The Iron Heel

This article is about the novel. For the film, seeThe Iron Heel (film).

The Iron Heelis a politicalnovelin the form ofscience fictionby American writerJack London,first published in 1908.

The Iron Heel

Cover of the first edition
Author	Jack London
Language	English
Genre	Dystopian novel
Published	February 19, 1908 (Macmillan)
Publication place	United States
Media type	Print (hardcover)
Pages	354

Summary

The main premise of the book is the rise of asocialistmass movement in theUnited States– strong enough to have a real chance of winning national elections, getting to power, and implementing a radical socialist regime. Conservatives feel alarmed and threatened by this prospect, to the point of seizing power and establishing a brutal dictatorship in order to avert it.

The novel is told via theframing deviceof a manuscript found centuries after the action takes place and footnotes by a scholar, Anthony Meredith, circa 2600ADor 419 B.O.M. (the Brotherhood of Man). Jack London writes at two levels, sporadically having Meredith correcting the errors of Avis Everhard through his own future prism, while at the same time exposing the often incomplete understanding of this distant future perspective. Meredith's introduction also reveals that the protagonist's efforts will fail, giving the work an air of foreordainedtragedy.

The story proper begins with Avis Everhard, a daughter of a renowned physicist, John Cunningham, and future wife of socialist Ernest Everhard. At first, Avis Everhard does not agree with Ernest's assertion that the whole contemporary social system is based onexploitation of labour.She proceeds to investigate the conditions the workers live in, and those terrible conditions make her change her mind and accept Ernest's worldview. Similarly, Bishop Morehouse does not initially believe in the horrors described by Ernest but then becomes convinced of their truth and is confined to amadhousebecause of his new views.

The story covers the years 1912 through 1932 in which theOligarchy(or "Iron Heel" ) arises in the United States. Japan conquers East Asia and creates its own empire, India gains independence, and Europe becomes socialist. Canada, Mexico, and Cuba form their own Oligarchies and are aligned with the U.S. (London remains silent as to events transpiring in the rest of the world.)

In North America, the Oligarchy maintains power for three centuries until the Revolution succeeds and ushers in the Brotherhood of Man. During the years of the novel, the First Revolt is described and preparations for the Second Revolt are discussed. From the perspective of Everhard, the imminent Second Revolt is sure to succeed. Given Meredith'sframe story,the reader knows that Ernest Everhard's hopes will go unfulfilled until centuries after his death.

The Oligarchy is the largest monopoly oftrusts(orrobber barons) who manage to squeeze out the middle class bybankruptingmost small to mid-sized business as well as reducing all farmers to effectiveserfdom.This Oligarchy maintains power through a "laborcaste"and theMercenaries.Laborers in essential industries like steel and rail are elevated and given decent wages, housing, and education. Indeed, the tragic turn in the novel (and Jack London's core warning to his contemporaries) is the treachery of these favoredunionswhich break with the other unions and side with the Oligarchy. Further, a second, militarycasteis formed: the Mercenaries. The Mercenaries are officially the army of the US but are in fact in the employ of the Oligarchs.

Asgard is the name of a fictional wonder-city, constructed by the Oligarchy to be admired and appreciated as well as lived in. Thousands ofproletarianslive in terrible poverty there, and are used whenever a public work needs to be completed, such as the building of a levee or a canal.

Much of the narrative is set in theSan Francisco Bay Area.Other events take place inSonoma County.

Publication history and reception

The Iron Heelwas published in 1908 byGeorge Platt Brett Sr.,who suggested only the deletion of a footnote which he deemed libelous before publication. It sold 50,000 copies in hardcover but generally did not earn the praise of critics. A reviewer inThe Outlookconcluded that "as a work of fiction it has little to commend it, and as a socialist tract it is distinctly unconvincing".

Analysis

The book is considered to be "the earliest of the moderndystopian fiction",in the form ofsocial science fictionas employed by novels such asWe,Brave New World,andA Canticle for Leibowitz.

The book is unusual among London's writings (and inthe literature of the time in general) in being afirst-person narrativeof a womanprotagonistwritten by a man.

Influences and effects

The Iron Heelis cited byGeorge Orwell's biographerMichael Sheldenas having influenced Orwell's most famous novelNineteen Eighty-Four.Orwell himself described London as having made "a very remarkable prophecy of the rise ofFascism"and believed that London's understanding of the primitive had made him a better prophet" than many better-informed and more logical thinkers. " Specifically, Orwell's protagonist Winston Smith, like London's Avis Everhard, keeps a diary where he writes down his rebellious thoughts and experiences. However, while Everhard's diary remained hidden during the centuries of tyranny to be discovered and published later, Smith's diary falls into the hands of the book's harsh Thought Police, whose interrogator tells Smith not to expect posterity to vindicate him: "Posterity will never hear of you, we will vaporize you".

Harry Bridges,influential labor leader in the mid-1900s, was "set afire" by Jack London'sThe Sea-WolfandThe Iron Heel.

Granville Hicks,reviewingKurt Vonnegut'sPlayer Piano,was reminded ofThe Iron Heel:"we are taken into the future and shown an America ruled by a tiny oligarchy, and here too there is a revolt that fails."

Chapter 7 ofThe Iron Heelis an almost verbatim copy of anironicessay byFrank Harris(seeJack London § Plagiarism accusations).

London's novellaThe Scarlet Plague(1912), and some of his short stories, are placed in a dystopian future setting that closely resembles that ofThe Iron Heel,although there is no actual continuity of situations or characters.

Frederic Tuten's debut novelThe Adventures of Mao on the Long Marchuses extensive quotes fromThe Iron Heel,placing them alongside details of Chinese history from 1912 toMao's rise to power.

Adaptations

The novel has been adapted into two Russian films:The Iron Heel(1919) andThe Iron Heel of Oligarchy(1999). The first was produced in the immediate aftermath of theOctober Revolution,and the second was produced when real-life Oligarchs came to dominate the economy of post-Soviet Russia.

A stage adaptation byEdward Einhornwas produced in 2016 in New York. According toThe New York Times,"it serves up food for thought with an appealing heart-on-sleeve warmth".The adaptation was turned into a three-part audio drama podcast in 2021.

See also

• Business Plot- an alleged 1933 political conspiracy by businessmen to overthrow the United States government in reaction to economic reforms.

Sources

• Francis Shor:Power, Gender, and Ideological Discourse in 'The Iron Heel'.In: Leonard Cassuto, Jeanne Campbell Reesman:Rereading Jack London.Stanford University Press 1998,ISBN0-8047-3516-6,pp. 75–91 (online copy,p. 75, atGoogle Books)
• Tony Barley:Prediction, Programme and Fantasy in Jack London's 'The Iron Heel'.In David Seed:Anticipations: Essays on Early Science Fiction and its Precursors.Syracuse University Press 1995,ISBN0-8156-2632-0,pp. 153–171 (online copy,p. 153, atGoogle Books)
• John Whalen-Bridge:Political Fiction and the American Self.University of Illinois Press 1998,ISBN0-252-06688-X,pp. 73–100 (online copy,p. 73, atGoogle Books)

External links

Digital editions

• The Iron HeelatStandard Ebooks
• The Iron HeelatProject Gutenberg
• The Iron Heelpublic domain audiobook atLibriVox
• The Iron Heeltitle listing at theInternet Speculative Fiction Database
• The Iron Heelaudio drama

Criticism

• Review by Spike Magazine
• "How did Jack London's socialist adventures end?" by Ben Myers