Wikipedia

Toyota TS040 Hybrid

TheToyota TS040 Hybridis aLe Mans Prototype1 (LMP1) sports car built and used byToyota Motorsport GmbHin the2014and2015seasons of theFIA World Endurance Championship.Work on the car's design began in November 2012, when theAutomobile Club de l'Ouest(ACO) published its 2014 technical regulations and Toyota utilised its resources after the2013 24 Hours of Le Mans.The car is an aerodynamic improvement on its predecessor, theTS030 Hybrid,and its design allowedfour-wheel drive.It has twokinetic energy recovery system(KERS)regenerative-brakingdevices at the front and rearaxlesto charge asupercapacitorand, in accordance with the 2014 regulations, was placed in the 6 MJ (1.7 kWh) class. The TS040's engine was carried over from the TS030; itsdisplacementwas increased from 3.4 L (210 cu in) to 3.7 L (230 cu in) for better efficiency, producing 513 horsepower (383 kW) to the rear wheels.

Toyota TS040 Hybrid
The No. 8 Toyota TS040 Hybrid on display at the 2015Auto Shanghaishow
CategoryLMP1-H
ConstructorToyota
Designer(s)Pascal Vasselon[1]
PredecessorToyota TS030 Hybrid
SuccessorToyota TS050 Hybrid
Technical specifications[2]
ChassisCarbon fibreandaluminiumhoneycombmonocoque
Suspension (front)Independent
Suspension (rear)Independent
Length4650 mm (2015)
Width1900 mm (2015)
Height1050 mm (2015)
EngineToyota RV8KLM3.7 L 90-degreeV8Normally aspiratedmid,longitudinally mounted
TransmissionToyota Gazoo RacingwithAisininternals 7-speed + 1 reverse Sequential
Power
  • 382 kW (512 hp; 519 PS) (ICE)
  • 353 kW (473 hp; 480 PS) (electric motors)
  • 735 kW (986 hp) (combined)
Weight873kg (1,924 lb)
FuelShell V-Power
LubricantsTotal Quartz,laterMobil 1
TiresMichelin31/71-18 front and rear radials
Competition history
Notable entrantsJapanToyota Racing
Notable drivers
Debut2014 6 Hours of Silverstone
First win2014 6 Hours of Silverstone
Last win2014 6 Hours of Bahrain
Last event2015 6 Hours of Bahrain
RacesWinsPodiumsPolesF/Laps
1651444
Constructors' Championships1(2014 FIA WEC)
Drivers' Championships1(2014 FIA WEC)

The TS040 was shown to the press for the first time at the 26 March preseason test session atCircuit Paul Ricard,and was driven 25,000 km (16,000 mi) before the start of the 2014 season. Toyota supplied two cars, driven by six drivers, for the season.Nicolas Lapierre,Anthony DavidsonandSébastien Buemiwon the season's opening two races in the No. 8 car; Lapierreaquaplaned,crashing at the24 Hours of Le Mansbefore recovering to finish third. After the crash, Lapierre was dropped and Buemi and Nakajima won two more races and had another podium finish to win the 2014World Endurance Drivers' Championship.Consistent performances fromAlexander Wurz,Stéphane Sarrazin,Kazuki Nakajimaand reserve driverMike Conwaywon Toyota theWorld Endurance Manufacturers' Championshipat the season-ending6 Hours of São Paulo.

The car was further developed after the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans in accordance with the 2015 regulations. The front of the TS040 changed, a newsuspensionpreserved tyre life, its supercapacitor was altered for better performance, and two body kits were created to match the car to a track. Although the season began with a third-place finish for the No. 1 car (driven by Buemi, Nakajima and Davidson) at the6 Hours of Silverstone,the TS040 struggled against rivalsAudiandPorschein the seven remaining rounds before Wurz, Sarrazin and Conway's No. 2 entry finished second at the season-ending6 Hours of Bahrain;Toyota placed third in the World Endurance Manufacturers' Championship. The TS040 was replaced by theTS050 Hybridfor the2016season.

