Wikipedia

Tigray Region

This article is about the modern region. For the historical province, seeTigray Province.For other uses, seeTigray (disambiguation).

TheTigray Region[A](or simplyTigray;officially theTigray National Regional State)[B]is the northernmostregional stateinEthiopia.The Tigray Region is the homeland of theTigrayan,IrobandKunama people.Its capital and largest city isMekelle.Tigray is the fifth-largest by area, the fourth-most populous, and the fifth-most densely populated of the 11 regional states.

Tigray Region
ክልል ትግራይ
Regional state
Tigray National Regional State
Flag of Tigray Region
Flag
Official seal of Tigray Region
Seal
Nickname:
The birthplace of Ethiopian civilization
Motto(s):
"ዘይንድይቦ ጎቦ ዘይንሰግሮ ሩባ"
"There are no mountains we would not climb"
Map of Ethiopia showing Tigray Region
Map of Ethiopia showing Tigray Region
Coordinates:14°7′28″N38°43′26″E/ 14.12444°N 38.72389°E/14.12444; 38.72389
CountryEthiopia
CapitalMekelle
Government
• TypeInterim Regional Administration of Tigray
•Chief AdministratorGetachew Reda
Area
[1]
• Total
53,036 km2(20,477 sq mi)
• Rank5th
Population
(2020)[2]
• Total
7,070,260
• Rank4th
• Density130/km2(350/sq mi)
Demographics
• Official languageTigrinya
• DemonymTigrayan
Time zoneUTC+3(EAT)
ISO 3166 codeET-TI
HDI(2021)0.522[3]
low·5th of 11
Websitewww.ethiopia.gov.et/regional-states/tigray-regional-state/
This article containsEthiopic text.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead of Ethiopic characters.

Tigray is bordered byEritreato the north, theAmhara Regionto the south, theAfar Regionto the east, andSudanto the west.[4]Towns in Tigrai include:Mekelle,Adigrat,Axum,Shire,Adwa,Humera,Dansha,Mai Kadra,Enticho,Feresmay,Wukro,Agula'e,Freweyni,Korarit,Adi Daero,Ketema Ngus,Adi Remets,Sheraro,Abiy Addi,Atsbi,Hawzen,Adi Gudom,Adi Shu,Chercher,Korem,Maychew,Alamata,Mekoni,Rama,May Tsebri,Addi Remets,Hagere Selam,DowhanandZalambessa.

Tigray's official language isTigrinya,similar to that of southern Eritrea. The Tigray region had an estimated pre-war population of 7,070,260.[5]The majority of the population (c. 80%) are farmers, contributing 46% to the regional gross domestic product (2009). The highlands have the highest population density, especially ineasternandcentralTigray. The much less densely populated lowlands comprise 48% of Tigray's area. Although the percentage of Muslims in Tigray is less than 5%, it has supposedly been historically Islam's doorway to the region and to Africa at large.[6]Approximately 99% ofTigrayansareOrthodox Christian.AfterArmenians,ethnicTigrayanshave the highest percentage ofOrthodox Christiansin the world.

The government of Tigray consists of theexecutive branch,led by the president,Getachew Reda;thelegislative branch,which comprises the state council; and thejudicial branch,which is led by the state supreme court. In early November 2020, a conflict between theTigray People's Liberation Front(TPLF) and the Ethiopian federal government (with support from Eritrea)[7]rapidly escalating into theTigray War,destabilizing the region,[8]and exposing a well-organized campaign to wipe out the region of ethnic Tigrayans.[9]As many as 600,000 peoplewere killedas a result of the war.[10][11][12]As of 2023, the region is run by theInterim Regional Administration of Tigray.

History

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3rd millennium to 1st century BC

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Tigray is often regarded as the cradle of Ethiopian civilization.[13]Its landscape has many historic monuments. Three major monotheistic religions,Judaism,ChristianityandIslamarrived in Ethiopia through theRed Seaand then Tigray.

Given the presence of a large temple complex and fertile surroundings, the capital of the 3,000-year-old kingdom ofDʿmtmay have been near present-dayYeha.[14]Dʿmt developed irrigation schemes, used theplough,grewmillet,and madeiron tools and weapons.Some modern historians, including Stuart Munro-Hay, Rodolfo Fattovich, Ayele Bekerie,Cain Felder,andEphraim Isaacconsider this civilization to be indigenous, althoughSabaean-influenced due to the latter's dominance of theRed Sea.Others, including Joseph Michels, Henri de Contenson, Tekletsadik Mekuria, and Stanley Burstein, have viewed Dʿmt as the result of a mixture of Sabaean and indigenous peoples.[15][16]The most recent research, however, shows thatGe'ez,the ancient Semitic language spoken in Tigray, Eritrea and northern Ethiopia in ancient times, is not likely to have been derived fromSabaean.[17]There is evidence of a Semitic-speaking presence in Tigray, Eritrea and northern Ethiopia at least as early as 2000 BC.[16][18]It is now believed that Sabaean influence was minor, limited to a few localities and disappearing after a few decades or a century, It may have represented a trading or military colony, in some sort of symbiosis or military alliance with the civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Aksumitestate.[15][19]

