Wikipedia

The George Hotel, Crawley

The George Hotel,also known asthe George Innand now marketed as theRamada Crawley Gatwick,[1]is a hotel and formercoaching innon the High Street inCrawley,a town andboroughinWest Sussex,England. The George was one of the country's most famous and successful coaching inns, and the most important in Sussex, because of its location halfway between the capital city, London, and the fashionable seaside resort ofBrighton.Cited as "Crawley's most celebrated building",[2]it has Grade II*listedstatus.

The George Hotel, Crawley

It is known that a building called the George has existed on the site since the 16th century[3]or earlier,[4]and many sources date the core of the existing inn to 1615. The George Hotel has three principal sections, facing east and running from south to north parallel with Crawley High Street. Nothing of the exterior is original, except perhaps for parts of the tiled roof. The hotel contains 84 rooms and 6 meeting rooms with a capacity of up to 150, regularly used for conferences, weddings, exhibitions, seminars and training sessions. The present structure is made up of disparate parts of various dates: the inn expanded to take in adjacent buildings as its success grew in the 18th and 19th centuries. Major changes took place in the 1930s, and the annex was knocked down in 1933.

The inn has been associated with royalty,bareknuckle prizefighting,smugglingamong other things, and has been the subject of novels and paintings. It was central to the plot of SirArthur Conan Doyle's mystery novelRodney Stone,written in 1896.John George Haigh,a notorious serial killer in the 1940s known for his "acid bath" murders, stayed at the hotel on numerous occasions, and dined there on the day he killed one of his victims. The hotel is also reputedly haunted by the ghost of a nightwatchman, Mark Hurston (or Hewton) and other curious figures.

History

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Medieval history

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The George logo

At the time of theDomesday surveyin 1086 there was nomanoror village of Crawley,[5]but the thickly forested area was gradually being cleared and settled.[6]The land on which the village of Crawley developed—a sloping site with higher land to the south, at the point where the LowWealdrises to become the High Weald—was probably owned byWilliam de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surreyas part of one of the manors to the south.[6][7]

During theNorman erain the late 11th and 12th centuries, a nucleated village began to appear, prompted by the development of a north–south "High Street" forming part of a longer route from the capital city, London, to the port ofShorehamon theEnglish Channelcoast.[8][9]This replaced an earlier northeast–southwest route linking local farms to the older settlement ofWest Green,about 0.5 miles (0.8 km) west of Crawley, because a north–south route could take advantage of an area of drier, harder land[8]formed by an outcrop ofsandstonefrom the Hastings Beds that jutted into the sticky, waterlogged Weald Clay, which predominated around West Green and Crawley.[10]

The main road quickly became established, and Crawley was a natural stopping place almost exactly halfway between the coast and London.[8][11]Its development into an urban area was assured when KingJohngranted a charter for a market in 1202.[12]St John the Baptist's Churchwas founded a few decades later,[13]amanor housewas built in the late 14th or early 15th century,[14]and the local iron industry brought further prosperity.[15]Buildings appeared on both sides of the High Street, which widened significantly as it passed the manor house and church, and the market's position on a long-distance through road enabled it to thrive.[12]

16th–17th century

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The first mention of The George appears in 1579, when landowner Richard Covert died and passed on an area of land (atenement) to his son. This necessitated a payment to theLord of the manor.The tenement bore the name of The George, and was situated in a valuable position: in the centre of Crawley, on the west side of the High Street[16](and just inside theparishofIfield,a nearby village; the boundary between Ifield and Crawley parishes ran along the middle of the High Street).[17]The building on the land was almost certainly an inn at that time,[3][18]and many sources assert that its oldest parts date from about 1450.[2][19][20][21]Its centre section, anopen hall-houseof a type common in the area, may be even older, possibly late 14th century.[22]

The exterior, showing the replicagallows

An early remodelling came in 1615, when atimber-framedextension was built on the south side, a newjettiedcross-wing was added at the front and a stone fireplace was installed.[20]This bears the date 1615 (although this may have been carved later), and has carvings and arches.[4][20]An inventory dated 1689, carried out when the owner died, revealed that the George Hotel had 15 bedrooms, twoparlours,a kitchen, a bakery, a small brewery, stables, a barn, a back yard and a cellar.[23][24]Meanwhile, agallowswas erected outside the hotel, partly spanning the High Street; one end was attached to the top floor of the building.