Development

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Concept

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The TS040's initial studies and simulations began immediately after theAutomobile Club de l'Ouest(ACO) published its first revision of the2014 FIA World Endurance Championshiptechnical regulations in November2012.Toyota gradually increased their involvement in the car's development, focusing on the project after the2013 24 Hours of Le Mans.[3][4]The TS040, designed to meet the newLe Mans Prototype 1(LMP1) regulations to improve driver safety and enhance visibility, was an aerodynamic improvement on theTS030 Hybrid.[5]Built atToyota Motorsportheadquarters in theNorth Rhine-Westphaliacity ofCologne,the car's chassis design was supervised by engineerPascal Vasselon.The TS040's engines were built in Japan, and the team was directed by the French racing squadOreca.[6]

Design

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The car was refined withhardware-in-the-loop technologyand computer-calculation hardware to test individual components based on track data, enabling engineers to optimise its design; and was more efficient than test driving.[5]The new LMP1 regulations made the TS040 10 cm (100 mm) shorter than its predecessor and reduced the width of the tyre arches by 5 cm (50 mm); most attention focused on reducingdragand increasingdownforce(improvingroad grip), lowering its fuel consumption by 25 per cent over2013.[7]The TS040's aerodynamic design was conducted at Toyota Motorsports'wind tunnelin Cologne.[7]Toyota achieved their objective of lowering the car's weight by the mandated 45 kg (99 lb) with design and lightweight components.[3]

The No. 8 Toyota TS040 Hybrid on display at the 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans
The Toyota TS040 Hybrid 3.7l V8 petrol engine and gearbox assembly on display

The TS040's design permittedfour-wheel drive,and its chassis consisted ofcarbon fibreand aluminium materials.[n 1][8]Front airflow to cool the chassis was enabled with exit ducts under thewing mirrorstalk at the back of the frontwheel guards.[6]Independent push-rod suspensionsare linked to abellcrank,and thetorsion baris mounted at the pivot point.[6]Total,Toyota's petrol supplier, worked with the team to enhance fuel efficiency and performance.[3]The car's seven-speedsequential gearboxwas made of aluminium, and themultiplate clutchwas supplied to Toyota byZF Friedrichshafen.The TS040'sdriveshaftwas theconstant-velocity jointtype (including tripods), with aviscous-constructedmechanical locking differential.The dual-circuitBrembobrake discs,made of lightweightcarbon ceramicmaterials, enabled hydraulically-activatedpower steering.[2]Michelinremained the team's tyre supplier.[2]

The car'smid-mounted,naturally-aspiratedpetrolV8 engine,angled at 90 degrees,[2][9]was carried over from the TS030 Hybrid.[10]Itsdisplacement,increased from 3.4 L (210 cu in) to 3.7 L (230 cu in) by lengthening thestrokefor better efficiency,[10][11]supplied 513 horsepower (383 kW) to the rear wheels.[12]The engine was developed to run with a fuel flow metre promoting a concept switch to efficiency from power.[11]The bosses-mountedinjection systemwere in the inlet tract and placed over the angledthrottle valvesrelative to the inlet path. They were fitted with eight solenoid injectors which sent power each of the throttle runners and into the inlet portlets. Toyota installed two systems featuring knock control to detect vibration and real-time combustion pressure sensors to tune the spark timing among other engine components during a race for reliability purposes.[13]

Like its predecessor,[14]the TS040 had twokinetic energy recovery system(KERS)regenerative brakingdevices (the ACO used the alternate acronym, ERS) produced byToyota Racing Developmentat the company's road research and developmentHigashi-Fuji Technical Centerto charge aNisshinbosupercapacitor.[n 2][9][15][16]Additional power was directed to theaxles(the rear byDensoand the front byAisin AW),[9]giving it an automatic horsepower increase of 473 hp (353 kW) for a total of 986 hp (735 kW).[12]Itsmotor generator unitacted as a generator while braking, harvesting energy from the drive shaft to slow the car and convert into electricity which is stored in the supercapacitor.[9][15]The 2014 regulations divided the motor-generator unit hierarchy into 2 MJ (0.56 kWh) increments, from 0 MJ (0 kWh) to 8 MJ (2.2 kWh).[9]Toyota chose the 6 MJ (1.7 kWh) category, since the 8 MJ (2.2 kWh) class had a negative effect on lap time due to its additional weight.[10]