After the fall of Dʿmt in the 5th century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller, unknown successor kingdoms. This lasted until the rise of one of these polities during the first century BC, theAksumite Kingdom,which succeeded in reunifying the area[20]and is, in effect, the ancestor of medieval and modern states in Eritrea and Ethiopia using the name "Ethiopia" as early as the 4th century.[15][21][page needed]

1st to 10th century AD

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Axum Stele in the cityAxum.
Aksumite gold coins.

The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire rooted in northern Ethiopia.[22]It existed from approximately 100–940 AD, growing from the proto-AksumiteIron Ageperiod c. 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD.

According to theBook of Axum,Axum's first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush.[23]The capital was later moved toAksumin northern Ethiopia.

The Empire of Aksum, at its height, at times extended across most of present-dayEritrea,Ethiopia,Djibouti,Sudan, Yemen and Saudi Arabia. The capital city of the empire wasAxum,now in northern Ethiopia. Today a smaller community, the city of Axum was once a bustling metropolis and a cultural and economic hub. Two hills and two streams lie on the east and west expanses of the city; perhaps providing the initial impetus for settling this area. Along the hills and plain outside the city, the Aksumites had cemeteries with elaborate grave stones, which are calledstelae,orobelisks.Other important cities includedYeha,Hawulti-Melazo,Matara,Adulis,andQohaito,the last three of which are now in Eritrea. By the reign ofEndubisin the late 3rd century, Aksum had begun minting its own currency and was named byManias one of the four great powers of his time, along withChinaand theSassanidandRomanempires. It converted toChristianityin 325 or 328 underKing Ezanaand was the first state to use the image ofthe crosson its coins.[24][25]

Handtke's map is 39 cm wide and 66 cm tall, and is printed on paper that has been bonded to fabric. The scale is approximately 1:5,600,000; relief is shown by short lines representing slope aspect and a general sense of steepness (hachures).The work was created in one of the few stronger cartographic publishing houses in 19thcentury Germany, managed by Carl Flemming (1806–1878). Flemming was aided by cartographer Friedrich Handtke (1815–1879), who worked on nearly every map assignment for the firm.[26]

11th to 19th century AD

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Mekellepalace of EmperorYohannes IV(emperor of the wholeEthiopian Empire).

In the 11th century the Tigrinya-speaking lands (Tigray-Mareb Melash) were divided into two provinces, separated by the Mereb River, by the newly enthroned Agaw emperors. The governor of the northern province received the title Bahre Negash (Ruler of the sea), whereas the governor of the southern province was given the title of Tigray Mekonen (Lord of Tigray). The Portuguese Jesuit Emanuele Baradas's work titled "Do reino de Tigr", written in 1633–34, states that the "Reino de Tigr" (Kingdom of Tigray) extended fromHamasientoTemben,from the borders ofDankelto theAdwamountain. He also stated that Tigray-Mereb Melash was divided into 24 smaller political units (principalities), twelve of which were located south of the Mereb and governed by the Tigray Mekonen, based inEnderta.The other twelve were located north of the Mereb, under the authority of theBahre Negash,based in the district ofSerae.[27]

TheBook of Aksum,written and compiled mainly in the period from the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries, shows a traditional schematic map of Tigray with the city ofAksumat its center, surrounded by the 13 principal provinces: "Tembien, Shire, Serae, Hamasien,Bur,Sam'a,Agame,Amba Senayt,Garalta,Enderta,Sahart and Abergele. "[28][failed verification]

During the Middle Ages, the position of Tigray Mekonnen ( "Governor of Tigray" ) was established to rule over the area. Other districts includedAkele Guzay(now part ofEritrea), and the kingdom of theBahr negus,who ruled much of what is now Eritrea andShiredistrict and town in Western Tigray. At the time when Tigray Mekonnen existed simultaneously with that of Bahr negus, their frontier seems to have been theMareb River,which is currently constitutes the border between the Ethiopian province of Tigray and Eritrea.

