Wikipedia

The Art of War

For other uses, seeThe Art of War (disambiguation).
"Know thy enemy" redirects here. For the episode ofThe Vampire Diaries,seeKnow Thy Enemy.For other uses, seeKnow Your Enemy (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withSun Bin's Art of War.

The Art of Waris an ancientChinese military treatisedating from the lateSpring and Autumn period(roughly 5th century BC). The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategistSun Tzu( "Master Sun" ), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a different set of skills orartrelated to warfare and how it applies tomilitary strategyandtactics.For almost 1,500 years, it was the lead text in an anthology that was formalized as theSeven Military ClassicsbyEmperor Shenzong of Songin 1080.The Art of Warremains the most influential strategy text in East Asian warfare,[1]has influenced both East Asian and Western military theory and thinking, and has found a variety of applications in myriad competitive non-military endeavors across the modern world including espionage,[2] culture, politics, business, and sports.[3][4][5][6]

The Art of War
AuthorSun Tzu(traditional)
LanguageClassical Chinese
SubjectMilitary art
GenreMilitary strategy
Publication date
5th century BC
Publication placeChina
355.02
LC ClassU101.S95
Original text
The Art of Warat ChineseWikisource
TranslationThe Art of Warat Wikisource
Chinese name
Traditional ChineseTôn tử binh pháp
Simplified ChineseTôn tử binh pháp
Literal meaning"Master Sun's Military Methods"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinSūnzǐ bīngfǎ
Bopomofoㄙㄨㄣ ㄗˇ ㄅㄧㄥ ㄈㄚˇ
Wade–GilesSun1-tzu3ping1-fa3
IPA[swə́ntsɹ̩̀ píŋfà]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationSyūnjí bīngfaat
JyutpingSyun1 zi2 bing1 faat3
IPA[syn˥tsi˧˥ pɪŋ˥fat̚˧]
Southern Min
Tâi-lôSun-tzú ping-huat
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014)*sˤuntsəʔpraŋp.kap

The book contains a detailed explanation and analysis of the 5th-century BC Chinese military, from weapons, environmental conditions, and strategy to rank and discipline. Sun also stressed the importance of intelligence operatives and espionage to the war effort. Considered one of history's finest military tacticians and analysts, his teachings and strategies formed the basis of advanced military training throughout the world.

The book was translated into French and published in 1772 by the French priestJesuitJean Joseph Marie Amiot;it was re-published in 1782. A partial translation into English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the titleThe Book of War.The first annotated English translation was completed and published byLionel Gilesin 1910.[7]Military and political leaders such as the Chinese communist revolutionaryMao Zedong,JapanesedaimyōTakeda Shingen,Vietnamese generalVõ Nguyên Giáp,is cited along with American military generalsDouglas MacArthurandNorman Schwarzkopf Jr.as having drawn inspiration from the book.[8]

Outside of military use,The Art of Warhas also become a source of inspiration in business, politics, sports and esports, and its usage has extended to film and television.

History

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Text and commentaries

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The Art of Waris traditionally attributed to an ancient Chinese military general known asSun Tzu(pinyin:Sūnzǐ), meaning 'Master Sun'. Sun Tzu is said to have lived in the 6th century BC, but the earliest parts ofThe Art of Warprobably date to at least 100 years later.[9]

Sima Qian'sRecords of the Grand Historian,the first of China's24 dynastic histories,records an early Chinese tradition that a text on military matters was written by one "Sun Wu" (Tôn võ) from theState of Qi,and that this text had been read and studied byKing Helü of Wu(r. 514–495 BC).[10]This text was traditionally identified with the receivedMaster Sun's Art of War.The conventional view was that Sun Wu was a military theorist from the end of theSpring and Autumn period(776–471 BC) who fled his home state of Qi to the southeasternKingdom of Wu,where he is said to have impressed the king with his ability to quickly train even court women in military discipline and to have made Wu's armies powerful enough to challenge their western rivals in thestate of Chu.This view is still widely held in China.[11]

The strategist, poet, and warlordCao Caoin the early 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to theArt of War.[10]Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically.[10]The Art of Warappears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely.[10]

Authorship

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Fragments ofThe Art of Wardiscovered as a part of theYinqueshan Han Slips,showing the version ofThe Art of Warthat was popular inHan dynasty(206 BC – 220 AD)

