Wikipedia

Astro Boy

(Redirected fromTetsuwan Atom)
This article is about the manga series. For the title character, seeAstro Boy (character).For other uses, seeAstro Boy (disambiguation).

Astro Boy,known in Japan asMighty Atom(Japanese:Thiết oản アトム,Hepburn:Tetsuwan Atomu,lit. 'Iron-Armed Atom'),is a Japanesemangaseries written and illustrated byOsamu Tezuka.[4]It was serialized inKobunsha'sShōnenfrom 1952 to 1968.[5]The 112 chapters were collected into 23tankōbonvolumes byAkita Shoten.[6][7]Dark Horse Comicspublished an English translation in 2002. The story followsAstro Boy,anandroidyoung boy with human emotions who is created by Umataro Tenma after the recent death of his son Tobio. Eventually, Astro is sold to a robot circus run by Hamegg, but is saved from his servitude by Professor Ochanomizu. Astro becomes a surrogate son to Ochanomizu who creates a robotic family for Astro and helps him to live a normal life like an average human boy, while accompanying him on his adventures.[8]

Astro Boy
Eighthtankōbonvolume cover (Osamu Tezuka Manga Complete Works edition), featuringAtom
Thiết oản アトム
(Tetsuwan Atomu)
GenreAdventure,science fiction,superhero[1][2]
Manga
Written byOsamu Tezuka
Published byKobunsha
English publisher
MagazineShōnen
DemographicShōnen
Original runApril 3, 1952–March 12, 1968
Volumes23(List of volumes)
Adaptations
Spin-off

Astro Boyhas been adapted into threeanimeseries produced respectively by the first incarnation ofMushi Productionand its direct successorTezuka Productions,with a fourth in development. The manga was originally produced for TV asAstro Boy,the first popular animated Japanese television series that embodied the aesthetic that later became familiar worldwide asanime.[9]After enjoying success abroad,Astro Boywas remade in the 1980s asNew Mighty Atom,known asAstroboyin other countries, andagain in 2003.In November 2007, he was named Japan's envoy for overseas safety.[10]AnAmerican animated filmbased on the original manga series by Tezuka was released on October 23, 2009. In March 2015, a trailer was released announcing a new animated series. The success of the manga and anime series led it to becoming a major media franchise consisting of films including a major motion picture, a number of soundtracks and a library of video games. The series was also among the first to embrace mass merchandise includingaction figures,collectible figurines,food products, clothing, stamps andtrading cards.By 2004, the franchise had generated$3 billionin merchandise sales.[11]

Astro Boy is one of the most successful manga and anime franchises in the world and has become Tezuka's most famous creation. The combined 23tankōbonvolumes have sold over 100 million copies worldwide, making it Tezuka's best-selling manga and one of thebest-selling manga seriesof all time. The 1963 anime series became a hit on television in Japan and the United States.Astro Boyhas been praised for its importance in developing the anime and manga industry. It has been featured on numerous greatest anime of all time lists and has inspired many other influential authors in the creation of manga.

Plot

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Astro Boyis ascience fictionseries set in a futuristic world whererobotsco-exist with humans. Its focus is on the adventures of the titular "Astro Boy" (sometimes called simply "Astro" ): a powerful android created by the head of the Ministry of Science,Doctor Tenma(known as Dr. Astor Boynton II in the 1960s English dub; Dr. Boynton in the 1980s English dub). Dr. Tenma created Astro to replace his son Tobio ('Astor' in the 1960s English dub; 'Toby' in the 1980s English dub and the 2009 film), who was killed in a car accident (in the 2003 anime, Tobio is shown as having run away from home before the accident, while in the 2009 film, Toby's death was caused by an incident with the Peacekeeper, a weaponized robot). Dr. Tenma built and adopted Astro in Tobio's memory and treated Astro as lovingly as if he was the real Tobio. However, Dr. Tenma soon realized that the little android could not fill the void of his lost son, especially given that Astro could not grow older or express human aesthetics (in one set of panels in the manga, Astro is shown preferring the mechanical shapes of cubes over the organic shapes of flowers). In the original 1960 edition, Tenma rejected Astro and sold him to a cruel circus owner,Hamegg(the Great Cacciatore in the 1960s English dub). In the 1980 edition, Hamegg kidnapped Astro while Tenma was trying to find him. In the 2009 film, Tenma rejected Astro simply because he could not stop thinking about Toby, but later during the film (and unlike in either the manga or the three anime cartoons), Tenma realized that Astro made credit to replace Tobio; as a result, Tenma decided that he would readopt Astro. None of these events about Astro being rejected (completely or temporarily) or kidnapped in both the 1960 and 1980 cartoons as well as in the 2009 film happened in the 2003 cartoon as Astro's birth was given byProfessor Ochanomizu(Dr. Elefun in the 1960 and 1980 cartoons, as well as in the 2009 film; Dr. O'Shay in the 2003 cartoon).