After the loss of power of the Bahr negus in the aftermath ofBahr negus Yeshaq's rebellions,the title of Tigray mekonnen gained power in relation to the Bahr negus and at times included ruling over parts of what is now Eritrea, especially in the 19th century.[failed verification][29]By the unsettledZemene Mesafintperiod ( "Era of the Princes" ), both designations had declined to little more than empty titles, and the lord who succeeded them used (and received from the Emperor) the title of eitherRasorDejazmach,beginning with RasMikael Sehul.Rulers of Tigray such as RasWolde Selassiealternated with others, chiefly those ofBegemderorYejju,as warlords to maintain the Ethiopian monarchy during the Zemene Mesafint.

In the mid-19th century, the lords of Tembien and Enderta managed to establish an overlordship of Tigray. One of its members, Dejazmach Kahsay Mercha, ascended the imperial throne in 1872 under the nameYohannes IV.Following his 1889 death in theBattle of Metemma,the Ethiopian throne came under the control of the king ofShewa,and the center of power shifted south and away from Tigray.[citation needed]

20th century

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In 1943, a rebellionbroke outall over southern and eastern Tigray under the slogan, "there is no government; let's organize and govern ourselves". Throughout Enderta Awraja, includingMekelle,Didibadergiajen,Hintalo,Saharti,Samreand Wajirat, Raya Awraja, Kilte-Awlaelo Awraja and Tembien Awraja, local assemblies, called gerreb, were formed. The gerreb sent representatives to a central congress, called the shengo, which elected leaders and established a military command system. Although the firstWoyane rebellionof 1943 had shortcomings as a prototype revolution, historians agree that it involved a fairly high level of spontaneity and peasant initiative. It demonstrated considerable popular participation and reflected widely shared grievances. The uprising was specifically directed against the central "Shoan Amhara" regime ofHaile Selassie Ito rile support, despite Tigrayan imperial elite being collaborators and beneficiaries of the regime.

Ethiopian Civil War

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Memorial in Mekelle to more than 60,000 TPLF fighters who died and over 100,000 fighters who were injured in the overthrow of the MarxistDergregime in 1991.

Following the outbreak of theEthiopian Revolutionin February 1974, the first signal of any mass uprising was the actions of the soldiers of the 4th Brigade of the 4th Army Division in Nagelle in southern Ethiopia. The Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army, or theDerg(Ge'ez"Committee" ), was officially announced 28 June 1974 by a group of military officers. The committee elected MajorMengistu Haile Mariamas its chairman and MajorAtnafu Abateas its vice-chairman. In July 1974, the Derg obtained key concessions from the emperor, Haile Selassie, which included the power to arrest not only military officers but government officials at every level. Soon both former Prime MinistersTsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-WoldandEndalkachew Makonnen,along with most of their cabinets, most regional governors, many senior military officers and officials of the Imperial court were imprisoned. In August 1974, after a proposed constitution creating a constitutional monarchy was presented to the emperor, the Derg began a program of dismantling the imperial government in order to forestall further developments in that direction. The Dergdeposed and imprisoned the emperor on 12 September 1974.

Nest box forColumba guinea(considered a symbol of peace) in the wall of a homestead inZerfenti,a village in Tigray where hundreds were killed by Derg bombings.

In addition, the Derg in 1975 nationalized most industries and private and somewhat secure urban real-estate holdings. But mismanagement, corruption, and general hostility to the Derg's violent rule, coupled with the draining effects of constant warfare with the separatist guerrilla movements in Tigray, led to a drastic fall in general productivity of food and cash crops. In October 1978, the Derg announced the National Revolutionary Development Campaign to mobilize human and material resources to transform the economy, which led to a Ten-Year Plan (1984/85–1993/94) to expand agricultural and industrial output, forecasting a 6.5% growth in GDP and a 3.6% rise in per capita income. Instead per capita income declined 0.8% over this period. Famine scholarAlex de Waalobserves that while thefaminethat struck the country in the mid-1980s is usually ascribed to drought, "closer investigation shows that widespread drought occurred only some months after the famine was already under way". Hundreds of thousands fled economic misery, conscription, and political repression, and went to live in neighboring countries and all over theWestern world,creating an Ethiopiandiaspora.

Toward the end of January 1991, a coalition of rebel forces, theEthiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front(EPRDF) capturedGondar,the ancient capital city,Bahar Dar,andDessie.[citation needed]

Postwar

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John Young, who visited the area several times in the early 1990s, attributes this delay in part to "central budget restraint, structural readjustment, and lack of awareness by government bureaucrats inAddis Ababaof conditions in the province ", but notes" an equally significant obstacle was posed by an entrenched, and largely Oromo and Southern-dominated, central bureaucracy which used its power to block government-authorized funds from reaching Tigray ".[30]At the same time, a growing urban middle class of traders, businessmen and government officials emerged that was suspicious of and distant from the victorious EPRDF.[citation needed] From 1991 to 2001, the president of Tigray wasGebru Asrat. In 1998,war erupted between Eritrea and Ethiopiaover a portion of territory that had been administered as part of Tigray, which included the town ofBadme.A 2002United Nationsdecision awarded much of this land to Eritrea, but Ethiopia did not accept the ruling until 2018, when abilateral agreementended theborder conflict.The text of this agreement has not been publicly availed.