Beginning around the 12th century, Sun Tzu's historical existence began to be questioned by Chinese scholars, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classicZuo Zhuan,which mentions most of the notable figures from theSpring and Autumn period.[10]The name "Sun Wu" (Tôn võ) does not appear in any text prior to theRecords of the Grand Historian,[12]and has been suspected to be a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior", glossing the surname "Sun" as the related term "fugitive" (xùnTốn), while "Wu" (wǔVõ) is (1) the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" and (2) aJianghuaidialectal synonym ofSĩ;shì"knight",[13][14]which corresponds to Sunzi's role as the hero'sdoppelgängerin the story ofWu Zixu.[15]In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformerLiang Qichaotheorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Sun Tzu's purported descendantSun Bin,as a number of historical sources mention a military treatise he wrote.[10]Unlike Sun Wu, Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure "Sun Tzu" through a form ofeuhemerism.[15]

In 1972, theYinqueshan Han slipswere discovered in twoHan dynasty(206 BC – 220 AD) tombs near the city ofLinyiinShandong.[16]Among the manybamboo slipwritings contained in the tombs, which had been sealed between 134 and 118 BC, respectively were two separate texts, one attributed to "Sun Tzu", corresponding to the received text, and another attributed to Sun Bin, which explains and expands upon the earlierThe Art of Warby Sunzi.[17]The Sun Bin text's material overlaps with much of the "Sun Tzu" text, and the two may be "a single, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Sun name".[18]This discovery showed that much of the historical confusion was due to the fact that there were two texts that could have been referred to as "Master Sun's Art of War", not one.[17]The content of the earlier text is about one-third of the chapters of the modernThe Art of War,and their text matches very closely.[16]It is now generally accepted that the earlierThe Art of Warwas completed sometime between 500 and 430 BC.[17]

The 13 chapters

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The Art of Waris divided into 13 chapters (orpiān); the collection is referred to as being onezhuàn( "whole" or alternatively "chronicle" ).

The Art of Warchapter names and contents
Chapter Lionel Giles(1910)[19] R. L. Wing (1988) Ralph D. Sawyer (1996) Chow-Hou Wee (2003) Michael Nylan(2020) Contents
I Laying Plans The Calculations Initial Estimations Detail Assessment and Planning
(Chinese:Thủy kế;pinyin:shîjì) 		First Calculations Explores the five fundamental factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management) and seven elements (which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the way or moral law, which side's general is more capable, which side has superior in right time and right place, which side's laws and regulations can be enforced more strictly, which side has more resources, better equipment and stronger army, which side's officers and men are more well-trained and more capable of fighting, which side's rewards and punishments are more fair and clear) that determine the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the state and must not be commenced without due consideration.
II Waging War The Challenge Waging War Waging War
(Tác chiến;zuòzhàn) 		Initiating Battle Explains how to understand the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly. This section advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and conflict.
III Attack by Stratagem The Plan of Attack Planning Offensives Strategic Attack
(Mưu công) 		Planning an Attack Defines the source of strength as unity, not size, and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in any war. In order of importance, these critical factors are: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Army and Cities.
IV Tactical Dispositions Positioning Military Disposition Disposition of the Army
(Quân hình) 		Forms to Perceive Explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
V Use of Energy Directing Strategic Military Power Forces
(Binh thế) 		The Disposition of Power Explains the use of creativity and timing in building an army's momentum.
VI Weak Points and Strong Illusion and Reality Vacuity and Substance Weaknesses and Strengths
(Hư thật) 		Weak and Strong Explains how an army's opportunities come from the openings in the environment caused by the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battlefield over a given area.
VII Maneuvering an Army Engaging The Force Military Combat Military Maneuvers
(Quân tranh) 		Contending Armies Explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
VIII Variation of Tactics The Nine Variations Nine Changes Variations and Adaptability
(Cửu biến) 		Nine Contingencies Focuses on the need for flexibility in an army's responses. It explains how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully.
IX The Army on the March Moving The Force Maneuvering the Army Movement and Development of Troops
(Hành quân) 		Fielding the Army Describes the different situations in which an army finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories, and how to respond to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
X Classification of Terrain Situational Positioning Configurations of Terrain Terrain
(Địa hình) 		Conformations of the Lands Looks at the three general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the six types of ground positions that arise from them. Each of these six field positions offers certain advantages and disadvantages.
XI The Nine Situations The Nine Situations Nine Terrains The Nine Battlegrounds
(Cửu địa) 		Nine Kinds of Ground Describes the nine common situations (or stages) in a campaign, from scattering to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander will need in order to successfully navigate them.
XII Attack by Fire The Fiery Attack Incendiary Attacks Attacking with Fire
(Hỏa công) 		Attacks with Fire Explains the general use of weapons and the specific use of the environment as a weapon. This section examines the five targets for attack, the five types of environmental attack and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
XIII Use of Spies The Use of Intelligence Employing Spies Intelligence and Espionage
(Dụng gian) 		Using Spies Focuses on the importance of developing good information sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.

