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Hakluyt Society

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TheHakluyt Societyis atext publication society,founded in 1846 and based in London, England, which publishes scholarly editions ofprimary recordsof historic voyages, travels and other geographical material. In addition to its publishing role, the Society organises and participates in meetings, symposia and conferences relating to the history of geographical exploration and cultural encounter. It is aregistered charity[1]and a non-profitmaking institution administered by a voluntary team of council members and officers. Membership is open to all with an interest in its aims.

Hakluyt Society
Logo depictingFerdinand Magellan's shipVictoria,which circumnavigated the globe in 1519–22
Founded15 December 1846
FounderWilliam Desborough Cooley
Country of originUnited Kingdom
Headquarters locationLondon
Publication typesBooks
Nonfiction topicsPrimary recordsof historic voyages, travels and other geographical material
Official websitewww.hakluyt.com

The Society is named afterRichard Hakluyt(1552–1616), a collector and editor of narratives of voyages and travels and other documents relating to English interests overseas.

Foundation

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Richard Hakluyt,after whom the Society is named, pictured in a stained glass window ofc. 1905inBristol Cathedral.

The Society was created at a meeting convened in theLondon Library,St James's Square, on 15 December 1846. Under the chairmanship of the geologist SirRoderick Murchison,it established an eight-man steering group which included the geographer and historianWilliam Desborough Cooley;the Army medical officerAndrew Smith;the naval officer and surveyor SirCharles Malcolm;the antiquaryBolton Corney;the British Museum Principal Librarian SirHenry Ellis;the physicist and mathematicianWilliam Rowan Hamilton,FRS; andJohn Edward Gray,Keeper of Zoology at the British Museum. Cooley had previously criticised theRoyal Geographical Societyfor relying too heavily on contemporary materials in the solution of geographical problems, arguing that the scientific study of geography should involve a far wider analysis and appreciation of earlier sources. He took the major role during the Society's formative period, assisted by Corney and Smith, while Murchison occupied little more than a figurehead position.

Cooley had proposed that the society should be known as the "Columbus Society", but at the inaugural Council Meeting on 26 January 1847 it was decided that it be named in commemoration ofRichard Hakluyt.Not only did Hakluyt's name as a recorder of voyages, rather than an explorer in his own right, better reflect the society's aims, but it also proclaimed its central ambition, which was to advance Hakluyt's work into the modern age. A resolution was adopted whereby the Society would print and circulate to its members, for a subscription of oneguineaper annum, rare accounts of voyages, travels and geographical records dating from any period prior toWilliam Dampier's circumnavigation (effectively before the end of the 17th century). Meetings were initially held in a room at the London Library, but in 1849 transferred to the offices of the Society's printer inSt Martin's Lane,and from 1850 inGreat Queen Street.From 1872 they were held at the Royal Geographical Society's premises, originally inSavile Rowand subsequently inKensington Gore.

A General Meeting on 4 March 1847 agreed a constitution and a list of works to be published. The Society was to be governed by a President (Murchison), two vice-presidents (Charles Malcolm and Revd H. H. Milman), a Secretary (Cooley) and 17 elected council members. The first year's Council included – in addition to the members of the original steering group –Charles Darwin,Charles Beke,CaptainCharles Ramsay Drinkwater Bethuneand the scholarRichard Henry Major.

The Society attracted 220 members in its first two years. Its first publication, Bethune'sObservations of Sir Richard Hawkins,appeared in December 1847; followed by Major'sSelect Letters of Christopher Columbus(printed 1847 but published in January 1848). Richard Hakluyt'sDivers Voyages touching the Discovery of America,which the Society had intended for its inaugural publication, was postponed until 1850. Meanwhile, Sir Robert Schomburgk's edition of Ralegh's voyage to Guiana had appeared (1849), together with Cooley'sSir Francis Drake his Voyage(1849), Thomas Rundall'sVoyages towards the North-West,and Major'sHistorie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia.Early print-runs were relatively small – around 250 copies to satisfy the existing membership, with a few to spare – at a cost to the Society in the region of £50–60.