21st century

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From 2001 to 2010 the president wasTsegay Berhe.

2020 administrative reorganisation

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Between 2018 and 2020, as part of a reform aimed to deepen and strengthen decentralisation, woredas were reorganised, and new boundaries established. As smaller towns had been growing, they had started providing a larger range of services, such as markets and even banks, that encouraged locals to travel there rather than to their formal woreda centre. However, these locals still had to travel to their local woreda centre for most local government services – often in a different direction. In 2018 and 2019, after multiple village discussions that were often vigorous in the more remote areas, 21 independent urban administrations were added and other boundaries re-drawn, resulting in an increase from 35 to 88 woredas in January 2020.[citation needed]

Tigray War

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Main article:Tigray War

Following the2020 Tigray regional election,on 4 November, after the attacks by TDF on Northern Command units in Tigray and missiles sent to Eritrea, the Ethiopian and Eritrean militaries launched counterattacks. Ethiopian forces advanced through southern Tigray, while Eritrean troops occupied northern border towns.[31]

Warfare, theCOVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia,and alocust outbreakcontributed to anemergency food situation in the regionby January2021.Approximately two million people faced food shortages, with a critical situation inShire Inda Selassie,hosting 100,000 refugees. TheFamine Early Warning Systems Networkindicated that parts of central and eastern Tigray were likely in emergency phase 4, a step below famine.[32]

Geography

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Location and size

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Tigray is situated between 12° – 15°N and 36° 30' – 40° 30'E.

A 2006 national statistics report stated the land area as 50,079 km2(19,336 sq mi).[1]The 2011 National Statistics gave an area of 41,410 km2(15,990 sq mi), but the sum of the figures it gave for the Tigray zones was substantially different,[33]rendering the 2011 report internally inconsistent. The figure of 53,036 km2(20,477 sq mi) is supported by theGoogle Mapsarea calculator demonstrated inthis article.

Geology

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Overview

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TheEast African Orogenyled to the growth of a mountain chain in thePrecambrian(up to 800 Ma [million years ago]), which was largely eroded afterwards.[34][35][36]Around 600 Ma, theGondwanabreak-up led to the presence oftectonic structuresand aPalaeozoicplanation surface,that extents to the north and west of theDogu'a Tembienmassif.[37]

Subsequently, there was the deposition ofsedimentaryandvolcanicformations, from older (at the foot of the massif) to younger, near the summits. From Palaeozoic toTriassic,Tigray was located near the South Pole. The (reactivate) Precambrian extensional faults guided the deposition ofglacial sediments(Edaga Arbi GlacialsandEnticho Sandstone). Later alluvial plain sediments were deposited (Adigrat Sandstone). The break-up of Gondwana (Late PalaeozoictoEarly Triassic) led to an extensionaltectonic phase,what caused the lowering of large parts of theHorn of Africa.As a consequence amarine transgressionoccurred, leading to the deposition ofmarine sediments(Antalo Limestoneand Agula Shale).[38]The region has an estimated 3.89 billion tons of mostly "excellent" qualityoil shale.[39]

TheAntalo Limestonecliff at Mishlam in the southeastern part of Dogu'a Tembien

At the end of theMesozoictectonic phase, a new (Cretaceous) planation took place. After that, the deposition of continental sediments (Amba Aradam Formation) indicates the presence of less shallow seas, probably caused by a regional uplift. At the beginning of theCaenozoic,there was a relative tectonic quiescence, during which the Amba Aradam Sandstones were partially eroded, which led to the formation of a new planation surface.[40]

In theEocene,the Afarplume,a broad regional uplift, deformed thelithosphere,leading to the eruption offlood basalts.Three major formations may be distinguished:lower basalts,interbedded lacustrine depositsandupper basalts.[41]Almost at the same time, the MekelleDoleriteintruded into the Mesozoic sediments, following joints andfaults.[42]

A new magma intrusion occurred in theEarly Miocene,which gave rise tophonoliteplugs, mainly in the Adwa area and also in Dogu'a Tembien.[41]The present geomorphology is marked by deep valleys, eroded as a result of the regional uplift. Throughout theQuaternary,deposition ofalluviumand freshwatertufaoccurred in the valley bottoms.[43]

Fossils

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In Tigray, there are two main fossil-bearing geological units. TheAntalo Limestone(upper Jurassic) is the largest. Its marine deposits comprise mainlybenthicmarine invertebrates.Also, theTertiarylacustrine deposits,interbedded in thebasaltformations, contain a range ofsilicifiedmolluscfossils.[44]

In theAntalo Limestone:largeParacenoceratidaecephalopods(nautilus);Nerineidaeindet.;sea urchins;Rhynchonellidbrachiopod;crustaceans;coral colonies;crinoidstems.[45][44]

In the Tertiarysilicified lacustrine deposits:Pila (gastropod);Lanistessp.;Pirenella conica;and land snails (Achatinidaeindet.).[44][46]

All snail shells, both fossil and recent, are calledt'uyoinTigrinya language,which means 'helicoidal'.