2015 alterations

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New regulations were enacted for 2015, requiring an 80-per cent redesign of the TS040; this included a new front-endcrash structure,a suspension optimised to preserve tyre life and additional weight reduction. Two body kits were designed: one for fast tracks and the other for tight turns.[17]Designers added aguide vanebelow the car'sheadlightsfor balance while braking, but felt that a second (at the rear of the vehicle) would createturbulence.[18]Little work was conducted on thepowertrain.[11]Although Toyota considered changing to a battery system, comparing its hybrid technology with that installed in thePorsche 919 Hybridand switching to the 8 MJ (2.2 kWh) category,[19][20]the manufacturer ultimately decided to remain in the 6 MJ (1.7 kWh) class.[20]However, the TS040's supercapacitor was modified for enhanced performance.[21]Construction of the car began immediately after the2014 24 Hours of Le Mans,and continued until January 2015.[22]

Preparation and drivers

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Mike Conway joined Toyota as their test and reserve driver in late 2013.

Toyota announced that they would continue participating in the FIA World Endurance Championship with a new car in July 2013.[23]DriversAlexander Wurz,Nicolas Lapierre,Kazuki Nakajima,Anthony Davidson,Stéphane SarrazinandSébastien Buemiwere resigned to the team.[24]Details of the TS040 Hybrid were released to the public by engineer Pascal Vasselon at the2013 6 Hours of São Paulomeeting on 31 August.[25]Toyota signedIndyCar Seriesdriver (and 2013 Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2) quadruple winner forG-Drive Racing)Mike Conwayas a reserve and test driver.[26]The TS040s' lineups were changed in February 2014, with Sarrazin moving to the No. 7 car and Lapierre to No. 8 entry after Toyota evaluated driver strengths and characteristics.[27]

The TS040 began private testing on the morning of 21 January at theCircuit Paul Ricard,when Wurz and Davidson completed a shakedown session and remained at the track for two days without major problems.[28]The first long-distance pictures of the car being tested at the track were published in the automotive media eight days later,[4]and more photographs and the first video of the TS040 being driven by Davidson in wet weather were released on 3 March.[29]Testing continued into March at theAlgarve International Circuitand theCiudad del Motor de Aragón.[28]On 26 March, the TS040 was introduced to the press during the three-day preseason test session at the Circuit Paul Ricard.[3]The cars had covered more than 25,000 km (16,000 mi) before their competitive debut at the season-opening6 Hours of Silverstonein April.[30]

Racing history

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2014

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The No. 8 TS040 in the pits at the2014 6 Hours of Silverstone.

AtSilverstone(despite not topping any of the three practice sessions held before qualifying), the No. 7 TS040 driven by Wurz and Nakajima tookpole positionby five-thousands of a second from the No. 1Audi R18 e-tron quattroofLoïc DuvalandTom Kristensen;Davidson and Lapierre's No. 8 car qualified fifth.[31]In the race, Wurz led from the start until he was delayed by traffic and overtaken byAndré Lottererin the No. 2 Audi on the fourteenth lap and sometime later Buemi moved to second. Rain fell soon afterwards; Wurz was onrain tyres,and Buemi was on intermediates. The weather conditions improved afterwards, and Buemi's strategy gave the No. 8 car the overall lead. Lapierre and (later) Nakajima did not cede position for the rest of the rain-shortened race to win. Sarrazin and (later) Davidson prevailed overMark Webber's No. 20 Porsche to finish second.[32]

Two weeks later in changeable track conditions at the6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps,Neel JaniandMarc Lieb's No. 14 Porsche beat Buemi and Davidson for the pole position in the final seconds of qualifying; Sarrazin and Nakajima placed fourth.[33]The No. 14 Porsche held the lead for the opening two hours, before Buemi took over the position (due to Toyota's double-stinting their tyres) and Liebstalledin thepit lanewhich allowed Buemi to increase his advantage over Lieb and (later)Romain Dumas,who slowed with an electrical fault which disabled his hybrid system and resulting in the car losing two laps. Davidson, Buemi and Lapierre's No. 8 TS040 was unhindered thereafter for their second consecutive win. The No. 7 Toyota'soversteerand lack of grip cost Wurz, Nakajima and Sarrazin a battle between the lead Audi of Kristensen,Lucas di Grassiand Duval in the second half of the race.[34][35]

Kazuki Nakajimaput the No. 7 car inpole positionforLe Mans,but retired due to a meltedwiring loom.