Cultural influence

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The beginning ofThe Art of Warin a classicalbamboo bookfrom the reign of theQianlong Emperor

Military and intelligence applications

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See also:Wen and wu

AcrossEast Asia,The Art of Warwas part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations.

During theSengoku period(c. 1467–1568), the JapanesedaimyōTakeda Shingen(1521–1573) is said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying onguns,because he studiedThe Art of War.[20]The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard"Fūrinkazan"(Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the wind, silent as a forest, ferocious as fire and immovable as a mountain.

The translatorSamuel B. Griffithoffers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" whereThe Art of Waris cited as influencing Mao'sOn Guerrilla Warfare,On the Protracted WarandStrategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War,and includes Mao's quote: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.'"[20]

During theVietnam War,someViet Congofficers extensively studiedThe Art of Warand reportedly could recite entire passages from memory. GeneralVõ Nguyên Giápsuccessfully implemented tactics described inThe Art of Warduring theBattle of Dien Bien Phuending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South. General Giáp, later the main PVA military commander in the Vietnam War, was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas.[21]

Outside East Asia

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The United States' defeat in the Vietnam War, more than any other event, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of U.S. military theory.[21][22][23]TheDepartment of the Armyin the United States, through itsCommand and General Staff College,listsThe Art of Waras one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library.[24]The Art of Waris listed on theUS Marine CorpsProfessional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel.[25]The Art of Waris also used as instructional material at theUnited States Military Academy(commonly known as West Point), in the course Military Strategy (470).[26]It is also recommended reading for Officer cadets at theRoyal Military Academy, Sandhurst.Some notable military leaders have stated the following about Sun Tzu andThe Art of War:

"I always kept a copy of The Art of War on my desk."[27]– GeneralDouglas MacArthur,5 Star GeneralandSupreme Commander for the Allied Powers.

"I have read The Art of War by Sun Tzu. He continues to influence both soldiers & politicians."[28]– GeneralColin Powell,Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,National Security Advisor,andSecretary of State.

According to some authors, the strategy ofdeceptionfromThe Art of Warwas studied and widely used by theKGB:"I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness".[29]

Application outside the military

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The Art of Warhas been applied to many fields outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to outsmart one's opponent without actually having to engage in physical battle. As such, it has found application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat.

The Art of Waris mentioned as an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories about fraud (mostly in the realm of commerce), Zhang Yingyu'sThe Book of Swindles(Du pian xin shu,Đỗ phiến tân thư,c. 1617), which dates to the lateMing dynasty.[30]

Many business books have applied the lessons taken from the book tooffice politicsand corporate business strategy.[31][32][33]Many Japanese companies make the book required reading for their keyexecutives.[34]The book is also popular among Western business circles citing its utilitarian values regardingmanagement practices.Many entrepreneurs and corporate executives have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The book has also been applied to the field of education.[35]

The Art of Warhas been the subject of legal books[36]and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.[37][38][39][40]

The bookThe 48 Laws of PowerbyRobert Greeneemploys philosophies covered inThe Art of War.[41]

The Art of Warhas also been applied in sports.National Football LeaguecoachBill Belichick,record holder of the mostSuper Bowlwins in history, has stated on multiple occasions his admiration forThe Art of War.[42][43]Brazilianassociation footballcoachLuiz Felipe Scolariactively usedThe Art of Warfor Brazil's successful2002 World Cupcampaign. During the tournament Scolari put passages ofThe Art of Warunderneath his players' doors at night.[44][45]

The bookSun Tzu Soccerby Liam Shannon is a direct translation ofThe Art of Warinto soccer language and scenarios.[46]

Playing To WinbyDavid Sirlinanalyses applications of the ideas fromThe Art of Warin modern esports.[47]The Art of Warwas released in 2014 as ane-bookcompanion alongside the Art of WarDLCforEuropa Universalis IV,a PC strategy game byParadox Development Studios,with a foreword by Thomas Johansson.

