Territory of Papua

Not to be confused withTerritory of Papua and New Guinea.

TheTerritory of Papuacomprised the southeastern quarter of the island ofNew Guineafrom 1883 to 1975. In 1883, the Government ofQueenslandannexed this territory for the British Empire.The United Kingdom Government refused to ratify the annexation but in 1884 aprotectoratewas proclaimed over the territory, then calledBritish New Guinea.There is a certain ambiguity about the exact date on which the entire territory was annexed by the British. ThePapua Act 1905recites that this happened "on or about" 4 September 1888.On 18 March 1902, the Territory was placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia.Resolutions of acceptance were passed by the Commonwealth Parliament, which accepted the territory under the name of Papua.

British New Guinea (1884–1906) Territory of Papua (1906–1975)
1883–1975
Flag (1906–1971) Badge (1906–1971)
Territory of Papua Queensland(annexed Papua in 1883) OtherBritish possessions
Status	Queenslanddependency(1883–1884) Britishprotectorate(1884–1888) Britishcrown colony(1888–1902) Australianexternal territory(1902–1975)
Capital	Port Moresby
Common languages	English(official),Tok Pisin,Hiri Motu(nativelingua franca), manyAustronesian languages,Papuan languages
Monarch
• 1883–1901	Queen Victoria
• 1952–1975	Elizabeth II
Lieutenant-Governor
• 1884–1885	Peter Scratchley
• 1908–1940	Hubert Murray
• 1945–1949	Jack Keith Murray
Legislature	Legislative council House of Assembly
History
• Annexation byQueensland	1883
•Colonization	6 November 1884
•Union with New Guinea	1975
Currency	Australian pound
Preceded by Succeeded by Colony of Queensland 1949: Territory of Papua and New Guinea 1975: Papua New Guinea

In 1949, the Territory and theTerritory of New Guineawere established in an administrative union by the name of theTerritory of Papua and New Guinea.That administrative union was renamed asPapua New Guineain 1971.Notwithstanding that it was part of an administrative union, the Territory of Papua at all times retained a distinct legal status and identity; it was a Possession of the Crown whereas the Territory of New Guinea was initially aLeague of Nations mandateterritory and subsequently aUnited Nations trust territory.This legal and political distinction remained until the advent of theIndependent State of Papua New Guineain 1975.

Papua made up the southern half of what is today Papua New Guinea and contained the territory's capital,Port Moresby,which then became the capital of the independent country.

History

The British flag being raised in 1883 after Queensland annexed the southern part of New Guinea

Background

Archeological evidence suggests that humans arrived on New Guinea at least 60,000 years ago. TheseMelanesianpeople developed stone tools and agriculture. Portuguese and Spanish navigators sailing in theSouth Pacificentered New Guinea waters in the early part of the 16th century and in 1526–27, DonJorge de Menesescame upon the principal island, which the locals called "Papua". In 1545, the SpaniardÍñigo Ortiz de Retezgave the island the name "New Guinea", because he saw a resemblance between the islands' inhabitants and those found on theAfricanregion ofGuinea.European knowledge of the interior of the island remained scant for several centuries after these initial encounters.

Annexation

In 1883 SirThomas McIlwraith,thePremierofQueensland,ordered Henry Chester (1832–1914), the police magistrate onThursday Island,to proceed toPort Moresbyand annex the eastern half of New Guinea.The reason given for annexation was the apparent German interest in annexing the area, evidenced by an article in theAllgemeine Zeitung.Chester made the proclamation on 4 April 1883,but the imperial British government disapproved of the annexation:the BritishColonial SecretaryLord Derbyemphasised in a despatch to the Queensland government that such an action was beyond Queensland's constitutional powers as a British colony.

On 6 November 1884, after the Australian colonies had promised financial support, the territory became a Britishprotectorate.On 4 September 1888 the protectorate was annexed by Britain, together with some adjacent islands, which were collectively named British New Guinea. In 1902, the British parts of Papua were effectively transferred to the authority of the newCommonwealth of Australia.With the passage of the Papua Act 1905, the area was officially renamed the Territory of Papua, and Australian administration formally began in 1906.