Traditional uses of rock

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As Tigray holds a wide variety ofrock types,there is expectedly a varied use of rock.

  • Naturalstone masonry.Preferentially, the easier shapedlimestoneandsandstoneare used to build homesteads and churches, but particularly in the upland areas,basaltis also used. Traditionally, fermented mud will be used as mortar
  • Fencingof homesteads, generally indry stones
  • Church bells,generally three elongated plates inphonoliteorclinkstone,with different tonalities
  • Milling stone:for this purpose plucked-bedrock pits, smallrock-cut basinsthat naturally occur in rivers withkolks,are excavated from the river bed and further shaped.Millingis done at home using an elongated small boulder[47][48]
  • Door and windowlintels,prepared from rock types that frequently have an elongated shape (sandstone,phonolite,limestone), or that are easily shaped (tufa)
  • Troughs for livestockwateringand feeding, generally hewn fromtufa
  • Footpathpaving,generally done ascommunity work.Some very ancient pavedfootpathsoccur on major communication lines dating back to the period before the introduction of the automobile
  • foot travellers stop, pray and put an additional stone
  • Stones collected from farmlands in order to free space for the crop, and heaped in typicalrounded metres-high heaps,calledzala
  • Contour bundingorgedeba:terracewalls indry stone,typically laid out along the contour for sake ofsoil conservation
  • Check damsorqetriingulliesfor sake ofgully erosioncontrol
  • Cobble stones,used for paving secondary streets in the towns. Generallylimestoneis used.

Major mountains

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Water challenge

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Regularised stream, fed by Gereb Segen dam

Overall, the region issemi-arid.Thewet seasonlasts only for a couple of months. The farmers are adapted to this, but the problem arises when rains are less than normal. Another major challenge is providing water to urban areas. Smaller towns, but particularly Mekelle, face endemicwater shortages.Reservoirshave been built, but their management is sub-optimal.

Wildlife

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Large mammals

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BesideselephantsinWestern Tigrayand the endemicgelada baboonon the highest mountains, large mammals in the region, with scientific (italics), English andTigrinya languagenames, are:[50]

Small rodents

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The most common pestrodentswith widespread distribution in agricultural fields and storage areas are three Ethiopian endemic species: the Dembea grass rat (Arvicanthis dembeensis,sometimes considered a subspecies ofArvicanthis niloticus), Ethiopian white-footed rat (Stenocephalemys albipes), andAwash multimammate mouse(Mastomys awashensis).[51]

Bats

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Batsoccur in naturalcaves,church buildings and abandoned homesteads. The large colony of bats that roosts inZeyicave comprisesHipposideros megalotis(Ethiopian large-eared roundleaf bat),Hipposideros tephrus,andRhinolophus blasii(Blasius's horseshoe bat).[52]

Birds

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With its numerousexclosures,forest fragments andchurch forests,Tigray is abirdwatcher's paradise. Detailed inventories[53][54]list at least 170 bird species, including numerousendemicspecies. Species belonging to theAfrotropical Highland Biomeoccur in the dry evergreen montane forests of the highland plateau but can also occupy other habitats.Wattled Ibiscan be found feeding in wet grassland and open woodland.Black-winged Lovebird,Banded Barbet,Golden-mantled orAbyssinian Woodpecker,Montane White-eye,Rüppell's Robin-chat,Abyssinian Slaty FlycatcherandTacazze Sunbirdare found in evergreen forest, mountain woodlands and areas with scattered trees includingfig trees,Euphorbia abyssinicaandJuniperus procera.Erckel's spurfowl,Dusky Turtle Dove,Swainson's orGrey-headed Sparrow,Baglafecht Weaver,African Citril,Brown-rumped SeedeaterandStreaky Seedeaterare commonAfrotropicalbreeding residents of woodland edges, scrubland and forest edges.White-billed StarlingandLittle Rock Thrushcan be found on steep cliffs;Speckled or African rock pigeonandWhite-collared Pigeonin gorges and rocky places but also in towns and villages.[53]

