaller amount of family resemblance. No specific edition of the Prayer Book is therefore binding for the entire Communion.

A revised version was adopted in 1801 by theUS Episcopal Churchwhich deleted the Athanasian Creed. Earlier,John Wesley,founder of theMethodists,adapted the Thirty-nine Articles for use by American Methodists in the 18th century. The resultingArticles of Religionremain an official doctrinal statement of theUnited Methodist Church.

Interpretation

According to theologianHenry Chadwick,the articles are a revealing window into the ethos and character of Anglicanism, in particular in the way the document works to navigate avia media(Latin: middle path or middle way) between the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church on the one hand, and those of the Lutheran and Reformed churches on the other hand, thus giving the Church of England a unique middle-of-the-road position. Thevia mediawas expressed so adroitly in the Articles that some Anglican scholars have labelled their content as an early example of the idea that the doctrine of Anglicanism is one of "Reformed Catholicism".

In 1628Charles Iprefixed a royal declaration to the articles, which demands a literal interpretation of them, threatening discipline for academics or churchmen teaching any personal interpretations or encouraging debate about them. It states: "no man hereafter shall either print or preach, to draw the Article aside any way, but shall submit to it in the plain and Full meaning thereof: and shall not put his own sense or comment to be the meaning of the Article, but shall take it in the literal and grammatical sense."

However, what the Articles truly mean has been a matter of debate in the Church since before they were issued. Theevangelical wingof the Church has claimed to take the Articles at face value, and to regard them as of utmost importance. In 2003, evangelical Anglican clergyman Chris Pierce wrote:

The Thirty-Nine Articles define the biblically derived summations of precise Christian doctrine. The Thirty-Nine Articles are more than minimally assented to; they are believed wholeheartedly. In earlier times English and Irish evangelicals would have read Cranmer,Ridley,Latimer,Ussher,andRyleand would unreservedly agree with Dean Litton's assessment that (quoted by Dean Paul Zahl, in his work 'The Protestant Face of Anglicanism'), 'The Anglican Church, if she is to be judged by the statements of the Articles, must be ranked among the Protestant Churches of Europe.'

This view has never been held by the whole church.In 1643,Archbishop of ArmaghJohn Bramhalllaid out a broader view of the Articles:

Some of them are the very same that are contained in the Creed; some others of them are practical truths, which come not within the proper list of points or articles to be believed; lastly, some of them are pious opinions or inferior truths, which are proposed by the Church of England to all her sons, as not to be opposed; not as essentials of Faith necessary to be believed by all Christiansnecessitate medii,under pain of damnation.

This divergence of opinion became overt during theOxford Movementof the 19th century. The stipulations of Articles XXV and XXVIII were regularly invoked by evangelicals to oppose the reintroduction of certain beliefs, customs, and acts of piety with respect to the sacraments. In response,John Henry Newman'sTract 90attempted to show that the 39 Articles could be read according to anAnglo-Catholicinterpretation.