Until the 18th century, the narrow, waterlogged road northwards from Crawley towardsReigateand London could only be used by horses, and even then only with difficulty; it was impassable for carriages, carts and other wheeled vehicles.[25]Trade was being affected, demand for travel between Crawley and London was growing (by the late 17th century it was one of several towns in Sussex to be served by scheduled packhorse-drawn goods wagons to and from the capital), and the nearbymarket townsofHorshamandEast Grinsteadthreatened to overtake Crawley in importance.[26](Like Crawley, they each had two licensed taverns in 1636, when an inventory of Sussex's 61 licensed premises was drawn up.)[27]In 1696, one of England's firstturnpikeActswas passed, which allowed tolls to be collected to pay for repairs and improvement. A tollgate was built at the north end of Crawley,[28]which gave its name to the present neighbourhood ofNorthgate.[29]

18th–19th century

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The growth ofBrightonas a fashionable seaside resort from the mid-18th century was also invaluable to Crawley's prosperity: it lay directly south of Crawley, and replaced Shoreham as the main focus of north–south traffic.[19][21]In 1770, the section betweenLowfield Heath(north of Crawley) and Brighton was turnpiked, and for the first time the full length of the London–Brighton road was properly constructed and maintained.[30]The journey by horse and carriage now took about eight hours,[25]and Crawley was perfectly placed to become a daytime or overnight stopping point. Within a few years, about 60coacheswere making the journey every day, and The George—as the town's largest and best-equipped hotel—became "the recognised halfway house between London and Brighton".[31]

ArtistThomas Rowlandson'saquatintof 1789,An Excursion to Brighthelmstone in 1789(the title uses Brighton's original name), shows The George Hotel prominently. It is the earliest artistic depiction of Crawley,[2][31]and shows a riotous horse auction underneath the original gallows. The horses were reputedly seized fromsmugglersapprehended in the area, which was notorious for that activity at the time.[24][31]Bareknuckle prizefightingwas also a major local attraction from which The George benefited: nearbyCrawley DownandCopthornewere "the most renowned battlefields in the south of England", and The George itself became "the hub of the pugilistic universe".[32][33]Tens of thousands of people of all classes—including members of the Royal Family (such asthe Prince Regent),statesmenandfamous playwrights—would visit Crawley Down or Copthorne Common to watch and bet on extremely violent contests which could last for hours; the George was invariably used as the base from which to visit these illegal bouts.[2][19][33]Other famous visitors of this era includedLord Nelson—whose sister lived in the nearby village ofHandcross—[19][25]Queen Victoria,who on one occasion was stranded overnight when her carriage broke down,[19][34]and the Prince Regent, whose patronage of Brighton and regular travelling of the London–Brighton road indirectly brought about the upturn in fortunes experienced by Crawley in general, and the George Hotel in particular, during the 18th century.[31]In this era, it was one of Britain's best-known and most importantcoaching inns,[35]and it held "the premier position" among Sussex's many such establishments.[18]