Species belonging to theSomali-Masai Biome.Hemprich's HornbillandWhite-rumped Babblerare found in bushland, scrubland and dense secondary forest, often near cliffs, gorges or water. Chestnut-Winged orSomali StarlingandRüppell's Weaverare found in bushy and shrubby areas.Black-billed wood hoopoeshave some red at the base of the bill or an entirely red bill in this area.[53]

Species belonging to theSudan-Guinea Savanna Biome:Green-backed eremomelaandChestnut-crowned Sparrow-Weaver.[53]

Species that are neither endemic nor biome-restricted but that have restricted ranges or that can be more easily seen in Ethiopia than elsewhere in their range:Abyssinian Rolleris an Ethiopian relative ofLilac-breasted Roller,which is an intra-tropical breeding migrant of south and east Africa, and ofEuropean Roller,an uncommonPalearcticpassage migrant.Black-billed Barbet,Yellow-breasted BarbetandGrey-headed Batisare species from theSahelandNorthern Africabut also occur inAcaciawoodlands in the area.[53]

The most regularly observed raptor birds in crop fields in Tigray areAugur buzzard(Buteo augur),Common Buzzard(Buteo buteo),Steppe Eagle(Aquila nipalensis),Lanner falcon(Falco biarmicus),Black kite(Milvus migrans),Yellow-billed kite(Milvus aegyptius) andBarn owl(Tyto alba).[55]

Birdwatchingcan be done particularly in exclosures and forests. Eighteen bird-watching sites have been inventoried inEndertaandDegua Tembien[53]and mapped.[56]

Administrative zones and districts

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Administrative zones of Tigray
Districts of Tigray

Like other Regions in Ethiopia, Tigray is subdivided into administrative zones, and further intoworedasor districts. Up to January 2020, these were theworedasof Tigray:

In 2018 and 2019, after multiple village discussions that were often vigorous in the more remote areas, 21 independent urban administrations were added and other boundaries re-drawn, resulting in an increase from 35 to 94woredasin January 2020:

Major cities

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Mekelle,home toMekelle University,Mekelle Institute of Technology,Tigray Institute of Policy Studies,Admas University, Microlink College, Nile College, and Mekelle College of Teacher Education is the capital of Tigray, near the geographic center of the state.

Other Tigray cities functioning as centers of Ethiopian metropolitan areas include:

Of the 10 largest cities in Tigray,Maychewhas the highest elevation at 2479 meter above sea level. Plenty of smaller towns, likeAtsbiandEdaga Hamusare located at even higher elevations. Of the large cities,Humerais located at the lowest altitude (585 m).

Government and politics

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Executive branch

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The executive branch is headed by the Chief Administrator of theInterim Regional Administration of Tigray.The current president isGetachew Reda Kahsay,a TPLF member, appointed in 2023. A Vice President of Tigray succeeds the president in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the president.[58]The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the Regional Health Bureau (AtoHagos Godefy),[59]Educational Bureau (AtoGebre'egziabher),[60]Auditor General (AtoAlemseged Kebedew), and 12 other officials.[61]

Judicial branch

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There are three levels of the Tigray statejudiciary.The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each woreda maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over all justiciable matters.[62]The intermediate-level court system is the district court system. Four courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in an administrative zone. A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.

The highest-ranking court, the Tigray Supreme Court, is Tigray's "court of last resort".[63]A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters. The chief judge is called the President of Tigray Supreme Court (W/roHirity Miheretab).

Legislative branch

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The State Council, which is the highest administrative body of the state, is made up of 152 members.[61]

National politics

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Tigray is represented by 38 representatives in theFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia House of Peoples' Representatives.But currently after the illegitimate postponement of the national election of Ethiopia Tigray has pulled it representative from the House of House of Peoples' Representatives and has no representation in the Federal parliament[1].

Demographics

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Tigrayan women washing clothes inSantarfa
Church of Our Lady Mary of ZioninAxum

Based on the 2007 census conducted by theCentral Statistical Agencyof Ethiopia (CSA), the Tigray Region has a population of 4,316,988, of whom 2,126,465 are men and 2,190,523 women; urban inhabitants number 844,040 or 19.6% of the population. With an estimated area of 84,722 km2,the region had an estimated density of 51 people per km2.In the entire region 992,635 households were counted, for an average of 4.4 people per household, with urban households having on average 3.4 and rural households 4.6.[64]

In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was 3,136,267, of whom 1,542,165 were men and 1,594,102 women; urban inhabitants numbered 621,210, or 14% of the population.