After some time, Professor Ochanomizu, the new head of the Ministry of Science (co-head of the Ministry of Science in the 2009 film), notices Astro Boy performing in the circus and convinces Hamegg to turn Astro over to him. (In aretconthe story becomes far more violent and complicated). He then takes Astro in as his own and treats him gently and warmly, becoming hislegal guardian.He soon realizes that Astro has superior powers and skills, as well as the ability to experience human emotions.

Astro then is shown fighting crime, evil, and injustice using his seven powers: 100K horsepower strength, jet flight, high intensity lights in his eyes, adjustable hearing, instant language translation, a retractable machine gun in his hips, and a high IQ capable of determining if a person is good or evil. Most of his enemies are robot-hating humans, robots gone berserk, or alien invaders. Almost every story includes a battle involving Astro and other robots. In one manga episode, Astro takes on the US Air Force, and stops it from bombing some innocent Vietnamese villagers (this was a time-travel episode, in which Astro went back from the 21st century to 1969).[12]

Production

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TheAstro Boyseries consists of several storylines. Atom (known as Astro Boy or just Astro in English) originally appeared as a supporting character in the Tezuka comicAtom Taishi(Ambassador Atom,sometimes referred to asCaptain Atom), which appeared inShonen,a monthly magazine for boys, in April 1951. Tezuka then created a comic series in which Astro was the main character.[13]According to Schodt, Tezuka created Astro to be a "21st-century reverse-Pinocchio,a nearly perfect robot who strove to become more human and emotive and to serve as an interface between man and machine. "[14]As Tezuka's art style advanced, Astro Boy "became more modern and cute" to appeal to his audience of boys in elementary school.[15]Schodt added that the page layouts used inAstro Boyepisodes "became more creative."[15]When designing supporting characters, Tezuka sometimes created characters that were homages toWalt Disney,the creator ofMickey MouseandDisney Princesses,Max Fleischer,the creator ofSuperman,and other American animators. In several of theAstro Boystories, the first few pages were in color.[15]Tezuka had a"Star System" of characterswhere characters from his other works played various roles inAstro Boy.Similarly, several characters inAstro Boyappear in his other works. Tezuka developed "a type of dialog with his readers" since he developed so many stories during his lifetime.[14]Tezuka also had a habit of introducing nonsensical characters at random moments in order to lighten a scene which was becoming too serious; he sometimes felt trapped by the need to satisfy his young male audience's desire to see battling robots.[14]

Astro Boywas described by Schodt as an "analog," a world where man and advanced technology coexist. As a result, the plots of theAstro Boystories often involve issues that stem from this idea. WhenAstro Boywas created in the 1950s and 1960s, Japan did not have the reputation for science and technology that it had gained by 2002. This made the "analog" nature ofAstro Boyunique.[14]

The novels were originally published byAkita Shoten;23 volumes of paper backs were printed. The stories do not appear in order by publication date, but in the order that Tezuka and the collection editors considered most appropriate. The collection begins withThe Birth of Astro Boy,an episode that Tezuka wrote in 1975 to make the collection of stories easier to understand. The firstAstro Boystory ever written, first published in April 1951, is in volume 15. In addition, Tezuka often re-drew chapters that he had created earlier. Schodt explains that this is the reason some may appear "more modern" than others. For many of his older stories, Tezuka added introductory pages where he himself was portrayed as the narrator. The color pages were reprinted in black and white for the inexpensive paperback versions.[15]

