Tortonian

Tortonian
Tortonian
11.63 – 7.246Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Chronology
←	Messinian salinity crisis
←	North Americanprairieexpands
	Subdivision of the Neogene according to theICS,as of 2021.; Vertical axis: millions of years ago.;
Formerly part of	TertiaryPeriod/System
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Age
Stratigraphic unit	Stage
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	LAD of theHaptophyteDiscoaster kugleri
Lower boundary GSSP	Monte dei Corvi Beach section,Ancona,Italy; 43°35′12″N13°34′10″E/ 43.5867°N 13.5694°E
Lower GSSP ratified	2003
Upper boundary definition	First regular occurrence of thePlanktonic ForaminiferGloborotalia miotumida; FADof theHaptophyteAmaurolithus delicatus;
Upper boundary GSSP	Oued Akrech section,Rabat,Morocco; 33°56′13″N6°48′45″W/ 33.9369°N 6.8125°W
Upper GSSP ratified	January 2000

TheTortonianis in thegeologic time scaleanageorstageof thelate Miocenethat spans the time between11.608 ± 0.005Maand 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago)^{[citation needed]}.It follows theSerravallianand is followed by theMessinian.

The Tortonian roughly overlaps with the regional Pannonian Stage of theParatethystimescale of Central Europe. It also overlaps the upperAstaracian,Vallesianand lowerTurolian European land mammal ages,the upperClarendonianand lowerHemphillian North American land mammal agesand the upperChasicoanand lowerHuayquerian South American land mammal ages.

Definition

The Tortonian was introduced by Swissstratigrapher Karl Mayer-Eymarin 1858. It was named after the Italian city ofTortonain thePiedmontregion.

The base of the Tortonian Stage is at the last common appearance of calcareousnanoplanktonDiscoaster kugleriand planktonicforamGlobigerinoides subquadratus.It is also associated with the short normal polarized magnetic chronozone C5r.2n. AGSSPfor the Tortonian has been established in the Monte dei Corvi section nearAncona(Italy).^[6]

The top of the Tortonian (the base of theMessinian) is at the first appearance of the planktonic foram speciesGloborotalia conomiozeaand is stratigraphically in the middle of magnetic chronozone C3Br.1r.

Geologic history

In 2020, geologists reported two newly-identifiedsupervolcano eruptionsassociated with theYellowstone hotspottrack, including the region's largest and most cataclysmic event – the Grey's Landing super-eruption – which had a volume of at least 2,800 cubic kilometres (670 cubic miles) and occurred around 8.72 Ma.^[7]^[8]

References

Notes

^Krijgsman, W.; Garcés, M.; Langereis, C. G.; Daams, R.; Van Dam, J.; Van Der Meulen, A. J.; Agustí, J.; Cabrera, L. (1996). "A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain".Earth and Planetary Science Letters.142(3–4): 367–380.Bibcode:1996E&PSL.142..367K.doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4.
^Retallack, G. J. (1997)."Neogene Expansion of the North American Prairie".PALAIOS.12(4): 380–390.doi:10.2307/3515337.JSTOR 3515337.Retrieved2008-02-11.
^"ICS Timescale Chart"(PDF).www.stratigraphy.org.
^Hilgen, F. J.; Hayfaa Abdul Aziz; Bice, David; Iaccarino, Silvia; Krijgsman, Wout; Kuiper, Klaudia; Montanari, Alessandro; Raffi, Isabella; Turco, Elena; Willem-Jan Zachariasse (2005)."The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Tortonian Stage (Upper Miocene) at Monte Dei Corvi"(PDF).Episodes.28(1): 6–17.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i1/001.Retrieved26 December2020.
^Hilgen, F. J.; S. Iaccarino; W. Krijgsman; G. Villa; C. G. Langereis; W. J. Zachariasse (2000)."The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Messinian Stage (uppermost Miocene)"(PDF).Episodes.23(3): 172–178.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/004.
^By Hilgenet al.(2005)
^Knott, T.R.; Branney, M.J.; Reichow, M.K.; Finn, D.R.; Tapster, S.; Coe, R.S. (2020)."Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning?".Geology.48(9): 934–938.Bibcode:2020Geo....48..934K.doi:10.1130/G47384.1.
^"Discovery of Ancient Super-Eruptions Indicates the Yellowstone Hotspot May Be Waning".The Geological Society of America.3 June 2020.Retrieved17 June2020.

Literature

Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.;2004:A Geologic Time Scale 2004,Cambridge University Press.
Hilgen, F.; Abdul Aziz, H.; Bice, D.; Iaccarino, S.; Krijgsman, W.; Kuiper, K.; Montanari, A.; Raffi, I.; Turco, E. & Zachariasse, W.-J.;2005:The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Tortonian Stage (Upper Miocene) at Monte Dei Corvi,Episodes28,p. 6-17.
Mayer-Eymar, K.;1858:Versuch einer neuen Klassifikation der Tertiär-Gebilde Europa’s,Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Jahresversammlung 1857, p. 70–71 & 165–199.(in German)

External links

GeoWhen Database - Tortonian
Neogene timescale,at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
Neogene timescaleat the website of the Norwegian network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy

[Krijgsman1996-1] Krijgsman, W.; Garcés, M.; Langereis, C. G.; Daams, R.; Van Dam, J.; Van Der Meulen, A. J.; Agustí, J.; Cabrera, L. (1996). "A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain".Earth and Planetary Science Letters.142(3–4): 367–380.Bibcode:1996E&PSL.142..367K.doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4.

[Retallack1997-2] Retallack, G. J. (1997)."Neogene Expansion of the North American Prairie".PALAIOS.12(4): 380–390.doi:10.2307/3515337.JSTOR 3515337.Retrieved2008-02-11.

[3] "ICS Timescale Chart"(PDF).www.stratigraphy.org.

[4] Hilgen, F. J.; Hayfaa Abdul Aziz; Bice, David; Iaccarino, Silvia; Krijgsman, Wout; Kuiper, Klaudia; Montanari, Alessandro; Raffi, Isabella; Turco, Elena; Willem-Jan Zachariasse (2005)."The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Tortonian Stage (Upper Miocene) at Monte Dei Corvi"(PDF).Episodes.28(1): 6–17.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i1/001.Retrieved26 December2020.

[5] Hilgen, F. J.; S. Iaccarino; W. Krijgsman; G. Villa; C. G. Langereis; W. J. Zachariasse (2000)."The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Messinian Stage (uppermost Miocene)"(PDF).Episodes.23(3): 172–178.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/004.

[6] By Hilgenet al.(2005)

[7] Knott, T.R.; Branney, M.J.; Reichow, M.K.; Finn, D.R.; Tapster, S.; Coe, R.S. (2020)."Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning?".Geology.48(9): 934–938.Bibcode:2020Geo....48..934K.doi:10.1130/G47384.1.

[8] "Discovery of Ancient Super-Eruptions Indicates the Yellowstone Hotspot May Be Waning".The Geological Society of America.3 June 2020.Retrieved17 June2020.

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