Film and television

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The Art of Warand Sun Tzu have been referenced and quoted in many movies and television shows, including in the 1987 movieWall Street,in whichGordon Gekko(Michael Douglas) frequently references it.[48]The 20thJames Bondfilm,Die Another Day(2002) also referencesThe Art of Waras the spiritual guide shared by Colonel Moon and his father.[49]InThe Sopranos,season 3, episode 8 ( "He Is Risen" ),Dr. Melfisuggests toTony Sopranothat he read the book.[50]

In theStar Trek: The Next Generationfirst-season episode "The Last Outpost", first officerWilliam RikerquotesThe Art of War:"Fear is the true enemy, the only enemy".Captain Picardexpressed pleasure that Sun Tzu was still taught atStarfleet Academy.Later in the episode, a survivor from a long-dead nonhuman empire noted common aspects between his own people's wisdom andThe Art of Warwith regard to knowing when and when not to fight.[51]

The Art of Waris a 2000 action spy film directed byChristian Duguayand starringWesley Snipes,Michael Biehn,Anne ArcherandDonald Sutherland.[52]

Notable translations

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Running Pressminiature editionof the 1994 Ralph D. Sawyer translation, printed in 2003
  • Sun Tzu on the Art of War.Translated byLionel Giles.London: Luzac and Company. 1910.
  • The Art of War.Translated bySamuel B. Griffith.Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1963.ISBN978-0-19-501476-1.Part of theUNESCO Collection of Representative Works.
  • Sun Tzu, The Art of War.Translated byThomas Cleary.Boston: Shambhala Dragon Editions. 1988.ISBN978-0877734529.
  • The Art of Warfare.Translated byRoger Ames.Random House. 1993.ISBN978-0-345-36239-1.
  • The Art of War.Translated byJohn Minford.New York: Viking. 2002.ISBN978-0-670-03156-6.
  • The Art of War: Sunzi's Military Methods.Translated byVictor H. Mair.New York: Columbia University Press. 2007.ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.