English-language version

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The English-language version ofAstro Boyis an adaptation of the Akita Shoten published works by Osamu Tezuka.[15]The artwork was flipped from the original Japanese version so the books could be read from left to right.[16]Frederik L. Schodttranslated the English-language version ofAstro Boyand for most of the characters, he used the original Japanese names. Schodt believed that it was necessary to retain the Japanese names wherever possible, as the story was set in Japan. Schodt translated the nickname "Higeoyaji"to" Mr. Mustachio ", and decided to use Astro Boy's English name. He explained that" Astro "is close to the Japanese name" Atom ", an English word. In addition, Schodt believed that using" Atom "in an American edition of the story would be" going too much against the history ". Occasionally, names of Japanese characters had double meanings that were impossible to convey in the English-language translation. Schodt decided that keeping the sound of the names was important, especially when the names were famous. In those cases, Schodt tried to use the double meaning elsewhere in the translation. When dealing with minor foreign characters with humorous-sounding names, Schodt used equivalent English puns wherever it was possible.[14]

The editors of the English-languageAstro Boybook did not remove content that could be perceived to be racially insensitive. They explained that in some cases people may be portrayed differently from how they actually were in 2002 (the year of publication of the English version). The editors said that some readers may feel that the portrayals contribute to racial discrimination and, while that was not Tezuka's intent, the issue needed to be explained as some readers may feel offended or insulted by the depictions. They felt that it would be inappropriate to revise the works, because Tezuka had died and there was no way to reverse what he created, and revising his works would violate his right as a creator. They also expressed the belief that editing or stopping publication of the work would "do little" to end racial and ethnic discrimination throughout the world.[17]

Characters

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Main article:List of Astro Boy characters

Media

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The cover forAstro Boyvolume 1 and 2 compilation byDark Horse Comics.

Manga

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Main article:List of Astro Boy chapters

Themangawas originally published from 1952 to 1968, followed by a newspaper serialization (1967–1969) and two further series in 1972–1973 and 1980–1981.

The originalMighty Atommanga stories were later published inEnglish-languageversions byDark Horse Comicsin a translation byFrederik L. Schodt.They followed the television series by keeping the character name as "Astro Boy", the name most familiar to English-speaking audiences, instead of "Mighty Atom." Names of the other characters, such asDoctor TenmaandProfessor Ochanomizu,are those of the original Japanese.

Astro Boy (along with some of his supporting characters) appear in a series of "edu-manga" that tell biographies of famous personalities such asHelen Keller,Albert EinsteinandMother Teresa.Astro Boy and his "sister" appear in prologues and epilogues for each story and learn about the famous person from Dr. Ochanomizu, who acts as narrator for each installment. These manga were published by Kodansha, Ltd. from 2000 to 2002 with English-language versions published by Digital Manga Publishing and seeing print from 2003 to 2005.

From 2003 to 2009,Naoki Urasawawrote the seriesPluto,with help fromTakashi Nagasaki.It adaptsAstro Boy's "The Greatest Robot on Earth"(Địa thượng tối đại のロボット,Chijō Saidai no Robotto)arc (which story Urasawa says "has been enshrined as a centerpiece in the literature of our generation"[18]) into a murder mystery.[19]In a 2004 manga ofTetsuwan Atomwritten by Akira Himekawa, the plot, as well as the character designs, loosely followed that of the 2003 anime series. The artwork is quite different from Tezuka's original. This version of the manga was published in English byChuang Yiand distributed in Australia byMadman Entertainment.[20]

A prequel,Atom: The Beginningbegan serialization in 2014. It later received an anime adaptation in 2017.

Unlicensed comics

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In 1965,Gold Keypublished a one-shot comic book, licensed byNBC Enterprises,based on theU.S. versionof theAstro BoyTV show. This was done without any input fromOsamu Tezuka,who considered the book an unauthorized or "pirate" edition and denounced the publication as "horribly drawn".[21]

Astro Boy also appears in the premium giveaway series, "March of Comics" (# 285) also published by Gold Key in 1966.

Editorial Mo.Pa.Sa., an Argentine company, published the comic bookLas Fantásticas Aventuras de Astroboyin the 1970s.[22]

In 1987, the Chicago-based comics publisherNOW Comicsissued theirown versionofAstro Boy,with art done by Canadian artistKen Steacy,and again done without Osamu Tezuka giving input. The series was cancelled in mid-1988.