Later development

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Murchison served as president until his death in 1871, although his position was largely honorary. He was succeeded by SirDavid Dundas(1871–77),[2]a lawyer and politician, and then bySir Henry Yule(1877–89), an Oriental scholar and formerEast India Companysoldier. Yule took a more direct interest in the editing of the society's publications than either Murchison or Dundas, and it was his decision that all future volumes should be indexed. R. H. Major, who had taken over as Secretary from Cooley in 1849, held the office until 1858 when his place was taken by the geographer, historian and expedition promoterClements Markham.Markham served as Secretary 1858–87, and as President 1889–1909, and personally edited no fewer than 29 volumes. From 1893 he was assisted byWilliam Foster,the East India Company historian and India Office archivist, who served as Secretary until 1902. The first permanent Treasurer, appointed in 1908, was Edward Heawood, the Royal Geographical Society's librarian: he remained in office for thirty-eight years.

In 1908, the final year of Markham's rule, the Society broke with tradition and published its first post-1700 text, Bolton Corney'sVoyage of Captain DonFelipe Gonzalez.

In 1909 Markham was succeeded as president by Sir Albert Gray, an ex-member of the Ceylon Civil Service. From this time onwards the Society began to extend its activity beyond that of publication. It supported the establishment of a memorial to Richard Hakluyt inBristol Cathedralin 1911, and in 1914 Gray represented the Society on theBritish AcademyCommittee involved in organising theShakespeareTercentenary. The period also saw the emergence of women as editors and translators, notablyBertha Phillpotts,Lavinia Mary Anstey andZelia Nuttall.Membership increased, largely on account of institutional subscriptions which by 1911 accounted for half of the 440 members. Sir William Foster, the former Secretary, served as President 1928–1945, and then as vice-president until his death in 1951. Foster's skill in annotating rubbed off on his editors and resulted in a period distinguished by considerable improvements in the quality of the Society's publications, together with a steady growth in membership to more than 2000. Foster was succeeded in 1945 byEdward Lynam,Superintendent of the Map Room at theBritish Museum(now theBritish Library) and the first of a line of post-war presidents whose terms of office were restricted to a period of five years. In the post-war period the Society's publication programme benefited from the labours of those of its voluntary officers who also took on editorial responsibilities, includingR. A. Skelton,Eila Campbell,Terence Armstrong,Sarah Tyacke,Michael Brennan, Robin Law and Will Ryan.

Publications

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The main activity of the Society is the publication of scholarly editions ofprimary sourceson the voyages and travels undertaken by individuals in many parts of the globe. These include early accounts dealing with thegeography,ethnologyandnatural historyof the regions visited. The Society has to date published over 200 editions in some 350 volumes. All editions are published in English.

Although many of the Society's past editions relate to British ventures, with documentary sources in English, the majority concern non-British enterprises and are based on texts in languages other than English. Translations from Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French or Dutch have regularly appeared, and occasional translations from Russian, Greek, Latin, Amharic, Mandarin, Persian or Arabic. The translation in which the material is presented is normally a fresh version, but has sometimes been an earlier rendering, checked and corrected as necessary.

All editions contain scholarly annotation to elucidate the complexities of the text, and to place it in its wider historical context. Volumes are produced in a standard binding, and generally contain maps and contemporary illustrations.

Editions have dealt with the following explorers:Ibn Battuta,Bernal Díaz del Castillo,Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen,Pedro Cieza de León,John Cabot,Christopher Columbus,Thomas Dallam,John Covel,[3]Ferdinand Magellan,Cosmas Indicopleustes,James Cook,Vasco da Gama,Semyon Dezhnev,Francis Drake,Humphrey Gilbert,Jean-François de La Pérouse,Ludwig Leichhardt,Jan Huyghen van Linschoten,Ma Huan,Olaus Magnus,Arthur J. M. Jephson,Jens Munk,William of Rubruck,[4]andGeorge Vancouver.