See also

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Books

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Concepts

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^Smith (1999),p. 216.
  2. ^McNeilly, Mark R. (2015).Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare(updated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 301.ISBN9780199957859.Retrieved14 December2022.Sun Tzu is not talking about 'news' here but about espionage affairs, or matters or plans relating to espionage.
  3. ^Scott, Wilson (7 March 2013),"Obama meets privately with Jewish leaders",The Washington Post,Washington, D.C.,archivedfrom the original on 24 July 2013,retrieved22 May2013
  4. ^"Obama to challenge Israelis on peace",United Press International,8 March 2013,archivedfrom the original on 27 November 2022,retrieved22 May2013
  5. ^Garner, Rochelle (16 October 2006),"Oracle's Ellison Uses 'Art of War' in Software Battle With SAP",Bloomberg,archived fromthe originalon 20 October 2015,retrieved18 May2013
  6. ^Hack, Damon (3 February 2005),"For Patriots' Coach, War Is Decided Before Game",The New York Times,archivedfrom the original on 18 January 2024,retrieved18 May2013
  7. ^Giles, LionelThe Art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition.Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
  8. ^Hlavatý, Jozef; Ližbetin, Ján (2021)."The Use of the Art of War Ideas in the Strategic Decision-making of the Company".Transportation Research Procedia.14th International scientific conference on sustainable, modern and safe transport.55:1273–1280.doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.110.ISSN2352-1465.S2CID238896273.
  9. ^Lewis (1999),p. 604.
  10. ^abcdefGawlikowski & Loewe (1993),p. 447.
  11. ^Mair (2007),pp. 12–13.
  12. ^Mair (2007),p. 9.
  13. ^Liu An(original compiler),Xu Shen(annotator).Huainan Honglie(Annotated),"Survey Obscurities". Main text: “Phu tử sinh đồng vực, bất khả hiếp lăng, dũngVõNhất nhân, vi tam quân hùng.”; Major et al.'s (2010) translation: "One for whom death and life are the same territory, who cannot be threatened, such a single bravewarrioris the hero of the Three Armies. ";Siku Quanshuversion. vols. 4-7,p. 96 of 160Archived15 April 2023 at theWayback Machine;Annotation: “VõSĩ dã; giang hoài gian vị sĩ viếtVõ.”
  14. ^Liu An (2010)The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China.Translated and edited by John S. Major, Sarah A. Queen, Aandrew Seth Meyer, and Harold D. Roth. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p. 215
  15. ^abMair (2007),p. 10.
  16. ^abGawlikowski & Loewe (1993),p. 448.
  17. ^abcGawlikowski & Loewe (1993),p. 449.
  18. ^Mark Edward Lewis(2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. 18.
  19. ^Sunzi (2009). Shawn Conners (ed.).Sun-tzu ping fa[The art of war]. Translated by Lionel Giles (Classic ed.). El Paso, TX: El Paso Norte Press.ISBN978-1-934255-15-5.OCLC433665014.
  20. ^abGriffith, Samuel B.The Illustrated Art of War.2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43.
  21. ^abMcCready, Douglas. Learning from Sun Tzu,Military Review,May–June 2003."Learning from Sun Tzu".Archived fromthe originalon 11 October 2011.Retrieved19 December2009.
  22. ^Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation withSonshiArchived18 January 2024 at theWayback Machine
  23. ^Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012).The Illustrated Art of War: Sun Tzu.Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books.ASINB00B91XX8U
  24. ^Army, U. S. (1985).Military History and Professional Development.U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute. 85-CSI-21 85.
  25. ^"Messages".Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2012.Retrieved2 June2009.
  26. ^"Department of Military Instruction Job Opportunities | United States Military Academy West Point".westpoint.edu.Archived fromthe originalon 12 December 2019.Retrieved5 June2020.
  27. ^United States Military Posture for FY1989 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989), 5–6, 93–94.
  28. ^"Chinese Military Strategist Sun Tzu Reveals Secrets to Success | Leaderonomics".2 February 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 7 February 2020.Retrieved12 December2019.
  29. ^Yevgenia Albatsand Catherine A. Fitzpatrick.The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future.1994.ISBN0-374-52738-5,chapterWho was behind perestroika?
  30. ^"Search Results | book of swindles | Columbia University Press".Columbia University Press.Archivedfrom the original on 23 March 2019.Retrieved20 July2018.
  31. ^Michaelson, Gerald. "Sun Tzu: The Art of War for Managers; 50 Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001
  32. ^McNeilly, Mark. "Sun Tzu and the Art of Business: Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford University Press, 1996.
  33. ^Krause, Donald G. "The Art of War for Executives: Ancient Knowledge for Today's Business Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995.
  34. ^Kammerer, Peter."The Art of Negotiation."Archived15 July 2019 at theWayback MachineSouth China Morning Post (21 April 2006) p. 15
  35. ^Jeffrey, D (2010). "A Teacher Diary Study to Apply Ancient Art of War Strategies to Professional Development".The International Journal of Learning.7(3): 21–36.
  36. ^Barnhizer, David.The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal BattlesIrvington-on-Hudson, NY: Bridge Street Books, 1997.
  37. ^Balch, Christopher D., "The Art of War and the Art of Trial Advocacy: Is There Common Ground?" (1991), 42 Mercer L. Rev. 861–73
  38. ^Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs,The Art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful LitigationArchived11 July 2012 at theWayback Machine
  39. ^Pribetic, Antonin I.,"The Trial Warrior: Applying Sun Tzu's The Art of War to Trial Advocacy"Archived18 January 2024 at theWayback Machine21 April 2007
  40. ^Solomon, Samuel H.,"The Art of War: Pursuing Electronic Evidence as Your Corporate Opportunity"2002
  41. ^"The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene".Penguin Random House Canada.Archivedfrom the original on 31 October 2020.Retrieved27 October2020.
  42. ^Lauletta, Tyler (6 December 2019)."Bill Belichick explains how advice from Sun Tzu's 'The Art of War' helped build the Patriots dynasty".Business Insider.Archivedfrom the original on 31 July 2020.Retrieved5 June2020.
  43. ^"Put crafty Belichick's patriot games down to the fine art of war".The Sydney Morning Herald.The New York Times. 4 February 2005.Archivedfrom the original on 22 January 2020.Retrieved5 June2020.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: others (link)
  44. ^Campos, Celso de Jr. (1 July 2011)."Luiz Felipe Scolari: One-on-One".FourFourTwo.Archivedfrom the original on 2 March 2020.Retrieved5 June2020.
  45. ^Winter, Henry (29 June 2006)."Mind games reach new high as Scolari studies art of war".Irish Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 20 July 2012.Retrieved30 April2011.
  46. ^https://www.liamjshannon.com/books
  47. ^Sirlin, David (2005).Playing to Win.lulu.com.ISBN978-1411666795.
  48. ^"Bud Fox: Sun-tzu: If your enemy is superior, evade him. If angry, irritate him. If equally matched, fight, and if not split and reevaluate".www.quotes.net.Archivedfrom the original on 6 February 2020.Retrieved5 June2020.
  49. ^Die Another Day (2002) - IMDb,archivedfrom the original on 24 February 2021,retrieved5 June2020
  50. ^Globe, Boston (13 May 2001)."Hey, if Tony's reading it, it's got to be good".baltimoresun.com.Archivedfrom the original on 4 February 2020.Retrieved5 June2020.
  51. ^"The Next Generation Transcripts - The Last Outpost".www.chakoteya.net.Archivedfrom the original on 13 November 2023.Retrieved9 August2023.
  52. ^"The Art of War (2000) - IMDb".IMDb.Archivedfrom the original on 23 July 2020.Retrieved21 July2020.

Sources

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