The annexe (centre-right), demolished 1930s

Also by this time, the former gallows had been converted into an inn sign that soon became a landmark,[19][31]and some structural and exterior alterations were made—the first of many over the subsequent years.[36]The earliest known photograph of the George, dated 1867, shows a dilapidated building of several uncoordinated parts: it had expanded over the years to take in buildings on each side of the original medieval inn, and it was considered a purely functional building with no obvious architectural merit.[37]By this time, the coaching era was in terminal decline because of the increasing popularity of rail travel;a line was opened between London and Brightonin 1841, with a station atThree Bridgesjust east of Crawley,[38]and the town centre received its ownbranch lineandstationin 1848.[39]Despite this, Crawley High Street remained busy as the town continued to grow, and The George underwent more renovation and was extended further. In particular, an old (possibly 18th-century) free-standing building which stood in the middle of the wide High Street, and which was once used as a candle factory, was acquired by the George's owners and became an annex.[40][41]It was this building, rather than the main part of the hotel, which accommodated Queen Victoria when she was forced to stay overnight.[34]Cycling for leisure purposes became a fad in the late 19th century, and the London–Brighton road was a popular route; the George became a regular stopping point for groups of cyclists.[42]

20th century to present

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Major changes took place in the 1930s. The annex was knocked down in 1933,[40]and the site in the middle of the High Street was converted into a bus stop and a car park for the hotel[43][44](itself removed since the street's pedestrianisation in the early 21st century). The gallows sign was replaced with a replica, and two smaller facsimiles were added in the car park, which was also flanked by four medieval-style lanterns.[44][45]Meanwhile, wide-ranging renovations to the hotel itself made the building look even older than it did before; all structural changes took its medieval character into account and were made in a complementary style,[45][46]making all the disparate parts of the hotel "look an integrated whole".[28]

Soon after World War II, Crawley was designated as England's secondNew Townby theLabourgovernment ofClement Attlee,who passed theNew Towns Act 1946.[47]Housing, industry and offices developed rapidly around the core of the old town; despite early fears that historic buildings (including The George Hotel) would have to be destroyed, most of the historic High Street was preserved.[48]The growth of nearbyGatwick Airportfrom a little-used airstrip into an international airport provided further impetus, and by the start of the 21st century Crawley had become a regional centre with 100,000 people—compared to a population of about 7,000 before World War II.[49]Demand for hotel space grew continuously,[50]and The George was extended to the rear and began marketing itself as the Gatwick George Hotel.[51]As of 2014it is brandedRamadaCrawley Gatwick.[1]

The George Hotel waslistedat Grade II* byEnglish Heritageon 21 June 1948.[4]Such buildings are defined as "particularly important" and "of more than special interest".[52]As of August 2013, it was one of 12 Grade II* structures, and100 listed buildings and structures of all grades,in the Borough of Crawley.[53]Since theNew Townwas established, Crawley has been split into 13 neighbourhoods, and all listed buildings in the borough are described on the council's schedule of listed buildings as being in one of these neighbourhoods; the George Hotel is classed as being inWest Green,and is one of six listed buildings in that neighbourhood.[53]

Architecture

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The George Hotel

The George Hotel has three principal sections, facing east and running from south to north parallel with Crawley High Street. Despite uncertainty over its early history, the building is generally agreed to have 15th-century origins,[2][18][40]which are most evident in the northernmostbay.[4][20]This section has a much lower roofline than the rest of the hotel, although the whole building is two-storey.[4]The northern section is believed to have been a two-bayopen hall-housewith a parlour wing; their thick wooden roof beams (in the form ofcrown posts), blackened by smoke, andtimber-framedwalls survive.[20]The centre section was the south wing of the original building; it would have been the service area to the hall-house, with kitchen facilities and similar, and formed a cross-wing with largejoistsand a cellar. The rear wall has braces which suggest the former existence of a rear entrance leading to the stables behind.[20][23]A stone fireplace inside may be as old as the date carved on it—1615—but the inscription is believed to be more recent.[20][23]

None of the exterior is original,[20]although parts of the tiled roof may be.[4]It is laid with slabs of Horsham stone—a local material commonly used on old roofs in the Crawley area.[23][54]The façade is mostly tile-hung to the first floor with timber framing below. The entrance isgabledand has acantedbay windowof 18th-century origin.[4][23]The southern part of the façade isstuccoedand topped by aparapet.It is probably an 18th-century refacing of an older building (or buildings) incorporated into the hotel as it grew.[4][23]