In the trio of qualifying sessions held to determine thegridfor the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Nakajima in the No. 7 car bumped Porsche from the top of the time sheets and improved in the following session to secure Toyota's first pole position at Le Mans since the1999 race.Buemi put the No. 8 car third, separated from Nakajima by Dumas' Porsche.[36]Wurz started in the No. 7 car and led for most of the opening hours, and Lapierre spun from second after leaving aMulsanne Straightchicane.[37]Lapierre put the No. 8 car out of contention in the second hour, caught by a change in weather conditions betweenMarco Bonanomi's No. 2 Audi andSam Bird's No. 81AF CorseFerrari 458on the Mulsanne Straight andaquaplaninginto the barriers. Lapierre returned to the pit lane, and the No. 8 car recovered to finish third overall.[38]Sarrazin took over from Wurz, and lost the lead through the pit-stop phase to Porsche driversBrendon HartleyandTimo Bernhardbefore reclaiming it in the fourth hour.[39]As Nakajima drove the No. 7 Toyota into its ninth hour in the lead, the car lost power when an FIA-mandated piece of monitoring equipment melted awiring loomand forced him to abandon the car at Arnage corner.[40]

Seven weeks before the6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas,it was announced that Conway would take over Nakajima's driving duties in the No. 7 TS040 because Nakajima had aSuper Formulacommitment that weekend atAutopolis.[41]On a wet track which made driving tricky, Buemi and Davidson achieved another pole position for the No. 7 car; Sarrazin and Conway started fifth.[42]Buemi led for the first hour, with Wurz moving the No. 7 car up to second in the opening laps. A heavy thunderstorm in the second hour stopped the race after Lapierre and Conway aquaplaned off the circuit. This put Lapierre a lap behind the leaders, and Conway was beached in thegravel trap.They restarted in fourth and seventh overall; Buemi drove the No. 8 car to third place, and Wurz finished sixth in No. 7.[43]Lapierre missed the6 Hours of Fujidue to "personal circumstances"; Toyota did not replace him with Conway, leaving Davidson and Buemi to drive the No. 8 TS040.[44]

They again took the pole position, and Wurz and Nakajima were fourth.[45]The No. 8 car only ceded the lead on the race's first lap and the pit stops to Webber's No. 20 Porsche (which made an unscheduled pit stop to replace apunctured tyre) to win; the No. 7 came second.[46]Going into the6 Hours of Shanghai,Lapierre was announced as not taking any further part in 2014 and plans were made to substitute him with Conway for the season's two remaining races: the6 Hours of Bahrainand the6 Hours of São Paulo.[47]Buemi and Davidson qualified with an identical two-lap average time with Lieb and Dumas in the No. 20 Porsche; pole position was awarded to the latter, since they set their times first. Wurz and Nakajima were a further two-tenths of a second behind in fourth.[48]Buemi and Davidson gained the lead from Porsche in the first minutes of the second hour through better pit-stop strategy and did not relinquish it, setting fast lap times consistently for the rest of the race to win. The No. 7 car had intermittent power issues which were eventually fixed, and finished a minute and twelve seconds behind its sister car in second.[49][50]

Nakajima missed the Bahrain round due to a conflictingSuper GTcommitment in its season-closing race atTwin Ring Motegi,and Conway took over his role in the No. 7 car.[51]Buemi and Davidson qualified the No. 8 TS040 in second, with Wurz and Conway obtaining a fourth-place starting position for the No. 7 car.[52]The No. 8 car was delayed for a half an hour with analternatorproblem in the second hour, allowing No. 7 to win the race; Buemi and Davidson recovered for an eleventh-place overall finish, earning them the 2014World Endurance Drivers' Championshipwith a round to spare.[n 3][54][53]Conway was again called up for São Paulo because Nakajima had visa problems.[55]Buemi and Davidson recorded the third-quickest time in qualifying, and Conway and Sarrazin were the fifth-fastest.[56]Toyota battled with rivals Audi and Porsche during the race,[57]and Davidson's No. 8 TS040 was almost fifteen seconds behind Jani's No. 20 Porsche before competition ended with Webber's serious crash. Sarrazin was closing on the No. 1 Audi of Kristensen until the battle ended in Kristensen's favour.[58]Toyota scored 289 points to win the 2014World Manufacturers' Championship.[59]