According to the CSA, as of 2004,54.0% of the total population had access tosafe drinking water,of whom 42.7% were rural inhabitants and 97.3% were urban.[65]Values for other reported common indicators of thestandard of livingfor Tigray as of 2005include: 31.6% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 67.5% and for women 33.7%; and theinfant mortality rateis 67 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, less than the national average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants' first month of life.[66]

The predominant religion in Tigray is Orthodox Christianity at 96.6%.[67]

Religion 1994 Census 2007 Census[67]
Orthodox Christians 96.5% 96.6%
Muslim 3.1% 3.0%
Catholics 0.4% 0.4%
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19943,136,267—
20074,316,988+37.6%
source:[68]

Ethnicity

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The king ofAksumrefusing a request from pagan Meccans for MuslimsMuhammadhad sent there as refugees (1314 artwork).

With 96.6% of the local population, the region is predominantly inhabited by theTigrinya-speakingTigrayan people.The Tigrinya language belongs to theSemiticbranch of theAfro-Asiaticfamily of languages. Most other residents hail from otherAfro-Asiatic-speaking communities, including theAmhara,Irob,Afar,AgawandOromo.Partly assimilated Oromo live in remoter villages inRaya AzeboandAlamata (woreda),whereas there are Agaw inAbergele (woreda).There are alsoNilo-Saharan-speakingKunamaas well.[citation needed]

Ethnic
group 		1994 Census 2007 Census[64]
Tigrayan 95.0% 96.6%
Amhara 2.6% 1.6%
Irob 0.7% 0.7%
Afar – 0.3%
Agaw – 0.2%
Oromo – 0.2%
Kunama 0.1% 0.1%

Languages

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The working language isTigrinya.SahoandKunamaare also spoken, and most people in urban areas are also able to speak Amharic.[69]

Notable people

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Agriculture

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Cropping

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Heaped straw orkulsas

Terracing and dam construction

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Gestetforest

An important aspect of the agricultural work in Tigray after the end of the 1991 civil war was to minimize the problems of drought. In the past, Tigray was covered with forests and had a micro-climate that favoured the rains. Subsequently, the forests were cut down, usually to impoverish the population during the wars. Consequently, Tigray achieved a fair amount of rainfall during the rainy season, from August to September, but quickly lost these waters downstream. In the process the fertile soil of the fields eroded. After a few weeks of rain, the country again dried up.[citation needed]

Crop harvesting inKhunale

The government undertook two projects in Tigray. The first was the construction of terraces which, with the agreement and help of local communities, go up to the tops of the mountains at 2,500 metres. The goal was to prevent the rainfall flowing away immediately so that it could be conserved for the agricultural season. On the highest terraces were planted trees, mainlyeucalyptus,the dominant tree in Ethiopia and native toAustralia.These plants created a new microclimate.[70]The terracing method was very simple but required good organization. Long stretches of the fields were terraced by the villagers using stone walls from stones that erosion had exposed. The rains eroding the still non-terraced ground formed mudslides that were held by the topmost walls, which permitted construction of a new terrace field and another wall with uncovered stones, creating new ground terraced farmland every year.

Addi Amharayreservoir

Another endeavour involved the construction of smallreservoirsfor local irrigation. As rains last only for a couple of months per year, reservoirs of different sizes allow harvesting runoff from the rainy season for further use in the dry season. The dams needed to create these basins are typically an embankment of a few hundreds of meters, closing off one part of a valley, with a maximum height of 20 metres. Each took months of work, in which people carried earth on their back, and with assistance of donkeys. Generally 2,000–3,000 people – men, women and children – carried the earth in simple baskets.[citation needed]

The small reservoirs in Tigray include:

Overall, these reservoirs suffer from rapidsiltation.[71][72]Part of the water that could be used for irrigation is lost throughseepage;the positive side-effect is that this contributes togroundwater recharge.[73]

Vegetation and enclosures

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Mountains of Lemalimo nearInda Selassiein western Tigray

Tigray holds numerousexclosures,areas that are set aside for regreening.[74]Logging and livestock grazing are not allowed there. Besides effects onbiodiversity,[53][75][76]water infiltration,protection from flooding,sedimentdeposition,[77]carbon sequestration,[78]people commonly have economic benefits from these exclosures through grass harvesting, beekeeping and othernon-timber forest products.[79]The local inhabitants also consider it as "land set aside for future generations".[80]InDogu'a Tembien,several exclosures are managed by theEthioTreesproject. They have as an additional benefit that the villagers receivecarbon creditsfor thesequesteredCO2,[81]as part of acarbon offsetprogramme.[82]The revenues are then reinvested in the villages, according to the priorities of the communities;[83]it may be for an additional class in the village school, a water pond, conservation in the exclosures, or a store forincense.[84]

Livestock

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Raya oxen at ploughing near Mekelle