The hotel, now known as Ramada Crawley Gatwick, has 84 rooms, including singles, doubles, twin rooms, family rooms and four-bed rooms. Its six meeting rooms, with a capacity of up to 150, are regularly used for conferences, weddings, exhibitions, seminars and training sessions. There is also a Thai restaurant, aChinesebuffet and aRoman Empire-themed cocktail bar.[55]

Notable associations

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Mark Lemon,the first editor of the satirical magazinePunch,lived on the High Street in Crawley from 1858 until his death in 1870. He became an important figure in Crawley society, and was generous with his time and money: for example, in 1863, he organised and paid for festivities at The George Hotel and the nearbyWhite Hart Innto celebrate the wedding ofEdward, Prince of Walesand PrincessAlexandra of Denmark.[56]Ablue plaqueoutside the George commemorates his time in the town.[57]

The hotel was central to the plot of SirArthur Conan Doyle's mystery novelRodney Stone,written in 1896. Sussex's bareknuckle prizefighting tradition was a central theme, and the novel described at length the build-up to a fight involving the eponymous narrator's friend Boy Jim, including the moment they arrived at "the high front door of the old George Inn, glowing from every door and pane and crevice, in honour of the noble company who were to sleep within that night".[18][33]Jem Belcher,one of several real bareknuckle fighters who featured in fictionalised form in the novel, trained Boy Jim at the hotel.[4]

John George Haigh,a notorious serial killer in the 1940s known for his "acid bath" murders, stayed at the hotel on numerous occasions, and dined there on the day he killed one of his victims.[58][59]