Meanwhile, the northern part of New Guinea was under German commercial control from 1884, and from 1899 was directly ruled by the German government as thecolonyofGerman New Guinea,then known asKaiser-Wilhelmsland.At the outbreak of theFirst World Warin 1914, Australia invaded Kaiser-Wilhelmsland on 11 September 1914 with 2000 volunteers of theAustralian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force.After several skirmishes, the Australians succeeded in capturing the German colony, which they occupied for the rest of the war. TheTreaty of Versaillesin 1919 transferred German New Guinea to Australia, which administered it as theTerritory of New Guinea.

World War II

Australian troops at Milne Bay, Papua. The Australian army was the first to inflict defeat on theImperial Japanese ArmyduringWorld War IIat theBattle of Milne Bayof August–September 1942.

Shortly after the start of thePacific War,the island of New Guinea was invaded by theJapanese.Papua was the least affected region. Most ofWest Papua,at that time known asDutch New Guinea,was occupied, as were large parts of theTerritory of New Guinea(the formerGerman New Guinea,which was also under Australian rule afterWorld War I), but Papua was protected to a large extent by its southern location and the near-impassableOwen Stanley Rangesto the north. Civil administration was suspended during the war and both territories (Papua and New Guinea) were placed undermartial lawfor the duration.

TheNew Guinea campaignopened with the battles forNew BritainandNew Irelandin theTerritory of New Guineain 1942.Rabaul,the capital of the Territory, wasoverwhelmed on 22–23 Januaryand was established as a major Japanese base from where the Japanese landed on mainland New Guinea and advanced towards Port Moresby and Australia.Having had their initial effort to capture Port Moresby by a seaborne invasion disrupted by theU.S. Navyand Australian navy in theBattle of the Coral Sea,the Japanese attempted a landward attack from the north via theKokoda Track.From July 1942, a few Australian reserve battalions, many of them very young and untrained, fought a stubbornrearguardaction against the Japanese attack, over the ruggedOwen Stanley Ranges.The militia, worn out and severely depleted by casualties, held out with the assistance of Papuan porters and medical assistants, and were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force, returning from action in theMediterranean Theatre.

In early September 1942 Japanese marines attacked a strategic Royal Australian Air Force base atMilne Bay,near the eastern tip of Papua. They were beaten back by the Australian Army, and theBattle of Milne Baywas the first outright defeat of Japanese land forces during World War II.The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943–44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces.The Supreme Commander of operations was the United States GeneralDouglas Macarthur,with Australian GeneralThomas Blameytaking a direct role in planning, and operations being essentially directed by staff at New Guinea Force headquarters in Port Moresby.Bitter fighting continued in New Guinea between the largely Australian force and the Japanese18th Armybased in New Guinea until theJapanese surrenderin 1945.

Administrative unification with New Guinea

After the war, thePapua and New Guinea Act 1949united the Territory of Papua and the Territory of New Guinea as theTerritory of Papua and New Guinea.However, for the purposes ofAustralian nationalitya distinction was maintained between the two territories.The act provided for aLegislative Council(which was established in 1951), a judicial system, a public service, and a system of local government.

UnderAustralian Minister for External TerritoriesAndrew Peacock,the territory adopted self-government in 1972 and on 15 September 1975, during the term of theWhitlam governmentin Australia, the Territory became the independent nation ofPapua New Guinea.

See also

• List of colonial heads of Papua
• Hiri Motu
• History of Papua New Guinea
• History of Queensland
• History of Australia

Further reading

• Dispela Kantri Bilong Mi, Nau! Queensland Annexes New Guinea, by Paul Dillon, ISBN: 9780994638168, 2023; and
• Queensland's contribution to the development of British New Guinea, by Paul Dillon, ISBN: 9781922815880, Connor Court Publishing, Brisbane 2023.