The CSA estimated in 2005 that farmers in Tigray had a total of 2,713,750 cattle (representing 7.0% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 72,640 sheep (0.4%), 208,970 goats (1.6%), 1,200 horses (less than 0.1%), 9,190 mules (6.2%), 386,600 asses (15.4%), 32,650 camels (7.2%), 3,180,240 poultry of all species (10.3%), and 20,480 beehives (0.5%).[85]Cattle are an essential component in the dominant grain-plough agricultural system. In the rainy season, a large part of the cattle herds are intranshumance.[86][87]

Mainly used fordraught,there are several cattle landraces in Tigray:[88][89]

Landmarks

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Debre Damo monastery.
Monk standing in front of the rock-hewnAbuna Yemata Guh's entrance, situated at a height of 2,580 metres (8,460 ft)[91]that has to be climbed on foot to reach.
Rock hewn Church interior atAbuna Yemata Guh

A distinctive feature of Tigray are its rock-hewn churches. Similar in design to those ofLalibelain theAmhara Region,these churches are found in four or five clusters –Gheralta,Teka-Tesfay,AtsbiandTembien– with Wukro sometimes included. Some of the churches are considered earlier than those of Lalibela, perhaps dating from the eighth century. Mostlymonolithic,with designs partly inspired byclassical architecture,they are often located at the top ofcliffsor steep hills, for security. For example, Tigray's ancientDebre Damomonastery is accessible only by climbing a rope 25 metres up a sheer cliff.

Looting has become a major issue in the Tigray Region, as archaeological sites have become sources for construction materials and ancient artifacts used for everyday purposes by local populations.[92]

The area is famous for a single rock sculptured 23 meter long obelisk inAxumas well as for other fallen obelisks. The Axum treasure site of ancient Tigrayan history is a major landmark.Yehais another important local landmark that is little-known outside the region.

Transport

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Ground travel

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A major north–south road corridor goes through Tigray. This is facilitated by Highway 2 which goes from Adigrat to Addis Ababa and Highway 3 which goes from Shire to Addis Ababa.

Air travel

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Alula Aba Nega Airport near to Mekelle.

Tigray has one international airport and four commercial airports. The international airport isAlula Aba Nega Airport(MQX) near Mekelle. The region's four other commercial airports areShire Airport(SHC),Humera Airport(HUE),Dansha Airport,andEmperor Yohannes IV Airport(AXU), which serves Axum.

Sports

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Mekelle 70 Enderta F.C.(Tigrinya: ጋንታ መቐለ 70 እንደርታ) is an Ethiopian football club based in the capital, Mekelle. They are a member of the Ethiopian Football Federation and currently play in the top division of Ethiopian football, the Ethiopian Premier League. They are known by the nickname theLion's Den(ምዓም ኣንበሳ /ምዓም አናብስት/ኣናብስቶቹ). The club won its first Ethiopian Premier League title in the 2018–2019 Ethiopian Premier League Season.

Shire Indasillasie F.C.(Tigrinya: ጋንታ ስሑል ሽረ, also known asSihul Shire FC) is an Ethiopian football club based inShire.They are a member of the Ethiopian Football Federation and play in the Ethiopian Premier League, the first division of football in Ethiopia.

Welwalo Adigrat University F.C (Tigrinya:ወልዋሎ ዓዲግራት ዩኒቨርስቲ ፍ.ሲ) is an Ethiopianfootballclub based inAdigrat.They play in theEthiopian Premier League,the top division of Ethiopian football

Mekele City, Suhul Shire, and Adigrat University football clubs were Tigray-based clubs among the 14 clubs to participate in the Ethiopian Premier League in 2020/2021. However, due to the war, they were replaced by other clubs from the League one rank below the Ethiopian Premier League.[93]

Tigrayans are known for their good performance in road cycling. For many years cyclists from this region have been dominant in the Ethiopian national cycling championships.Tsgabu Grmayis one of the best Ethiopian cyclists and the first Ethiopian to participate in theTour de France.

Education

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At the regional level, the Tigray Education Bureau governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 300 school districts region-wide.

Colleges and universities

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See also:List of research institutions in Tigray

Libraries

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Tigray is home to Ethiopia's most extensive church libraries that are found in the eastern and central zones of the region. There are several ongoing digitization projects to preserve previous historical texts.

Non-governmental organisations

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Major NGOs, involved in development activities are:

Notes

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  1. ^/ˈtɪɡraɪ/ⓘ,/ˈtɪɡreɪ/ⓘor/ˈtiːˈɡreɪ/;Tigrinya:ክልል ትግራይ;Amharic:ትግራይ ክልል,romanized:Tigrāi kilil
  2. ^Tigrinya:ብሔራዊ ክልላዊ መንግስቲ ትግራይ,romanized:Bəḥerawi Kəllelawi Mängəśti Təgrai;formerly known asRegion 1.

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