Haunting

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The hotel is reputedly haunted by the ghost of a nightwatchman, Mark Hurston (or Hewton), who died by drinking poisoned wine—either planted to trap a recurring intruder to the inn,[60]or adulterated by a guest angered at being woken by him.[61]It has been reported that a locked broom cupboard has been found open,[60]strange figures have been seen, and electric lights have turned on and off.[62]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ab"Welcome to Ramada Crawley Gatwick".Ramada Worldwide.2014.Archivedfrom the original on 9 February 2014.Retrieved8 February2014.
  2. ^abcdeGoldsmith 1987,§20.
  3. ^abGwynne 1990,p. 68.
  4. ^abcdefghiHistoric England."The George Hotel, High Street, Crawley (Grade II*) (1187088)".National Heritage List for England.Retrieved18 October2013.
  5. ^Salzman, L. F. (ed)(1940)."A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 7 – The Rape of Lewes. Parishes: Crawley".Victoria County Historyof Sussex.British History Online. pp. 144–147.Retrieved18 October2013.{{cite web}}:|first=has generic name (help)
  6. ^abGwynne 1990,p. 30.
  7. ^Harris 2008,p. 11.
  8. ^abcGwynne 1990,p. 34.
  9. ^Harris 2008,p. 12.
  10. ^Gwynne 1990,pp. 4–5.
  11. ^Goldsmith 1987,§1.
  12. ^abGwynne 1990,p. 37.
  13. ^Harris 2008,p. 13.
  14. ^Gwynne 1990,p. 65.
  15. ^Gwynne 1990,pp. 11–12.
  16. ^Gwynne 1990,pp. 68, 70.
  17. ^Gwynne 1990,p. 22.
  18. ^abcdTremaine, George (30 October 1926). "Some Old Sussex Inns. 17 – The George, Crawley".Worthing Herald.
  19. ^abcdefGoldsmith 1990,p. 78.
  20. ^abcdefghShelley 1995,p. 19.
  21. ^abHarris 2008,p. 14.
  22. ^Harris 2008,p. 22.
  23. ^abcdefHudson, T. P., ed. (1987)."A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 6 Part 3 – Bramber Rape (North-Eastern Part) including Crawley New Town. Ifield".Victoria County Historyof Sussex.British History Online. pp. 53–60.Retrieved18 October2013.
  24. ^abGwynne 1990,p. 92.
  25. ^abcGoldsmith 1987,§21.
  26. ^Gwynne 1990,p. 85.
  27. ^Gwynne 1990,pp. 85–86.
  28. ^abGwynne 1990,p. 86.
  29. ^"Northgate".Crawley Borough Council. 3 February 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2013.Retrieved8 February2014.
  30. ^Gwynne 1990,p. 98.
  31. ^abcdeTremaine, George (April 1934). "Famous Sussex Inns: No. 4 – The" George ", Crawley".Sussex County Magazine.Vol. 8, no. 4. Eastbourne: T.R. Beckett. p. 246.
  32. ^Gwynne 1990,p. 93.
  33. ^abcTremaine, George (April 1934). "Famous Sussex Inns: No. 4 – The" George ", Crawley".Sussex County Magazine.Vol. 8, no. 4. Eastbourne: T.R. Beckett. p. 248.
  34. ^abTremaine, George (April 1934). "Famous Sussex Inns: No. 4 – The" George ", Crawley".Sussex County Magazine.Vol. 8, no. 4. Eastbourne: T.R. Beckett. p. 249.
  35. ^Bastable 1983,§36.
  36. ^Bastable 1983,§38.
  37. ^Bastable 1983,§§36, 37.
  38. ^Gwynne 1990,p. 115.
  39. ^Gwynne 1990,p. 116.
  40. ^abcGoldsmith 1990,p. 79.
  41. ^Bastable 1983,§29.
  42. ^Gwynne 1990,pp. 126, 128.
  43. ^Bastable 1983,§30.
  44. ^abBastable 1983,§43.
  45. ^abDenman, W.J. (October 1934). "The George Hotel, Crawley".Sussex County Magazine.Vol. 8, no. 10. Eastbourne: T.R. Beckett. p. 654.
  46. ^Bastable 1983,§37.
  47. ^Gwynne 1990,p. 155.
  48. ^Gwynne 1990,p. 156.
  49. ^"Key Figures for 2001 Census: Census Area Statistics".Office for National Statistics.14 November 2004.Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2014.Retrieved8 February2014.
  50. ^Gwynne 1990,p. 170.
  51. ^"Gatwick George Hotel".Expediahotels website.Expedia, Inc.2009. Archived fromthe originalon 17 August 2009.Retrieved8 February2014.
  52. ^"Listed Buildings".English Heritage.2012.Archivedfrom the original on 26 January 2013.Retrieved24 January2013.
  53. ^ab"Listed Buildings in Crawley".Crawley Borough Council. 13 August 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 19 October 2013.Retrieved18 October2013.
  54. ^Gwynne 1990,p. 5.
  55. ^"George Hotel".Miles Faster. 2002–2014.Archivedfrom the original on 23 February 2014.Retrieved8 February2014.
  56. ^Gwynne 1990,pp. 118–119.
  57. ^"The Crawley Heritage Trail: Town Centre Trail"(PDF).Crawley Borough Council/Crawley Arts Council. 2007.Archived(PDF)from the original on 21 February 2014.Retrieved8 February2014.
  58. ^Radin 1958,p. 134.
  59. ^Gwynne 1990,p. 160.
  60. ^ab"Reputedly Haunted Hotels and Inns: The George Hotel, Crawley, West Sussex".English Country Inns. 1998–2014.Archivedfrom the original on 2 March 2014.Retrieved8 February2014.
  61. ^Stuart 2005,p. 47.
  62. ^Cole 2004,p. 49.

Bibliography

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51°6′53″N0°11′28″W/ 51.11472°N 0.19111°W/51.11472; -0.19111

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