Anime

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1963 series

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Main article:Astro Boy (1963 TV series)

TheAstro Boyanimated television series premiered onFuji TVonNew Year's Day,1963, and is the first popular animatedJapanese televisionseries that embodied the aesthetic that later became familiar worldwide asanime.[9]It lasted for four seasons, with a total of 193 episodes, the final episode presented onNew Year's Eve1966. At its height it was watched by 40% of the Japanese population who had access to a TV. Only the first two years (a total of 104 episodes) were dubbed in English and shown in the US. (The other 89 episodes were never made available in English.)

1980 series

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Main article:Astro Boy (1980 TV series)

A full-colour, second remake of the original stories was produced by Tezuka Productions. The series premiered onNTV,October 1, 1980. At total of 52 episodes were produced and aired. The series was directed byIshiguro Noboru.The series was released on a 7 disc compilation set byManga Entertainmenton November 22, 2005. A further "Greatest Astro Boy Adventures" DVD was released on July 18, 2006.

2003 series

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Main article:Astro Boy (2003 TV series)

A third series of fifty episodes was produced by Tezuka Productions, Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan, Dentsu, and Fuji Television network. It was created to celebrate the birth date of Astro Boy, and was first broadcast in Japan on the same date as Astro's birth in the manga (April 7, 2003) across Animax and Fuji Television. It was directed by Kazuya Konaka and written by Chiaki J. Konaka, with additional writers including Keiichi Hasegawa, Sadayuki Murai, Ai Ohta, Hirotoshi Kobayashi, Kenji Konuta, and Marc Handler.

International co-productions

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At the 2013Annecy International Animated Film Festival,Tezuka Productionsrevealed that they were in early negotiations to create local adaptations ofAstro Boywith international companies. The furthest along was a partnership with Nigeria'sChannels TV,with whom Tezuka was looking to "re-version" the brand with.[23]The project surfaced the following year as the preschool-orientedLittle Astro Boy.[24]

During the 2014 Annecy Festival, Tezuka Productions confirmed it was developing more shows. The first,Astro Boy Rebootwould be a co-production with France's Caribara Productions and Monaco's Shibuya Productions. Additionally, it was confirmed that moreLittle Astro Boywas on the way.[25]In 2022, it was announced that Thomas Astruc, creator ofMiraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir,would be developing the series along withMethod Animation.The series will be 3D, as opposed to 2D as initially planned.[26]

The newLittle Astro Boywould later be revealed in 2016 as an entirely separate production with France'sPlanet Nemo.[27]The series was later named toGo Astro Boy Go!before debuting in 2019.[28]

Films

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Astro Boy in the 2009 CGI film

In 1962, MBS released a live-action movie, a compilation film made up of episodes from the1959–60 live-action TV seriesthat came before the 1960s animated television series and, which loosely followed the manga. The opening sequence (approximately one minute) is animated, and the rest is live action. The movie was of 75 minute in duration.

Tezuka metWalt Disneyat the1964 World's Fair,at which time Disney said he hoped to "make something just like" Tezuka'sAstro Boy.[29]A Japanese IMAX featurette was made in 2005, based on the 2003–2004 anime, titled "Astro Boy vs IGZA",but has only been shown in Japan.

An animatedmovie versionwas released in October 2009 fromImagi Animation Studios.[30][31][32]The English version features the voices ofFreddie Highmoreas Astro Boy andNicolas Cageas Dr. Tenma. IDW Publishing released a comic book adaptation of the movie to coincide with the film's release in October 2009; both as a four-part mini-series and as a graphic novel.

A live-actionAstro Boymovie was announced in 2015, to be produced by animation studioAnimal Logicin collaboration withTezuka Productionsand Ranger 7 Films.[33]San Andreaswriters Jeremy Passmore and Andre Fabrizio were confirmed to be part of the writing team in 2016.[34]

Video games

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Konamideveloped and published theirMighty Atomvideo game for the NintendoFamicomin 1988.[35]It is known for its extreme difficulty level attributed to a one-hit death rule.

Banprestopublished the Zamuse-developed release of theirMighty Atomfor theSuper Famicomsystem in 1994.[36]Like the Konami game, this title follows events in the manga series.

Segapublished a pair of games based on Astro Boy.Astro Boy: Omega Factorfor theGame Boy Advancedrew from various elements from the series, whileAstro Boyfor thePlayStation 2was loosely based on the 2003 anime with a slightly darker plot.