The Society published 100 volumes in its First Series, from 1847 to 1899. The Second Series ran from 1899 to 1998, and accounted for 190 volumes. The Third Series, in a larger format, began in 1999, and by 2021 had reached 38 volumes. These included a 3-volume journal of TheMalaspina Expedition,published in association with theMuseo Naval de Madrid.

Currently, two volumes are published on average each year.

Extra Series

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In addition to its regular series, the Society publishes a separate Extra Series, comprising books which are too expensive in their production to be freely distributed, but which are made available to members at reduced prices. Publications of this type first appeared in 1903–07 with C. R. Beazley's annotated extracts from Hakluyt, and the multi-volume MacLehose editions of Hakluyt'sPrincipal Navigationsand Purchas'sPilgrimes.These are now treated as volumes 1–33 of the Extra Series, although only a few sets of the MacLehose printings appeared in Hakluyt Society binding, and none carried the Extra Series imprint. The concept was revived and formally designated in the 1950s with the publication of theJournals of Captain James Cook(4 volumes, 1955–67, numbered as Extra Series vols 34–37), followed by other titles including the monumentalCharts & Coastal Views of Captain Cook's Voyages(1988–92). The Extra Series had reached 47 volumes by the end of 2012.

Other activities

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The Society's Annual General Meeting (AGM) and Annual Lecture were held at theRoyal Geographical Societyuntil 2011,[5]since when they have been held at theUniversity of Notre Dame,London Centre.[6]In 2020 and 2021 the AGM was held online viaZoom.The Society's website hosts adiscussion group,regional research guides to its published volumes and hosts the peer-reviewedJournal of the Hakluyt Society.[7]

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The Society's logo, which appears on the cover of all volumes, is a vignette ofFerdinand Magellan's ship, theVictoria.

Presidents

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American Friends of the Hakluyt Society

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A sister organisation, theAmerican Friends of the Hakluyt Society,was founded in 1996 at theJohn Carter Brown Librarylocated on the campus ofBrown University.The American Friends was founded in conjunction with the 150th anniversary celebration of the Hakluyt Society. TheRhode IslandmerchantJohn Carter Brown(1797–1874), was the first American to join the Society as a charter member in 1846.

The American Friends of the Hakluyt Society exists as a non-profit corporation with objectives similar to those of the Hakluyt Society in London, but with a focus on the history of the Americas. The group promotes and helps provide financial support from the United States for the publication of scholarly editions of records of voyages, travels and other geographical material of the past.

References

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  1. ^*"Hakluyt Society, registered charity no. 313168".Charity Commission for England and Wales.
  2. ^Wikisource
  3. ^J.T. Bent(ed.),Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant,Hakluyt Society, London, 1893.
  4. ^"The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World".The Hakluyt Society.Retrieved11 February2018.
  5. ^Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 December 2012
  6. ^Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 December 2019
  7. ^"The Journal of the Hakluyt Society".www.hakluyt.com.Hakluyt Society.Retrieved24 August2024.

Further reading

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  • Bridges, Roy (2008). "William Desborough Cooley (1795–1883)".Geographers Biobibliographical Studies.27:43–62.
  • Crone, G. R. (1962). ""Jewells of Antiquitie": the work of the Hakluyt Society ".Geographical Journal.128(3): 321–324.Bibcode:1962GeogJ.128..321C.doi:10.2307/1794046.JSTOR1794046.
  • Foster, William (1946). "The Hakluyt Society: a retrospect 1846–1946". In Lynam, Edward (ed.).Richard Hakluyt and his Successors: a volume issued to commemorate the Centenary of the Hakluyt Society.Hakluyt Society 2nd ser. Vol. 93. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 143–70.
  • Middleton, Dorothy(1986). "The Early History of the Hakluyt Society 1847–1923".Geographical Journal.152(2): 217–224.Bibcode:1986GeogJ.152..217M.doi:10.2307/634763.JSTOR634763.
  • Middleton, Dorothy (1984). "The Hakluyt Society 1846–1923".Annual Report for 1984.Hakluyt Society. pp. 12–23.
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