2015

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The No. 2 TS040 lapping competitors at the2015 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps

The 2015 TS040 Hybrid was introduced at the Circuit Paul Ricard on 26 March, after 25,000 km (16,000 mi) of testing at the Ciudad del Motor de Aragón and the Algarve International Circuit.[22]There were two driver changes, as Nakajima moved to the renumbered No. 1 TS040 full-time (after leaving Super GT) and Conway was promoted to a full-time spot in the No. 2 car.[60]FormerFormula OneracerKamui Kobayashiwas signed as Toyota's reserve driver, and Lapierre became the team's test driver.[61]At the season-opening6 Hours of Silverstone,Davidson and Nakajima qualified the No. 1 car in fourth position, and Sarrazin and Conway placed the sister No. 2 car in sixth.[62]Toyota were briefly first and second, challenging rivals Audi and Porsche before the No. 1 car finished fifteen seconds behind the No. 7 Audi ofMarcel Fässler,Lotterer andBenoit Treluyer.The No. 2 car finished fourth; Conway had to enter the pit lane for a nose-cone change after running over a thin tracksidebollardwhile lapping the No. 50Larbre CompétitionChevrolet Corvette C7.Rat Becketts corner.[63][64][65]

During practice for the6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps,Nakajima collided heavily with the back ofOliver Jarvis's No. 8 Audi on the KemmelStraightdue to spray-impaired visibility and broke his back.[66]He was not replaced by Kobayashi because the latter was unavailable,[67]and Buemi and Davidson drove the No. 1 TS040 as a two-person entry.[66]Starting in sixth place, they held fifth until Duval and di Grassi passed them; Conway and Sarrazin qualified in seventh.[68]Both cars lacked the Audis' and Porsches' speed; the No. 2 car finished fifth, and the No. 1 car finished eighth with throttle and electrical problems.[69]Nakajima was cleared by FIA medical delegate Jacques Tropenat to participate in the24 Hours of Le Manstest day on 30 May,[70]and was announced as taking part in the race four days later.[71]In its three qualifying sessions, Sarrazin put the No. 2 car seventh; the No. 1 entry, driven by Nakajima, took eighth in the first session.[72]None of Toyota's drivers improved their respective car's times in the later sessions.[73][74]

The No. 2 TS040 at the2015 24 Hours of Le Mans

Toyota could not match Audi and Porsche's race pace, despite being more than two seconds per lap faster than in 2014. Davidson damaged the front right corner of the No. 1 car when he made contact with a Ferrari he was lapping (affecting its handling), and had another minor collision soon after. A thirteen-minute pit stop for replacement front and rear bodywork and the installation of a new left-rear suspension dropped him five laps behind the leader, and the car finished eighth. The No. 2 car passed the No. 9 Audi (when it had technical problems in the final hours) to finish sixth.[75][76]Buemi and Davidson were nominated to drive the No. 1 TS040 to qualify for the inaugural6 Hours of Nürburgringas part of the World Endurance Championship and placed fifth, with Wurz and Sarrazin starting from sixth.[77]Both cars again could not match Audi and Porsche's pace, finishing three and four laps behind for fifth and sixth place.[78]