Astro Boy: The Video Gameis avideo gamebased on the Astro Boy animated feature film fromImagi Animation Studios.It was originally released on October 8, 2009, fromD3Publisher[37][38]for Nintendo'sWiiandDS,and Sony Computer Entertainment's PlayStation 2 andPlayStation Portable.It features the voices ofFreddie HighmoreandKristen Bell.[37]

Mobile game publisherAnimocadeveloped a series of sixAstro Boythemed titles foriOSandAndroiddevices between 2013 and 2016: theendless runnerAstro Boy Dash,the musicaledutainmentapplicationAstro Boy Piano,theshooterAstro Boy Flight,thestrategy defenseAstro Boy Siege: Alien Attack,thepuzzle gamecrossoverTezuka World: Astro Crunch,and a second endless runner calledAstro Boy Zap.[39][40]

In 2016,Active Gaming Medialaunched aKickstartercampaign forAstro Boy: Edge of Time,adigital card gamefeaturing drawings by a number of well known artists.[41]While the campaign failed to reach its $50,000 goal, it was eventually released as afree-to-playtitle in Japan onDMM.comand onSteaminternationally in April and June 2017.[42]The game was shut down on March 29, 2018.[43]

The character has also shown up in video game crossovers alongside Tezuka's other works, including the 2012 Android and iOS mobile gameGreat Battle! Tezuka All Stars.[44]Astro Boy also appears as a playable character in the crossoverpuzzle gameCrystal Crisis,released byNicalisin 2019 for theNintendo SwitchandPlayStation 4.[45][46]Eshigami no Kizuna,aCompile Heartvideo game that re-imagines Tezuka characters asbishōjo,is scheduled to be released on mobile platforms in 2019.[47]

Reception and legacy

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The manga has sold approximately 100 million copies.[48]

Astro Boyis considered one of the greatest manga and anime series of all time. In a 2006 'experts' ranking for 'Greatest Manga of All Time' held by theJapan Media Arts Festivalfor their 10th anniversary,Astro Boyranked 6th, the 3rd highest Tezuka manga on the list afterPhoenixandBlack Jack.In addition, the 1963 anime adaptation ranked 2nd in the 'Greatest Anime of All Time' list.[49]

In a 2009 poll held byAsahi Shimbunfor 'Greatest Shōwa Manga',Astro Boyranked 5th, the highest ranked Tezuka manga on the list.[50]

Astro Boybecame Tezuka's most famous work.Frederik L. Schodt,the translator of the English-language version of the manga, said it had "extraordinary longevity and appeal across cultures."[14]Schodt said that many of the stories are "sometimes" of "uneven quality." Schodt said that as the time becomes closer to "a true age of robots,"Astro Boyassumes more meaning.[14]Jeff Yang of theSan Francisco Chronicle,in discussing Schodt'sThe Astro Boy Essays,said "while kids came for Astro's atomic action – just about every installment included Astro harrowing a fellow robot who'd fallen from digital grace with his fission-powered fists – they stayed for the textured, surprisingly complex stories."[51]

Astro ranked 43rd onEmpiremagazine's list of The 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters.[52]

The 1960s anime was named the 86th best animated series byIGN,calling it the first popular anime television series.[53]

The 1980s anime was extremely popular in Australia, Canada, and many parts of Asia, with two different English dubs. The dub shown in Australia (and to a lesser extent in the USA) was coordinated by Tezuka Productions and NTV and produced in the USA. Another dub was produced in Canada solely for broadcast there.[54][55]

While the 2003 anime did poorly in North America, having received poor distribution and having been heavily edited, including the removal of its orchestrated soundtrack and much of Astro's childlike innocence, it was better received in theUKon theBBC,where it ran for almost three years, as well as other parts of the world such asDubaibasedMBC 3.[citation needed]

On April 7, 2003 (one day after the premiere of the 2003 anime in Japan), the city ofNiiza, Saitamaregistered the Astro Boy character as a resident to coincide with his birthdate in the manga.[56][57]That same day, theJR Yamanote Lineplatform atJR Takadanobaba Stationstarted using the theme music from the TV series to signal the departure of a train.[58]Also, many lamp posts in the area carry pictures from the TV series, and two large murals depicting Tezuka's works are across the street of JR Takadanobaba station. Later in 2004, the theme music from the TV series would eventually be used to signal the departure of a train atJR Niiza Stationon theJR Musashino Line.

See also

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References

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