References

Sources

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• Blunt, John Henry (1878).The Reformation of the Church of England: Its History, Principles and Results.Vol. Part 1 AD 1514–1547 (4th ed.). London, Oxford, and Cambridge: Rivingtons.
• Bramhall, John (1842)."Schism Guarded".The Works of Archbishop Bramhall.Vol. 2. Oxford: J.H. Parker.
• Bray, Gerald Lewis (2004).Documents of the English Reformation 1526-1701.James Clarke & Co.ISBN978-0-227-17239-1.
• Brown, Stephen F. (2009).Protestantism.New York: Chelsea House.ISBN978-1-60413-112-3.
• Chadwick, Henry(1988). "Tradition, Fathers, and Councils". In Sykes, Stephen; Booty, John E. (eds.).The Study of Anglicanism.London: SPCK/Fortress Press.ISBN978-0-8006-2087-5.
• Chapman, Mark (2006).Anglicanism: A Very Short Introduction.Oxford: OUP.ISBN978-0-19-157819-9.
• Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (1997).The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-211655-0.
• d'Aubigné, J. H. Merle(1972).The Reformation in England.Vol. 2 Book 3. Edinburgh:Banner of Truth Trust.ISBN978-0-85151-487-1.
• Davie, Martin (2013).Our Inheritance of Faith: A Commentary on the Thirty Nine Articles.Gilead Books Publishing.ISBN978-0956856074.
• Guy, John (1990).Tudor England.Oxford: OUP.ISBN978-0-19-285213-7.
• Haigh, Christopher (1993).English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society Under the Tudors.Clarendon Press.ISBN0198221622.
• Heal, Felicity(2003).Reformation in Britain and Ireland.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-928015-5.
• MacCulloch, Diarmaid(1996).Thomas Cranmer: A Life.London:Yale University Press.ISBN0-300-06688-0..
• MacCulloch, Diarmaid, ed. (1999).The Book of Common Prayer: 1662 Version (includes Appendices from the 1549 Version and Other Commemorations).Issue 241 of Everyman's library. David Campbell Publishers.ISBN978-1-85715-241-8– via Church of England.
• Mackie, J. D.(1994).The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558.Oxford Paperbacks.ISBN0-19-285292-2.
• Marshall, Peter (2017).Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation.Yale University Press.ISBN978-0300170627.
• Marshall, Peter (2017b). "Settlement Patterns: The Church of England, 1553–1603". In Milton, Anthony (ed.).The Oxford History of Anglicanism.Vol. 1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520–1662. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–62.ISBN9780199639731.
• Moyes, James (1913)."Anglicanism".In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Newman, John Henry(1841).Remarks on Certain Passages in the Thirty-nine Articles.Tract No 90 of Tracts for the Times. J.G.F. & J. Rivington. p.1.
• O'Donovan, Oliver(2011).On the Thirty Nine Articles: A Conversation with Tudor Christianity(2nd ed.). London: SCM Press.ISBN9780334047810.
• Pierce, Chris (2003)."A Look across the Pond - A brief analysis of the status of the evangelical Anglicanism in the US and Canada"(PDF).Cross†way(89).
• Ridley, Jasper(2013) [1962].Thomas Cranmer.Pan Macmillan.ISBN978-1-4472-4128-7.OCLC398369.
• Wilson, William Gilbert; Templeton, J. H. (1962).Anglican Teaching: An Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles.Dublin:Association for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
• "Wittenberg Articles".Christian Cyclopedia.Concordia Publishing House. 2000.Retrieved3 August2018.

Further reading

• Bicknell, Edward John (1919).A theological introduction to the Thirty-nine articles of the Church of England.London: Longmans.
• Boultbee, Thomas Pownall (1877).A Commentary on the Thirty-nine Articles: Forming an Introduction to the Theology of the Church of England.Longmans.
• Denison, Edward(1835).A Review of the State of the Question respecting the Admission of Dissenters to the Universities.London: John Cochran.
• Douglas, Brian (2011).A Companion to Anglican Eucharistic Theology.Vol. 1: The Reformation to the 19th Century. Leiden: Brill. pp. 234–246.ISBN978-90-04-21930-4.
• Gibson, Edgar Charles Sumner (1908).The Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England Explained...Methuen & Company.
• Kirby, Torrance (2009). "The Articles of Religion of the Church of England (1563/71), commonly called the Thirty-Nine Articles.". In Mühling, Andreas; Opitz, Peter (eds.).Reformierte Bekenntnisschriften.Vol. Band 2/1, 1559–1563. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag. pp. 371–410.
• Redworth, Glyn (2011). "A Study in the Formulation of Policy: The Genesis and Evolution of the Act of Six Articles".The Journal of Ecclesiastical History.37(1): 42–67.doi:10.1017/S0022046900031900.ISSN0022-0469.S2CID162584862.

External links

• The Ten Articles of 1536
• Audio version of the 39 Articles in MP3 format
• Articles of Religion,text of the 1571 version
• Articles of ReligionChurch of England website
• Anglican Communion resources relating to theBook of Common Prayer,including the articles of religion
  • Facsimile of a 1762 printingfrom the above site
• Original text in Latin and in English
• Revised 1801 versionadopted by the US Episcopal Church
• Irish Articles of 1615
• The Ten Articles and The Six Articlespublic domain audiobook atLibriVox