In qualifying for the6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas,Buemi and Davidson's No. 1 car narrowly clinched fifth place ahead of teammates Sarrazin and Conway in the No. 2 car.[79]Buemi briefly moved to fourth place on the opening lap, with Wurz fifth. Davidson later relieved Buemi, but incurred a stop-and-go penalty for missing the pit-lane entry and narrowly avoided running out of fuel. After a 12-minutefull-course yellowwhen anLMP2car crashed, Conway spun to avoid hitting slower LMGTE traffic he was lapping. He soon lost control of the No. 2 car on turn eleven kerbing while going past slower cars, and retired after a heavy impact with the barrier. Nakajima later drove the No. 1 car to fourth after the No. 18 Porsche experienced technical problems.[80][81]Buemi and Nakajima qualified fifth, and Sarrazin and Conway took sixth for the6 Hours of Fuji.[82]Changeable weather conditions in the race's first two hours allowed Toyota to challenge Audi and Porsche until they were distanced.[83]Sarrazin hit the No. 88Abu Dhabi-Proton RacingPorsche 911 RSRin the third hour, losing thirteen minutes as the No. 1 car'scooling systemneeded replacing; multiple penalties for the car's crew restricted them to sixth.[84][85]

TS040 duo in formation at the 2015 6 Hours of Shanghai

At the6 Hours of Shanghai,Toyota once again qualified on the third row of the grid; Buemi and Davidson started from fifth place, and Wurz and Conway secured the sixth position.[86]After some positional changes following thesafety carstart due to morning rain, Davidson ran fifth until a slow puncture forced him into the pit lane. He regained the place until Wurz spun on the wet track and Nakajima spun into the gravel trap on the track's final turn. The track gradually dried, and Buemi drove the No. 1 car to a fifth-place finish; Sarrazin took sixth in the No. 2 car.[87]Toyota again began from the third row of the grid, with Davidson and Nakajima going faster than Wurz and Sarrazin at the season-ending6 Hours of Bahrain.[88]Both cars moved into fourth and fifth after the No. 17 Porsche was forced into the pit lane for repairs. Later, Nakajima was forced into the pit lane to change the No. 1 vehicle's front bodywork after hitting the No. 36Signatech AlpineA450b.The No. 2 car moved into third when the No. 8 Audi required repairs, and held the position for the rest of the race; the No. 2 car was close behind in fourth.[89][90]Competing with the TS040 Hybrid for the second consecutive year, Toyota accumulated 164 points and finished third in the World Endurance Manufacturers' Championship.[91]

Retirement from competition

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Bird, Conway and Davidson shared driving duties of a TS040 at the post-season rookie test session at theBahrain International Circuitthe day after the 6 Hours of Bahrain.[92]A 2015-specification TS040 chassis was tested in January 2016 at the Ciudad del Motor de Aragón and the Circuit Paul Ricard with its successor, theTS050 Hybrid.[93]

World Endurance Championship results

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(Races inboldindicate pole position; races initalicsindicate fastest lap)

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
Year Entrant Class Drivers No. Rds. Rounds Points Pos
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2014 Toyota Racing LMP1-H Mike Conway
Kazuki Nakajima
Stéphane Sarrazin
Alexander Wurz
 7 4, 7–8
1–3, 5–6
All
All 		SIL
2 		SPA
3 		LMS
DNF 		COA
6 		FUJ
2 		SHA
2 		BHR
1 		SÃO
4 		289 1st
Sébastien Buemi
Anthony Davidson
Nicolas Lapierre 		8 All
All
1–4 		SIL
1 		SPA
1 		LMS
3 		COA
3 		FUJ
1 		SHA
1 		BHR
11 		SÃO
2
2015 Toyota Racing LMP1 Sébastien Buemi
Anthony Davidson
Kazuki Nakajima 		1 All
All
1, 3–8 		SIL
3 		SPA
4 		LMS
8 		NÜR
5 		COA
4 		FUJ
5 		SHA
6 		BHR
4 		164 3rd
Mike Conway
Stéphane Sarrazin
Alexander Wurz 		2 All
All
All 		SIL
4 		SPA
6 		LMS
6 		NÜR
6 		COA
Ret 		FUJ
6 		SHA
5 		BHR
3
Sources:[59][91][94]

See also

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Notes and references

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Notes

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  1. ^The TS040 Hybrid was the first four-wheel drive racing car built by Toyota since the 2007Supra HV-Rthat won theTokachi 24 Hoursoutright that year.[3]
  2. ^The supercapacitor was heavy, fast to charge and to drain, expensive to build and Toyota frequently changing it cost as much as an engine.[11]
  3. ^Buemi and Davidson's Drivers' Championship victory was Toyota's first in international motorsport sinceDidier Auriolwon the1994 World Rally Championship.[53]

References

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